成人冠状动脉起源异常的分类及其发生率

 目的 探讨成人冠状动脉起源异常(AOCA)类型及其发生率.方法 对2000年10月～2006年10月在我院行冠状动脉造影(1 520例)检出的26例存在AOCA患者资料,以及国内2006年10月以前发表的有关成人AOCA研究的8篇文献资料进行综合分析.结果 9组资料冠状动脉造影总例数48 158例,检出AOCA439例,检出率0.91%.右冠状动脉起源异常发生率0.55%(267例),明显高于左冠状动脉0.36%(174例),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,占41.5%(182例);其次为前降支和回旋支独立开口,占26.0%(114例).结论 我国成人AOCA多见于右冠状动脉,其中具有潜在临床危险的右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,提示加强国人AOCA研究具有重要临床意义.     

多层螺旋CT评价先天性单冠状动脉畸形

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT（MSCT）冠状动脉造影诊断先天性单冠状动脉畸形的价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析4例先天性单冠状动脉患者的MSCT和常规X线冠状动脉造影（CCA）资料。对比两者在显示和诊断此病中的差异。仿真内镜技术用于评价异位开口及其与邻近正常冠状动脉开口的关系,多平面重建、曲面多平面重建、最大密度投影、容积成像等重建方法则用于评价变异冠状动脉的行径及其与邻近大血管的关系。结果 4例患者变异的冠状动脉全部为MSCT造影所显示并明确诊断。MSCT显示3例患者的左主干起源于右冠状动脉的近段,其中1例在CCA中左主干仅近段局部显影,未能明确诊断,另2例左冠状动脉虽显影,但较淡。1例右冠状动脉起源于左主干的末端,CCA则误为起源于回旋支。MSCT显示2例异常开口冠状动脉的近段狭窄,3支异常冠状动脉穿过主动脉根部和肺动脉或右室流出道的间隙,1支绕主动脉根部后方走行,而CCA均不能明确诊断。结论 MSCT显示先天性单冠状动脉明显优于CCA,凡疑及冠状动脉变异的患者,可首选非创伤性的MSCT冠状动脉造影检查。     

成人冠状动脉起源变异的64排螺旋CT分析

目的 以64排螺旋CT冠状动脉血管造影(CTA)的方法分析成人冠状动脉起源变异的发生率及主要形式.方法 以5 011例有诊断价值的冠状动脉CTA图像作为研究对象,观察冠状动脉起源变异的发生及表现形式.结果 5 011例病例中,共发现冠状动脉起源变异 32例(0.64%).其中右冠状动脉起源于左冠状动脉窦最多见(21/32).其次为回旋支起源于右冠状动脉窦(7/32),左主干起源于右冠状动脉窦(4/32).结论 冠状动脉起源变异罕见.冠状动脉起源变异的主要形式为右冠状动脉起源于左冠状动脉窦.64排冠状动脉CTA可以准确发现冠状动脉起源异常,是相对无创、精确的检查方法.     

64层螺旋CT在小儿冠状动脉造影中的应用

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT(64-SCT)小儿冠状动脉造影的临床应用.方法 对21例小儿患者行64-SCT冠状动脉造影检查,对冠状动脉疾病进行诊断.所有患者均行彩色多普勒检查,6例同时行DSA检查.结果 21例行64-SCT小儿冠状动脉造影的患者中12例为冠状动脉发育异常,右冠状动脉双开口3例,左冠状动脉回旋支与右冠状动脉主干共干起源于主动脉右窦2例,左冠状动脉前降支与右冠状动脉共干起源于主动脉右窦2例,左冠状动脉前降支与左冠状动脉回旋支均直接起源于主动脉左窦2例,左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉1例,1例左右冠状动脉起源正常但所有冠状动脉均匀性迂曲增粗,1例左冠状动脉主干闭塞,右冠状动脉迂曲增粗并伴有多发侧枝循环.6例患者为川崎病伴发冠状动脉单发或多发瘤样扩张.3例患者未见明显异常.所有同时行DSA检查的患者,除左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉主干的1例患者DSA诊断左冠状动脉缺如外,其余5例其诊断结果与64-SCT诊断结果相吻合.结论 64-SCT是一种小儿冠状动脉疾病无创的、安全可靠的检查方法.     

双源CT诊断成人先天性冠状动脉畸形的价值

目的:评估双源CT诊断成人先天性冠状动脉畸形先天冠状动脉(CCA)畸形的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析1889名行双源CT冠状动脉成像(DSCTCA)的资料,探讨冠状动脉的起源、走行和终止情况,统计成人先天冠状动脉(CCA)畸形的发生率及CT表现.结果:1889例中,检出各类CCA共291例,检出率为15.4%,其中起源异常24例,检出率1.3%;冠状动脉走行异常261例,均为心肌桥(MB),检出率为13.8%;冠状动脉终止异常6例,均为冠状动脉瘘,检出率0.3%.结论:DSCT能够准确地显示冠脉起源、走行和终止异常,在成人冠状动脉畸形的诊断和预后中有重要的应用价值.     

64排容积CT对成人冠状动脉起源异常的诊断价值

 目的 探讨64排容积CT对成人冠状动脉起源异常的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析3 030例成人冠状动脉CTA检查资料. 结果 3 030例冠脉CTA中,检查出冠状动脉起源异常70例,检出率为2.3%,其中冠状动脉起源于对侧冠状窦及窦外27例(38.5%);冠状动脉高位开口23例(32.8%);前降支、回旋支均开口于左冠状窦17例(24.3%);单一冠脉2例(均为单一左冠,其中1例合并左主干高开口,2.8%),回旋支开口于对角支及窦房结支开口于右冠状窦各1例(1.4%).结论 64排容积CT诊断冠状动脉起源异常是一种无创、安全、准确、经济的检查方法 .     

334例选择性冠状动脉造影分析

目的:探讨冠心病病人冠状动脉病变范围、程度、评估冠脉造影价值及其局限性。方法:用Judkins法行选择性左、右冠脉造影334例,观察并记录冠脉病变范围和程度。结果:334例冠脉造影有病理性改变212例(63.4%),其中单支病变97例(45.7%),双支病变66例(31.1%)三支病变45例(21.2%),四支病变4例(1.9%)。共累及417支血管,分别为前降支207支(49.6%),右冠119支(28.5%),回旋支85支(20.3%)左主干6支(1.4%)。心肌梗塞组(A组)阳性率88.9%,心绞痛组(B组)80%,胸痛组(C组)11.7%。结论:选择性冠状动脉造影仍然是诊断冠心病的金标准,它具有其他无创性检查无法替代的作用。     

1879例成人非先天性心脏病患者双源CT检出的冠状动脉起源异常24例分析

目的：评价双源CT（DSCT）在成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常检出中的价值。方法：回顾性分析2008年9月,2009年2月期间进行了DSCF冠状动脉检查的资料,总结成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常的检出率。结果：1881例进行冠状动脉检查的患者中,共有1879例患者为非先天性心脏病患者,共检出了24例冠状动脉起源异常,检出率为1．3％。其中15例为右冠状动脉起源异常（12例起自左冠状窦,3例为高位起源）,8例为左冠状动脉起源异常（3例起自无冠状窦,回旋支起自左冠状窦、高位开口、回旋支起自右冠状动脉、左冠状动脉起自右冠状窦、单一冠状动脉各1例）,1例为左右冠状动脉均起源异常（均为高位开口）。结论：本组成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常的检出率为1．3％。DSCT可很好地显示冠状动脉起源异常和走行,为临床决策提供重要信息。     

腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像评价心肌血流供应异常的临床研究

目的 回顾性分析腺苷负荷/静息心肌灌注显像用于评价冠心病心肌血流供应异常的准确性和临床价值.方法 1858例临床确诊或可疑冠心病患者行常规标准程序两日法腺苷负荷/静息99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈心肌灌注断层显像,由2位以上核医学科医师共同阅片定性分析图像.所有患者在显像前后1个月内行冠状动脉（简称冠脉）造影检查.方法间的一致性分析用Kappa检验,Kappa＞0.45为一致性较好.结果 1858例患者中,冠脉造影有1支及1支以上冠脉狭窄≥50%的患者957例,其中单支病变506例,双支病变256例,三支病变195例;共累及冠脉1603支,其中左前降支（LAD）765支、左回旋支（LCX）399支、右冠脉（RCA）439支.腺苷负荷/静息心肌灌注显像示心肌缺血或心肌梗死者1126例,与冠脉造影对照,其诊断冠心病的灵敏度为91.54%（876/957）,特异性为72.25%（651/901）,阳性预测值为77.80%（876/1126）,阴性预测值为88.93%（651/732）,2种方法一致性好（Kappa=0.641）.对LAD、LCX和RCA病变诊断的灵敏度分别为81.31%（622/765）,56.64%（226/399）和70.62%（310/439）;对单支、双支和三支冠脉病变的灵敏度分别为87.55%（443/506）,94.92%（243/256）和97.44%（190/195）.腺苷不良反应的发生率为84.12%（1563/1858）,无严重心脏事件发生.结论 腺苷负荷心肌灌注断层显像诊断冠心病有较高的灵敏度、特异性和准确性,对评价心肌血流供应异常有重要的临床价值.     

国产腺苷介入心肌灌注断层显像对心肌缺血的诊断价值

目的评价国产腺苷负荷心肌灌注断层显像对心肌缺血的诊断价值及腺苷试验的安全性。方法 102例临床疑冠心病患者行腺苷负荷/静息~(99)Tc~m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)心肌灌注断层显像,其中70例显像1周内又行冠状动脉(简称冠脉)造影检查。腺苷按体重0.84 mg·kg~(-1)通过输液泵静脉双通路给药,对心肌灌注断层显像图作定性分析。结果 70例行冠脉造影者中正常31例,有冠脉狭窄病变者39例(单支病变19例,双支病变10例,3支病变10例);共检出病变血管69支,累及左前降支32支,左回旋支16支,右冠脉20支,左主干1支。腺苷负荷心肌灌注断层显像正常33例,心肌缺血37例,其对冠心病心肌缺血诊断的灵敏度为82.05%(32/39例),特异性为83.87%(26/31例),准确性为82.86%(58/70例),阳性预测值为86.49%(32/37例),阴性预测值为78.79%(26/33例)。对各病变血管检出的灵敏度为:左前降支75.00%(24/32支),左回旋支62.50%(10/16支),右冠脉80.00%(16/20支)。对单支、双支、3支血管病变诊断的灵敏度分别为68 42%、90.00%和100%。腺苷负荷心肌灌注断层显像对病变冠脉诊断总灵敏度为73.53%(50/68支),特异性96.48%(137/142支),准确性89.05%(187/210支),阳性预测值90.91%(50/55支),阴性预测值88.39%(137/155支)。腺苷试验不良反应轻,时间短,发生率为85.29%(87/102例)。结论国产腺苷负荷试验介入~(99)Tc~m-MIBI 心肌灌注断层显像安全可靠。     

成年人先天性冠状动脉变异的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在成年人先天性冠状动脉变异诊断中的临床应用价值。资料与方法回顾性分析331例成年人患者的冠状动脉MSCT造影资料,判断各种先天性冠状动脉变异。结果331例MSCT冠状动脉造影中检出冠状动脉变异14例,包括冠状动脉开口起源异常4例,单支冠状动脉1例,左回旋支缺如1例;冠状动脉心肌桥8例。结论MSCT是一种无创、准确、可重复性强的诊断先天性冠状动脉变异的重要手段。     

Congenital anomalies of coronary arteries: Diagnosis with 64 slice multidetector CT

Objective

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are generally incidental, uncommon and asymptomatic. Some can cause severe potentially life threatening symptoms. The common mode of studying the coronary arteries is Conventional Coronary Angiogram. ECG-gated-multidetector CT is a non invasive modality. The objective of our study was to identify rare congenital coronary artery anomalies and discuss their clinical significance.

Material and methods

A total number of 900 MDCT coronary angiograms were carried out at our institution between the period of April 2006 and October 2010. Patients with coronary artery anomaly constituted the subject of study.

Results

The incidence of anomalous anatomical origin and course of the coronary arteries in our study was 1.55%. Hemodynamical significance was seen in five patients. 3 cases of single coronary artery originating from right coronary sinus were seen. 1 case of anomalous left coronary artery arising from main pulmonary artery was seen. 4 cases of anomalous RCA arising from left aortic cusp, 6 cases of absent LMCA with separate origin of LAD and LCX were seen.

Conclusion

Multidetector row CT is a noninvasive modality in cardiac imaging. It provides superior resolution of coronary tree and its variant. No projectional vascular overlap is seen. Various postprocessing techniques outclass catheter angiography imaging. Definition of ostia and proximal course of the coronary arteries by Multidetector CT is better than catheter angiography.     

Clinical application of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of the Tetralogy of Fallot

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of the Tetralogy of Fallot. METHODS: Eighteen patients with diagnosed Tetralogy of Fallot underwent cardiac CT angiography with 64-slice CT (CTA). Two- and three-dimensional images were used for diagnosing in all cases by means of MPR (coronal, sagital and oblique), cMPR, MIP and VRT. RESULTS: All patients had ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophy of right ventricle. The morphologic features of Tetralogy of Fallot were equal to echocardiography. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were detected on eight patients. Main coronary artery branches and partial sub-branches were visualized in all patients. Abnormal coronary arteries were found in seven cases: both left and right main coronary artery arising from the right aortic sinus one case, right main coronary artery and circumflex (CX) arising from the right aortic sinus one case, left anterior descending (LAD) and CX arising from left aortic sinus directly one case, left and right coronary artery arising from back and front of the aortic sinus, respectively, three cases. Pulmonary artery branch stenosis was found in 12 cases and branch pulmonary artery dilation noticed in 1 case. Double superior vena cava was also found in one case. According to the surgery the diagnostic accuracy of CT and Echocardiography was 95.45 and 83.33%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Two- and three-dimensional 64-slice CTA not only show the overall anatomical structure of the heart, but also show coronary and pulmonary arteries. With these results, evaluation of coronary anomalies and pulmonary artery stenosis with 64-MSCT is extremely valuable for planning the operative procedure on the patients with Tetralogy of Fallot.     

Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries in children: diagnostic role of three-dimensional coronary MR angiography

When the anomalous origin of coronary arteries (AOCA) is suspected in children (especially athletes), due to signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia or on the basis of echocardiographic assessment, three-dimensional coronary magnetic resonance angiography (3D-CMRA) can be proposed for the fine morphological evaluation of coronary branches anatomy and course.We tested the diagnostic potential of CMRA angiography in a prospective study on AOCA in young patients. Between July 2005 and June 2008, 15 patients aged 6–29 years (mean age, 13.5 years±5.6 S.D.; median, 14) with clinical and echocardiographic suspicion of AOCA underwent CMRA (1.5 T), 3D whole-heart, free-breathing technique, without the use of contrast medium and β-blockers, with a mean examination time of 30 min. We acquired a second scan of all patients to ameliorate the quality of the acquisition and to improve our experience.AOCA was confirmed by 3D-CMRA in 8 out of 15 cases (53%) and three different anatomical variants were demonstrated, that is, ectopic origin of the left circumflex artery arising from the right coronary artery with retro-aortic course in four cases, single coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva with interarterial course in one case, ectopic right coronary artery arising from the left sinus of Valsalva with interarterial course in one case; in two patients without anomalies of origin of the coronary arteries, elongated LMCA with angulation of the proximal segment of the left circumflex artery was present.When AOCA is suspected particularly in children (especially athletes), CMRA without the use of contrast medium is an effective diagnostic technique, which is useful to clarify the spatial position of the anomalous course of the main coronary branches in order to suggest the most convenient management of the disease. CMRA does not need contrast medium, needles, and β-blockers; is repeatable in the same examination without the exposure to X-rays; allows a parent to stay near the child; and needs low collaboration in low-stress conditions.     

64MSCTA对冠状动脉变异的诊断及临床评价

目的评价64层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像（CTCA）对冠状动脉变异的诊断价值及临床评价。方法回顾性分析3529例临床疑为心肌缺血患者及常规体查者冠状动脉CTA影像检查结果并对发现的变异冠状动脉进行分类。结果3529例冠状动脉CTA受检者中,共检出冠状动脉变异42例（1．19％,42／3529）,MIP、VRT、CPR重建图像均明确显示其开口及走行;其中右冠状动脉起自主动脉左冠状窦者9例,左冠状动脉起自主动脉右冠状窦者2例,左回旋支异位开口于右冠窦1例,冠状动脉高位开口于升主动脉壁者6例．并行左主干3例（前降支、旋支分别开口于左冠窦）,左主干开口于肺动脉伴右冠状动脉瘤1例,左旋支-冠状静脉瘘者2例,副冠状动脉9例,右冠状动脉-左心室瘘合并右冠状动脉瘤l例。冠状动脉发育不良8例。结论冠状动脉CTA能准确显示各种类型冠状动脉变异,可作为无创性诊断冠状动脉变异的首选方法。     

Coronary artery anomalies: assessment with free-breathing three-dimensional coronary MR angiography

PURPOSE: To evaluate a simplified protocol by using free-breathing three-dimensional (3D) coronary magnetic resonance (MR) angiography to determine the anatomy of anomalous coronary arteries, in particular the relationship of the vessels to the aortic root. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients (18 men, eight women; mean age, 50 years; age range, 18-77 years) who had a history of chest pain, palpitations, or syncope and who were suspected of having coronary artery anomalies were examined with free-breathing MR angiography. Multiple 3D volume slabs were acquired at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva by using diaphragmatic navigators for respiratory artifact suppression. The proximal anatomy of the coronary arteries was determined. RESULTS: Six anomalous circumflex arteries originated from the right sinus of Valsalva and passed behind the aortic root. Six right coronary arteries arose from the left sinus of Valsalva and coursed between the aortic root and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Nine left coronary arteries arose from the right sinus of Valsalva; seven of nine coursed between the aortic root and the RVOT. Five patients had minor anomalies. Overall, in eight patients with anomalous arteries that coursed between the aortic root and the RVOT, conventional coronary angiography could not be used confidently to identify the proximal course. CONCLUSION: Free-breathing 3D coronary MR angiography can be used to identify the proximal anatomy of anomalous coronary arteries.     

Remarkable anatomic anomalies of coronary arteries and their clinical importance: a multidetector computed tomography angiographic study

OBJECTIVE: An anomalous origin and course of the coronary arteries can be benign or life threatening. Recently, because of new advances in computed tomography technology, radiologists have begun to interpret the diseases of coronary arteries. We aimed to demonstrate some remarkable anomalies of coronary arteries, some of which were not shown by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography previously, and to discuss the clinical importance of these anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred twenty-five consequent patients referred to Florence Nightingale Hospital and Atatürk University Hospital for MDCT coronary angiography were included in this study. The patients were between the ages of 33 and 78 years (mean +/- SD, 59 +/- 13.86 years). Four hundred ninety-seven patients (68.6%) were men, and 228 (31.4%) were women. All the examinations were evaluated by both a radiologist and a cardiologist. RESULTS: The incidence of anomalous anatomical origin and course of the coronaries found in our study group was 5.79% (n = 42). The anomalies found in our study are absence of the right coronary artery (RCA; n = 1, 0.13%), ectopic origin of RCA from the left anterior descending (LAD) artery (n = 1, 0.13%), absence of the left main coronary artery (n = 4, 0.52%), ectopic origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva (n = 1, 0.13%), double LAD and ectopic origin of LAD from RCA (n = 1, 0.13%), ectopic origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of Valsalva (n = 3, 0.39%), ectopic origin of the left circumflex artery from RCA (n = 2, 0.26%), and myocardial bridging (n = 29, 4%). CONCLUSIONS: An anomalous origin of the coronary anatomy must be present in the interpretations because of its importance for patients, cardiologists, and surgeons. As a conclusion, our study showed that MDCT, especially volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques, may be useful for assessment of complex variations, when the conventional angiography may not be sufficient.     

MSCT对冠状动脉变异的诊断价值

目的 :分析多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对冠状动脉变异的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析总结 9例患者的MSCT冠状动脉成像资料。结果 :9例冠状动脉变异患者中冠状动脉开口起源异常 4例 ,单一冠状动脉 1例 ,右冠状动脉发育不良1例 ,左回旋支缺如 1例 ,冠状动脉分支起源异常 2例。结论 :MSCT可无创性准确诊断各种冠状动脉变异。