急性颅脑损伤患者B型脑钠肽变化及临床意义

目的 探讨急性颅脑损伤患者B型脑钠肽（b-type natriuretic peptide,BNP）水平的动态变化,分析BNP水平与颅脑损伤后颅内压（intracranial pressure,ICP）的关系.方法 选择2012-01-2013-01收入我院神经外科的78例急性颅脑损伤患者作为研究对象.按照患者入院时最初的GCS评分将其分为轻度颅脑损伤组（GCS 13～15,n=17）、中度颅脑损伤组（GCS 9～12,n=29）、重度颅脑损伤组（GCS 3～8,n=32）和20例健康人群（对照组）,在入院当日、治疗第3～5天和第15天收集血浆样本测定BNP含量,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果 较之对照组,颅脑损伤患者血浆BNP增加明显（P＜0.05）,且重度颅脑损伤组血浆BNP水平显著高于轻度颅脑损伤组及中度颅脑损伤组（P＜0.01）.血浆BNP变化与颅脑损伤后（ICP）增高呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 血浆BNP水平可作为判断颅脑损伤严重程度及颅脑损伤后ICP增高的一个潜在评估指标.     

应激性高血糖对急性重型颅脑损伤预后的评估

目的探讨血糖在急性重型颅脑损伤病情评估及预后判断的临床价值。方法对150例既往无糖尿病的急性颅脑损伤患者均于入院时进行GCS评分,根据GCS评分分为轻中度颅脑外伤组(GCS 9~15分)和重度颅脑外伤组(GCS 3~8分),并对患者48h内的血糖变化进行检测,探讨伤后血糖水平与患者伤情、预后的关系。结果重度颅脑损伤组患者的平均血糖水平高于轻中度组(P<0.05),血糖>11.1 mmol/L颅脑损伤患者的病死率明显高于血糖<11.1 mmol/L者(P<0.05),死亡患者的血糖水平明显高于存活患者(P<0.05)。结论重度颅脑外伤患者急性期的血糖浓度是判断颅脑损伤的严重程度及近期预后的参考指标,可作为GCS评分外的辅助指标。     

复方黄芪注射液对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清NSE，MBP和S-100B含量的影响

目的观察复方黄芪注射液对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE），髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）和S-100蛋白B（S-100B）含量的影响。方法按标准选取急性重型颅脑损伤患者196例，随机分成常规治疗组和黄芪治疗组两组。黄芪治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用复方黄芪注射液治疗。治疗前和治疗后不同时间点分别检测患者血清NES、MBP和S-100B浓度,并行GCS评分，3个月后行GOS评分；同时检测96例健康成人血清的NES、MBP和S-100B的浓度，然后对所得资料进行统计学分析。结果急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清的NES、MBP和S-100B的浓度均显著高于健康成年人（P〈0．05）。治疗后黄芪治疗组血清NSE、MBP和S-100B均低于常规治疗组，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。黄芪治疗组在入院时的GCS评分与常规治疗组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05），但治疗后1周和2周其GCS评分显著高于常规治疗组（P〈0．05）。治疗3月后其GOS评分显著高于常规治疗组（P〉0．05）。结论黄芪能降低急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清NSE，MBP，S-100B含量，并能改善患者的预后。     

急性颅脑损伤后血清S100B蛋白含量变化

目的研究血清中S100B蛋白含量变化与颅脑损伤患者病情的关系。方法应用电化学发光免疫法测定36例急性颅脑损伤患者伤后不同时间血清S100B蛋白含量变化，结合GCS评分进行分析，并与对照组（20例无神经系统疾病史者）进行比较。结果颅脑损伤后24、48、72h和1周患者血清S100B蛋白水平均较对照组明显升高（P〈0．01）；颅脑损伤越严重，S100B蛋白水平升高越明显．伤后早期（48h内）重型（GCS评分≤7分）者血清S100B蛋白水平明显高于中、轻型（GCS评分≥8分）者（P〈0．01）。结论急性颅脑损伤后血清S100B含量明显升高，并与患者病情密切相关。     

早期亚低温结合后期高压氧治疗重度颅脑创伤疗效分析

目的：探讨早期亚低温结合后期高压氧治疗重度颅脑创伤的疗效。方法将我院2013‐05—2014‐05收治的150例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常规治疗组（A组,50例）、早期亚低温治疗组（B组,50例）和早期亚低温结合后期高压氧组（C组,50例）。通过格拉斯哥预后评分（GCS）标准判定疗效,除外植物生存和死亡患者,采用Barthel指数对患者日常生活活动能力（ADL ）进行评估。结果3组良好恢复率与病死率比较差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）,亚低温联合高压氧组恢复良好率最高,病死率最低。亚低温组、亚低温联合高压氧组的 ADL 评分结果均高于常规治疗组,同时亚低温联合高压氧组ADL评分结果高于亚低温组,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论早期亚低温结合后期高压氧治疗重度颅脑创伤可有效改善预后,提高患者生存质量,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

不同GCS评分颅脑损伤患者血清及CSF中tau及Aβ42水平及其临床意义

目的 观察颅脑损伤患者血清及CSF中tau及Aβ42水平的变化及其意义。方法 对本院2014年7月～2016年4月收入的60例颅脑损伤患者进行血清及CSF中tau蛋白及Aβ42的表达水平检测,分析其与患者损伤程度及预后的关系。结果 和对照组相比,试验A组和B组颅脑损伤患者血清及CSF中tau蛋白水平和Aβ42水平显著升高。不同时间GCS A组患者血清及CSF中tau蛋白水平和Aβ42水平显著高于GCS B组(P<0.05)。与GCS A组相比,GCS B组GOS评分为1～3分的患者比例显著降低,GOS评分为4～5分的患者比例显著增加(P<0.05)。结论 tau蛋白水平、Aβ42表达水平与颅脑损伤密切相关,可作为颅脑损伤患者预后的重要评价指标,而且Aβ42在重型创伤性颅脑损伤患者伤后认知功能障碍的病理生理机制中可能发挥着重要作用。     

脑干听觉诱发电位在颅脑损伤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨脑干听觉诱发电位在颅脑损伤诊治及预后随访中的应用效果。方法 2014年7月至2015年12月收治颅脑损伤96例,按入院时GCS评分分成观察A组（GCS评分9~15分）与观察B组（GCS评分3~8分）,各48例;另选取健康受试者48例作为对照;均接受床旁脑干听觉诱发电位检查。随访6个月,根据GOS评分分为良好组（GOS评分4~5 分）和不良组（GOS评分1~3分）,各48例。以健康受试者脑干听觉诱发电位作为参考值,将颅脑损伤脑干听觉诱发电位改变分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ级。结果 观察A组脑干听觉诱发电位改变分级明显优于观察B组（P<0.05）。良好组脑干听觉诱发电位改变分级明显优于不良组（P<0.05）。良好组脑干听觉诱发电位好转36例,恶化18例;不良组好转15例,恶化33例。良好组好转率（75.00%）明显高于不良组（31.25%;P<0.05）。结论 脑干听觉诱发电位在颅脑损伤诊治及预后评估中具有重要意义。     

颅脑损伤合并急性心肌梗死的危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并急性心肌梗死的相关危险因素,为临床采取相应预防控制措施提供依据。方法收集颅脑损伤患者168例,其中合并急性心肌梗死26例为观察组,其他142例患者为对照组,回顾性分析2组相关危险因素。结果年龄≥50岁,既往存在高血压、高血脂及血糖异常、动脉粥样硬化等冠心病危险因素,住院期间出现心律失常、心功能衰竭等并发症的患者合并急性心肌梗死发生率高于其他患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同类型的颅脑损伤中以脑挫裂伤合并急性心肌梗死发生率高于其他损伤类型(P0.05);观察组GCS评分低于对照组、入院后1周内外周血cTnI及心肌酶平均水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颅脑损伤合并急性心肌梗死主要与年龄、既往存在高血压、高血脂及血糖异常、动脉粥样硬化等冠心病危险因素,住院期间出现心律失常、心功能衰竭等并发症,入院时GCS评分,入院后1周内外周血cTnI及心肌酶平均水平等因素相关。     

颅脑损伤伤残等级评定的影响因素

目的 探讨道路交通事故颅脑损伤伤残等级评定的影响因素。方法 采用自编调查表收 集2014年1~12月在华西法医鉴定中心进行伤残评定的道路交通事故所致颅脑损伤患者的相关资料。研 究对象182例（70.27%）完成了韦氏智力测验（WAIS）,作为有IQ值组;77例（29.73%）患者未完成WAIS智力 测验,作为无IQ值组。分别对其社会-人口学特征、颅脑损伤的相关特征和伤残等级进行分析。根据伤 残等级评定结果,将被鉴定者分为4组,分析其损伤特征的差异。结果 共纳入259例颅脑损伤患者进行 司法鉴定,有IQ值组和无IQ值组被鉴定者性别、年龄、居住地、职业和文化程度比较,差异无统计学意义 （P＞ 0.05）。不同伤残等级被鉴定者住院时间、GCS评分、昏迷时间、脑电图特征比较,差异有统计学意义 （P＜0.05）。Spearman相关性分析显示,GCS评分、昏迷时间、脑电图特征、住院时间和伤残等级间有相关性 （P＜ 0.05）。结论 伤残等级的评定与住院时间、GCS评分、昏迷时间和脑电图的异常程度有关。     

急性脑血管病与心脏损伤关系探讨

目的探讨急性脑血管病与心脏损伤的关系。方法150例急性脑血管病患者发病后24h内行心电图检查及心肌酶谱检测。结果(1)150例急性脑血管病患者中有114例(76%)发生心电图异常改变;心肌酶谱异常106例(70.6%)。(2)不同性质的急性脑血管病患者心电图及心肌酶谱异常发生率无显著性差异(P0.05)。(3)不同部位的急性脑血管病患者心电图及心肌酶谱异常率存在显著差异(P0.05)。(4)发生意识障碍的急性脑血管病患者与无意识障碍的患者之间心电图与心肌酶谱异常率存在显著差异(P0.05)。结论急性脑血管病患者可引起心电图与心肌酶谱的异常改变,其与病变性质无关,而与病变部位和意识有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。