托吡酯对癫癎患者骨代谢的影响

目的探讨长期服用托吡酯对成人癫癎患者骨代谢的影响及其可能机制。方法将长期服用抗癫癎药治疗的成人癫癎患者,分为单独服用非肝酶诱导剂托吡酯组、单独服用肝酶诱导剂(卡马西平、苯巴比妥等抗癫癎药物)组,服药疗程均>6个月。并设健康成人为对照组;对各组进行骨密度测定,检测骨形成的特异性指标(骨碱性磷酸酶),骨吸收的特异性指标(尿中脱氧吡啶啉),同时检测血钙、血磷含量及24小时尿钙尿磷的排泄量及血中甲状旁腺激素含量。结果肝酶诱导剂组及托吡脂组均表现不同程度的骨代谢异常,生化指标改变早于骨密度改变。托吡酯主要通过增加尿钙尿磷的排泄量,促进机体钙的丢失,其次还通过减少骨质形成,综合影响了骨质代谢。结论托吡酯与肝酶诱导剂类抗癫癎药物相比,导致骨量减少较轻,但同样影响骨代谢。早期加强钙的摄入,可以预防骨质疏松的发生。     

抗癫痫药物四种对中青年绝经前女性骨代谢的影响

目的研究不同的常用抗癫痫药物对中青年女性骨代谢的影响。方法通过测量各组受试者的血清钙、25-羟基维生素D、碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺激素、胰岛素生长因子-1、胰岛素结合蛋白-3、骨密度等,分析长期单药服用不同抗癫痫药物如苯妥英钠(PHT)、卡马西平(CBZ)、丙戊酸钠(VPA)、左乙拉西坦(LEV)等对受试者骨代谢的影响。结果服用CBZ、PHT和VPA的受试者血清钙浓度低于服用LEV的受试者(P=0.002);服用PHT的受试者的ALP浓度显著高于服用CBZ、LEV和VPA的受试者(P=0.000);与LEV组相比,PHT组血清IGF-1水平降低(P=0.03);与LEV组相比,PHT组血清的IGFBP-3浓度显著降低(P=0.000)。结论抗癫痫药物会影响骨代谢,导致患者血清钙下降、骨量减低。LEV较其他抗癫痫药物对骨代谢的影响较小,但仍能造成患者碱性磷酸酶含量下降等。抗癫痫药物对中青年女性的骨代谢会产生一定影响,在临床用药过程中需监测相关指标。     

丙戊酸钠对儿童癫患者骨密度和骨代谢的安全性评价

目的系统评价丙戊酸钠对儿童癫患者骨密度和骨代谢的安全性。方法以epilepsy、bone、child等英文词汇计算机检索1980年1月1日-2018年3月1日美国国立医学图书馆生物医学信息检索系统(Pub Med)、荷兰医学文摘(EMBASE/SCOPUS)、Cochrane图书馆等数据库收录的关于丙戊酸钠对儿童癫患者骨密度和骨代谢影响的队列研究,采用Newcastle-Ottawa量表(NOS)和Rev Man 5.2统计软件进行文献质量评价和Meta分析。结果共获得1455篇文献,经剔除重复和不符合纳入标准者,最终纳入13项高质量(NOS评分≥6分)临床研究共计683例丙戊酸钠组患儿和436例对照组受试者。Meta分析显示,丙戊酸钠组患儿仅股骨骨密度低于对照组(MD=-0.037,95%CI:-0.069～-0.005;P=0.020),而腰椎骨密度(MD=-0.019,95%CI:-0.044～0.006;P=0.140)以及血清钙离子(SMD=-0.284,95%CI:-0.951～0.382;P=0.400)、磷离子(SMD=-0.164,95%CI:-0.457～0.129;P=0.270)、碱性磷酸酶(SMD=0.363,95%CI:-0.294～1.020;P=0.280)、甲状旁腺激素(SMD=0.102,95%CI:-0.291～0.495;P=0.610)、25-羟基维生素D(SMD=-0.104,95%CI:-0.620～0.413;P=0.690)组间差异均无统计学意义。敏感性分析显示,股骨骨密度、血清磷离子和25-羟基维生素D的Meta分析结果不稳定,解释结果时需谨慎。结论丙戊酸钠对儿童和青少年癫患者骨密度和骨代谢的影响较小,但应注意监测股骨骨密度。     

丙戊酸对癫痫患者骨密度与认知功能的影响

目的探讨丙戊酸对癫痫患者骨密度与认知功能的影响。方法选取我院诊治的78例癫痫患者为研究对象,均给予丙戊酸治疗,观察并比较治疗前后患者机体不同部位骨密度、骨代谢指标以及认知功能的变化情况。结果治疗后L2~4、股骨大转子部位骨密度较治疗前发生显著变化,且骨代谢指标PTH平均值显著低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前后股骨颈、WARD三角区部位骨密度及Ca、P等骨代谢指标平均值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前后认知功能评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丙戊酸对癫痫患者骨密度与认知功能均无严重不良影响,具有临床应用价值。     

脑性瘫痪儿童的骨代谢生化特点★

目的：骨源性碱性磷酸酶与骨钙素在骨的形成过程中发挥着重要的调节作用,降钙素、甲状旁腺激素是调节体内Ca代谢的重要激素。测定脑性瘫痪患儿血钙、磷、骨源性碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、降钙素、甲状旁腺激素水平，以了解其骨代谢生化特点及其相关的调控因素。 方法：①对象及分组：选择2005-07/2007-07湖南省儿童医院康复中心住院的脑瘫患儿120例为脑瘫组：男82例，女38 例；年龄3个月~3岁。按2005年昆明全国脑瘫会议分型标准分为痉挛型 60例，不随意运动型60 例；按脑瘫程度分为中轻度36 例，中度42 例，重度42 例。同期体检的健康的100名儿童为对照组：男57名，女43名，年龄3个月~3岁。②检测指标及评估：采用全自动分析仪测定两组血清钙、磷水平；用小儿骨源性碱性磷酸酶试剂盒金标法测定骨碱性磷酸酶；用放射免疫吸附法测定骨钙素、降钙素、甲状旁腺激素，并进行两组间、不同程度与类型脑瘫患儿间比较。 结果：①脑瘫组患儿血钙、磷与对照组比较差异无显著性（P > 0.05），骨碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素水平则明显高于对照组（P < 0.01），甲状旁腺激素、降钙素与对照组差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。②脑瘫组中痉挛型组血骨钙素与不随意运动型组比较，差异无显著性（P > 0.05）,但前者血甲状旁腺激素值高于后者, 骨碱性磷酸酶值、降钙素值则低于后者,差异有显著性(均P < 0.05)。③重度脑瘫患儿的甲状旁腺激素高于对照组、降钙素低于对照组（均P < 0.01）；重度脑瘫患儿骨钙素、甲状旁腺激素值高于轻度和中度(均P < 0.05)，降钙素低于轻度和中度(均P < 0.05)。 结论：脑瘫患儿血清钙、磷可以通过机体自身血甲状旁腺激素、降钙素调控保持正常，而骨碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素水平升高则提示脑瘫患儿骨矿化不足，骨形成旺盛，骨重建活跃。     

在糖尿病肾病过程中血清骨保护素及骨密度的变化

背景：目前人们对糖尿病肾病过程中所致肾性骨病骨保护素的关系仍不清楚。 目的：探索2型糖尿病肾病过程中患者骨密度、血清骨保护素水平的变化及其间的相关性。 方法：选择2型糖尿病患者104例,根据肾小球滤过率将患者分为5组：单纯糖尿病组、肾脏轻,中,重度损伤组、肾衰竭组。选择健康体检者20名为对照组。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定受试者血清骨保护素水平。采用全自动生化分析仪检测血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶、肌酐、尿素氮及糖化血红蛋白。采用双能X射线骨密度仪测定正位L2~4的骨密度。观察受试者骨密度、骨保护素水平及其与各指标的多元回归相关分析。 结果与结论：糖尿病肾病患者血清骨保护素水平明显高于健康对照人群(P < 0.05),肾脏轻,中,重度损伤组、肾衰竭组患者骨密度明显低于健康对照人群(P < 0.05,P < 0.01,P < 0.001)。总体来说,肾功能越差,骨保护素水平越高,骨密度越低。糖尿病肾病患者骨保护素水平与骨密度呈负相关(r=-0.497,P < 0.01),与糖尿病病程(r=0.566,P < 0.01)、血清肌酐水平(r=0.772,P < 0.01)、尿素氮水平(r=0.708,P < 0.01)、磷水平(r=0.329,P < 0.01)、全段甲状旁腺激素水平(r=0.702,P < 0.01)呈正相关,与血清钙水平呈负相关(r=-0.505,P < 0.01)。提示糖尿病肾病过程中随肾脏功能的恶化,骨保护素水平升高,骨密度降低,骨保护素水平与骨密度呈负相关,与糖尿病病程、血清肌酐水平、尿素氮水平、磷水平、全段甲状旁腺激素水平呈正相关,与血清钙水平呈负相关。     

淫羊藿总黄酮治疗原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的变化

背景: 既往动物实验表明,淫羊藿总黄酮能有效抑制雌激素相关的骨丢失,但是相关的临床报道较少。 目的：观察淫羊藿总黄酮对原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机双盲,阳性对照临床试验,病例来自2005-06/2007-09华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院门诊。 对象：选择原发性骨质疏松症患者64例,男11例,女53例。 方法：64例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组32例,治疗组给予淫羊藿总黄酮 0.45 g/次,3次/d,口服治疗;对照组给予骨疏康颗粒10 g/次,2次/d,口服治疗,疗程均为6个月。 主要观察指标：①两组患者治疗前后腰椎(L1~L4),股骨颈,Ward’s三角,大转子和左髋的骨密度变化。②两组患者治疗前后血清钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶的变化。 结果：64例原发性骨质疏松症患者均进入结果分析。①治疗组腰椎骨密度明显高于对照组(P < 0.05),其他部位两组骨密度相比,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗组骨密度无明显改变(P > 0.05),对照组腰椎,股骨颈,大转子和髋部骨密度明显降低(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。②两组血钙水平均较治疗前明显升高(P < 0.05),两组间比较无明显差异(P > 0.05);治疗组血磷和血碱性磷酸酶水平与治疗前相比无明显变化(P > 0.05)。 结论：淫羊藿总黄酮治疗能有效抑制原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度降低。     

低血磷性骨软化症1例

报道1例低血磷性骨软化症，男，36岁，因全身骨痛5年入院。曾查“抗O”，血沉及类风湿因子、肝肾功能、血沉、尿本周蛋白及甲状旁腺激素等均正常，多次查血磷低、血钙正常，碱性磷酸酶升高。为进一步明确患者血清骨生化标志物及病理微结构，用ELISA法检测血清I型胶原N–末端交联顶端肽、骨源性碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素均升高。X射线示双股骨颈病理性骨折、骨密度普遍减低，骨小梁和骨皮质边缘模糊。髂骨活检，石蜡包埋，Golder三色法染色，可见患者的类骨质层明显堆积。显微CT扫描骨微结构，骨小梁厚度、数目明显减少，骨小梁间隔明显增大。     

葛根素联合雌二醇干预去卵巢大鼠骨组织和骨代谢的变化**

背景：用中药与雌激素治疗骨质疏松症,可能减少激素用量,进而减少不良反应和并发症的发生。 目的：观察小剂量葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠的骨组织和骨代谢的影响。 方法: 5月龄健康雌性大白鼠分为假手术组、去卵巢模型组、葛根素组、雌二醇组和小剂量葛根素+雌二醇组,建立去卵巢动物模型,分别皮下注射雌二醇100 μg/kg,2次/周和/或葛根素25 mg/kg,1次/d。在第4,8,12和20周,每组随机取6只大鼠取股骨切片观察骨组织,采血测量血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶。 结果与结论：去卵巢模型组第4,8周与假手术组相比血钙、磷明显降低(P < 0.01),血碱性磷酸酶均明显升高(P < 0.01),骨组织呈骨质疏松的病理改变。3个用药组与假手术组相比骨组织和血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶无明显差异(P < 0.05)。小剂量葛根素+雌二醇组与葛根素组或雌二醇组相比骨组织和血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶无明显差异(P > 0.05)。小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠的骨质疏松症的治疗效果与单独使用较大剂量的葛根素或较大剂量的雌二醇效果相近。 关键词：葛根素; 雌二醇;去卵巢大鼠;骨组织;生化指标     

葛根异黄酮联合维生素D防治骨质疏松的协同效应*

背景: 葛根异黄酮具有类雌二醇结构特征,对去卵巢大鼠的骨质丢失和骨量的减少有一定的抑制作用。但也有报道其对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的防治效果较弱且单独使用效果不明显。 目的：观察葛根异黄酮与维生素D联合对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用。 方法：将81只3月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为9组: 除假手术组外其他各组均行双侧卵巢摘除造模。低、中、高剂量TIP组,VitD组,低、中、高剂量联合组在去卵巢基础上分别灌胃给予相应剂量的葛根异黄酮和（或）维生素D;模型组和假手术组不给予药物治疗。给药3个月,计算大鼠子宫系数;测定大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶、血钙、血磷、骨钙素及血清雌二醇水平;检测大鼠股骨骨密度。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,中、高剂量TIP组,低、中、高剂量联合组大鼠子宫系数、雌二醇水平明显增高(P < 0.05),血清碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素水平明显降低(P < 0.05),股骨中心及远心骨密度均明显增加(P < 0.05),均以高剂量联合组作用效果最明显。且在子宫系数,雌二醇、血清碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素水平及股骨远心端骨密度方面,葛根异黄酮和维生素D均表现为协同作用。在血钙、血磷方面,葛根异黄酮和(或)维生素D的作用不明显。说明葛根异黄酮和维生素D联合使用对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的防治有协同效应。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。