三七的18S rRNA,matK基因序列和HPLC化学指纹图谱分析研究

目的分析中药三七Panaxnotoginseng的18SrRNA和matK基因的分子特征和三七的化学指纹特征,为三七的正品药材基原鉴定提供分子和化学依据。方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定三七及其7种伪品的18SrRNA和matK基因部分核苷酸序列以及不同产地三七的DNA分子特征。利用HPLC的化学分析技术,明确产地对三七化学成分的影响,以及三七不同部位的化学指纹特征。结果(1)三七及其7种常见伪品的核糖体18SrRNA基因序列存在很大的差异。(2)不同产地的三七的核糖体18SrRNA和叶绿体matK基因序列特征完全一致,分别与GenBank上已报道的R1型(D85171)和M1型(AB027526)序列吻合。(3)不同产地的三七HPLC指纹图谱相似。(4)三七不同部位均具有其相对稳定的HPLC指纹特征,其中花、叶具有特有的指纹区,根、须根、剪口、筋条等不同商品规格的HPLC指纹图谱比较相似。结论基因序列标记能从分子水平定性分辨三七及其伪品的遗传背景差异,为中药品种标准化提供了先进可行、稳定可靠的分子标准;HPLC指纹图谱分析可以直观地为三七的化学成分定性,三七不同商品规格的特征性指纹有望成为以其为原材料的各种产品的质控标准,而三七不同部位(尤其是花和叶)的HPLC指纹图谱将有望成为制定三七花、三七叶新药用资源质控标准的依据。     

LC/MS鉴定中药三七及其复方制剂

目的建立中药三七及其在复方丹参制剂中的特征图谱。方法用LC/MS分析方法,采集三七、人参和西洋参的LC/MS总离子流色谱,从总离子流色谱中提取三七主要化学组分的提取离子流色谱,选择相对稳定、3种药材间差异显著的提取离子流色谱作为三七药材的特征图谱。在相同条件下对比复方丹参的提取离子流色谱与三七的特征图谱;同时用LC/MS/MS对三七中的主要组分进行定性分析。结果与人参皂苷Rg1(m/z 800)和Re(m/z 946)具有相同m/z的提取离子流色谱在3种药材间差异显著,稳定可靠,在复方中有较好的重现性,复方丹参中其他共有成分对其无显著影响。结论三七的LC/MS特征图谱可作为鉴定复方丹参中三七的特征,也可作为鉴别三七和同属其他药材的特征。     

Species identification from Ginseng drugs by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS)

The multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS) was applied to the identification of 5 Panax species ( P. ginseng, P. japonicus, P. quinquefolius, P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis). A set of specific primers, including 2-pair primers on chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene regions, respectively, was designed and synthesized for each species on the basis of species-specific sequences of the 2 genes. By using 5 sets of specific primers, in turn, PCR amplifications were performed with total DNA extracted from 5 Panax species as template under appropriate condition, and each resulting product was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that two expected fragments, one from trnK gene and another from 18S rRNA gene regions, were observed simultaneously only when the set of species-specific primers encountered template DNA of the corresponding species. This assay could give more reliable results for identification of not only 5 Panax species but also corresponding Ginseng drugs by simultaneous detection of 4-site nucleotide differences on 2 completely different genes.     

Application of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analysis to authenticate Panax species and their adulterants.

A 420-bp RAPD fragment from Panax quinquefolius was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. The main difference between the SCAR of P. quinquefolius and its homolog in P. ginseng is the presence of a 25 bp insertion in the latter. Primers derived from this sequence were successfully used to authenticate six Panax species and two common adulterants.     

中药材分子鉴别新方法:锚定引物扩增多态性DNA的研究

为了寻找稳定性好、可操作性强的分子鉴定新方法，在充分吸取RAPD优势的基础上，对其引物和退火温度进行了改进。本文以人参、西洋参为例进行了方法的探索和各种验证，并推广应用到天花粉以及白芷类药材的鉴别。结果显示引物Pg-q36F得到人参、西洋参及其9种伪品的多态性条带。对于人参、西洋参的鉴别结果与文献鉴别方法结果一致，并且具有更高的稳定性。引物TkS1-64F得到了天花粉及其11种伪品的多态性条带，引物AfS1-100F得到白芷及其3种伪品的多态性条带，均能准确鉴别各种药材。实验结果证明本方法具有简单易行、稳定性和重复性好、提供的信息量大等优点，是一种极具前途的中药材分子鉴定新方法，被命名为锚定引物扩增多态性DNA(anchored primer amplification polymorphism DNA，APAPD)。     

Analysis of dencichine in Panax notoginseng by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with ethyl chloroformate derivatization

Dencichine (beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid) is a haemostatic agent present in well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herbs such as Panax notoginseng, as well as other Panax species. It is also a reported neurotoxic agent found in Lathyrus sativus (grass pea seed) and cycad seeds. A method was developed for quantitative determination of the non-protein amino acid, dencichine, in plant samples of P. notoginseng and the adventitious roots directly from the explants of P. notoginseng after derivatization with ethyl chloroformate (ECF) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). l-2-chlorophenylalanine was used as an internal standard. Calibration curves were linear (r(2)=0.9988, n=6) in the range of 10-800 microg/ml for dencichine. Limit of detection and quantification for dencichine were 0.5 microg/ml and 2 microg/ml, respectively. This rapid and specific method may be applied to the quantification of dencichine in complex medicinal plants and their products.     

Development of species specific AFLP-derived SCAR marker for authentication of Panax japonicus C. A. MEYER

Panax japonicus is an important medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to develop species-specific molecular markers for P. japonicus. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was compared among P. japonicus, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. A clear species-specific AFLP marker for P. japonicus was generated. After isolation and sequencing of the AFLP fragment, a DNA sequence (293 bp) was obtained and named JG14. Oligonucleotide primer (23 mer) was designed for amplifying 191 bp of the sequence of JG14. PCR analysis revealed a clear amplified band for P. japonicus but not in 3 other Panax species (P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng). This sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) marker will be used for rapid authentication of P. japonicus among other related Panax species. This is the first report of species-specific SCAR marker development in P. japonicus.     

Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng and ginseng products using robust SNP markers in ribosomal external transcribed spacer region

Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius are the most widely used Panax species, but they are known to have different properties and medicinal values. The aim of this study is to develop a robust and accurate DNA marker for identifying P. ginseng and the origins of ginseng products. Two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites specific to P. ginseng were exploited from nuclear ribosomal external transcribed spacer (ETS) region. Based on the SNP sites, two specific primers were designed for P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius respectively. P. ginseng can be easily discriminated from P. quinquefolius by amplifying the two specific alleles using multiplex allele-specific PCR. Favorable results can also be obtained from commercial ginseng products. The established method is highly sensitive and can detect 1% of intentional adulteration of P. quinquefolius into P. ginseng down to the 0.1ng level of total DNA. Therefore this study provides a reliable and simple DNA method for authentication of the origins and purities of ginseng products.     

Identification of Panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient PCR method

In order to identify the existence of Panax species in herbal medicine preparations, the Ginseng specific marker primer was selected and created based on the sequence of Korean ginseng DNA fragment, 359 bp. The gradient PCR was performed on 40 types of the herbal medicines including the 7 types of Araliaceae that are in the same family with the Panax ginseng using the created Ginseng maker primer. As result, Panax notoginseng (Chinese), Panax japonicus (Japanese) and Panax quinquefolius (American), along with Panax ginseng (Korean) were the only ones amplified. However, in the case of Atractylodes lancea, one of the herbal medicines not categorized as Panax species, the DNA was prominently amplified by the Ginseng marker primer. The sequence of the amplified DNA of Atractylodes lancea was identified, resulting in enabling the differentiation from the Panax species by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) method. In addition, the results of the gradient PCR performed on the herbal medicine preparations that consists of Panax ginseng showed that 290 bp size of the original DNA fragments of Panax ginseng was amplified on the herbal medicine preparations containing Panax ginseng. Therefore, these results suggest a possibility of creating a new testing method for identifying specific herb medicines using the gradient PCR, a molecular biological method not only on Panax ginseng, but also on other herbal medicines and herbal medicine preparations.     

三七总皂苷治疗急性脑梗死及对血清血管内皮生长因子的影响

目的 :观察三七总皂苷对急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效及治疗前后血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的变化。方法 :4 0例ACI病人 ,随机分为 2组。三七总皂苷组 2 0例 ,以曲克芦丁、胞磷胆碱和三七总皂苷 (5 0 0mg ,iv ,gtt ,qd)治疗 2wk ;对照组 2 0例 ,仅用曲克芦丁、胞磷胆碱治疗。采用双抗体ELISA法分别检测治疗前后病人血清VEGF水平的变化。结果 :三七总皂苷组总有效率95 % ,对照组 6 5 %。 2组疗效比较经Ridit分析 ,P <0 .0 1。 2组病人治疗后VEGF浓度均较治疗前显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ;三七总皂苷组较对照组升高明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :三七总皂苷可使ACI病人的VEGF浓度升高 ,有利于ACI病人的治疗恢复     

三七主要皂苷类药效成分含量的近红外光谱测定法

目的 建立基于近红外光谱的快速测定三七药材中五种主要皂苷类药效成分含量的方法。方法 取173批三七不同部位、不同产地、不同大小规格的药材,采用HPLC定量分析方法测定三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和Rd的含量,作为参考值。药材粉碎后在4000~10000 cm-1波数范围内采集光谱,对光谱预处理方法、建模波段及主成分数进行优选,采用偏最小二乘回归算法建立近红外光谱与三七药材中五种主要药效成分含量HPLC分析结果之间的多元校正模型。结果 三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和Rd在校正模型中的预测相关系数（r）分别为0.9596、0.9785、0.9026、0.9660和0.9929。结论 该方法测定的五种皂苷是三七的主要药效成分,且为三七总皂苷类制剂的质量检测指标。本方法操作简便快速,结果准确,可用于三七药材质量的快速检测。     

Molecular authentication of the ethnomedicinal plant Sabia parviflora and its adulterants by DNA barcoding technique

Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb. is a traditional herb widely used by Chinese people, especially by the Buyi ethnic group which resides in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. According to the Chinese Ethnic Pharmacopeia, the species is commonly used for soothing the liver and for the treatment of icteric hepatitis, hemostasis, and inflammation. However, due to the similar morphological characters of Sabia species and higher market demands, there are many substitutes and adulterants of S. parviflora. In this study, the differential identification of 6 Sabia species and 7 adulterants were investigated through DNA sequence analysis of three candidate DNA barcodes (trnH-psbA, rbcL-α, matK). Based on sequence alignments, we concluded that not only the trnH-psbA spacer sequence can distinguish S. parviflora from other Sabia species, but the matK + rbcL-α sequences also can differentiate it from the substitutes and adulterants. The classification tree of all samples based on rbcL-α sequences indicated that the rbcL region can identify samples into a family/genus level. Our results suggest that the three candidate barcodes can be used for the identification of S. parviflora and to distinguish it from common substitutes or adulterants.     

2010年版《中国药典》含三七的中成药剂型与工艺分析

目的了解含三七制剂的剂型分布及其入药的特点。方法对2010年版《中国药典》一部收载的61个含三七的中成药制剂进行统计分析。结果药典收载的59个含三七提取工艺的中成药中,三七直接打粉入药的占69.5%,功能主治上以活血化瘀、通经活络、理气止痛为主。结论三七的主要活性成分为三七总皂苷,2010年版《中国药典》收载的含三七的中成药制剂将其直接打粉入药的较多,但相关的药物制剂研究基础薄弱有待加强,尤其是质量标准仍需完善。     

Differentiation of medicinal Codonopsis species from adulterants by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

DNA sequence analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were exploited for their applications in differentiating medicinal species Codonopsis pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, and C. nervosa var. macrantha, from two related adulterants Campanumoea javania and Platycodon grandiflorus. The data demonstrated that the rDNA ITSI and ITSII sequences of the four Codonopsis are highly homologous but not identical, and are significantly different from those of the two adulterants. The sequence difference allows effective and reliable differentiation of Codonopsis from the adulterants by PCR-RFLP.     

Authentic identification of stigma Croci (stigma of Crocus sativus) from its adulterants by molecular genetic analysis

Stigma Croci, stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a precious traditional Chinese medicine, which is commonly used to activate blood circulation and to dissipate blood stasis. Three plant species, Carthamus tinctorius L., Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni, could carry the name Stigma Croci in the commercial markets of South East Asia. However, C. sativus is the only one that has proven its effectiveness, while the others could act as adulterants. The authentic identification of C. sativus on the market is difficult. By using molecular genetic method, the spacer domains of 5S-rRNA were cloned from the genomic DNAs that were isolated from C. sativus, C. tinctorius, H. fulva and H. citrina. The cDNAs encoding the spacer domains, about 300 to 500 bp, were sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of these four species showed great diversity, which could serve as markers for authentic identification of Stigma Croci to distinguish from its substitution and counterfeit.     

Authentication of medicinal Dendrobium species by the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA

Herba Dendrobii (Shihu) is a commonly used Chinese medicine derived from the stem of several orchid species belonging to the genus Dendrobium. It is rather expensive and adulteration is frequent. Proper authentication of the medicinal species is necessary to protect consumers and support conservation measures. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) of 16 Dendrobium species were shown to be significantly different from one another by an average of 12.4% and from non-orchids and Pholidota (an adulterant of Shihu) by 29.8% and 18.8%, respectively. The intra-specific variation among the Dendrobium species studied was only about 1%. Therefore, ITS 2 regions could be adopted as a molecular marker for differentiating medicinal Dendrobium species from one another and also from non-orchids and adulterants.     

三七总皂苷对流产大鼠子宫出血的影响及子宫内膜 修复作用机制的研究

目的 探究三七总皂苷对流产大鼠子宫出血的影响及可能的作用机制。方法 取未怀孕雌性大鼠10只 为空白对照组,受孕的雌性大鼠采用米非司酮（8.3 mg/kg）和米索前列醇（100 μg/kg）诱导建立异常子宫出血（AUB）模 型,随机分为模型组、阳性组（断血流片,0.45 g/kg）、三七总皂苷低（25 mg/kg）、中（50 mg/kg）、高（100 mg/kg）剂量组, 每组10只。阳性组、三七总皂苷各剂量组分别给予相应剂量的药物灌胃,1次/d,共7 d。紫外分光光度法测定大鼠 子宫出血量;酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血浆肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-6、雌二醇（E2）、孕酮 （P）、6-酮前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）以及血栓素B2（TXB2）水平;HE、Masson染色观察子宫内膜的病理损伤;免 疫荧光染色检测子宫内膜组织中微血管密度（MVD）;实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）检测子宫组织血管内皮生长因子 （VEGF）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-2、MMP-9 mRNA 的表达。结果 与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠血浆 6-ketoPGF1α、TNF-α、IL-6水平、子宫内膜组织的纤维化面积比、MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA表达增加,TXB2、E2、P水平、子 宫内膜厚度、腺体数量、子宫内膜MVD、VEGF mRNA表达降低（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,三七总皂苷高剂量组大鼠 子宫出血量、血浆6-keto-PGF1α、TNF-α、IL-6水平、子宫内膜组织的纤维化面积比、MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA降低, TXB2、E2水平、子宫内膜厚度、腺体数量、子宫内膜MVD、VEGF mRNA表达增加（P＜0.05）。结论 高剂量三七总皂 苷可治疗流产大鼠子宫出血,其作用机制可能与抑制过度纤维化和炎症,上调VEGF的表达,促进血管重塑,进而促 进子宫内膜修复有关。     

6种川产姜黄属药用植物叶绿体trnK基因序列变异分析及其分子鉴定

目的建立6种川产姜黄属（Curcuma）药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定方法。方法采用叶绿体赖氨酸tRNA基因（trnK）测序与序列变异分析方法。结果6种姜黄属药用植物（包括姜黄C. longa、莪术C. phaeocaulis、川郁金C. sichuanensis、川郁金C. chuanyujin、川黄姜C. chuanhuangjiang、川莪术C. chuanezhu）完整trnK基因长度在2699～2705 bp。序列可变区包括matK基因编码区和trnK外显子与matK内含子之间区域，共有6个单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）位点、1个9-bp的缺失重复序列和2个4-bp、14-bp插入重复序列。结论trnK基因序列可变位点可以作为6种川产姜黄属药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定标记，并为它们之间种的归并提供了分子依据。     

6种川产姜黄属药用植物叶绿体trnK基因序列变异分析及其分子鉴定

目的建立6种川产姜黄属(Curcuma)药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定方法.方法采用叶绿体赖氨酸tRNA基因(trnK)测序与序列变异分析方法.结果 6种姜黄属药用植物(包括姜黄C. longa、莪术C. phaeocaulis、川郁金C. sichuanensis、川郁金C. chuanyujin、川黄姜C. chuanhuangjiang、川莪术C. chuanezhu)完整trnK基因长度在2699～2705 bp.序列可变区包括matK基因编码区和trnK外显子与matK内含子之间区域,共有6个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点、1个9-bp的缺失重复序列和2个4-bp、14-bp插入重复序列.结论 trnK基因序列可变位点可以作为6种川产姜黄属药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定标记,并为它们之间种的归并提供了分子依据.     

艾叶及其常见混伪品的分子鉴定

目的：对艾叶及其几种常见混伪品进行分子鉴定。方法：通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）法直接测序,对艾及其8种混伪品进行核糖体DNA内转录间隔区片段2（ITS2）扩增并双向测序,所得序列经CodonCodeAligner拼接后,用系统发育软件MEGA4．0进行相关数据分析,同时利用邻接（NJ）法构建系统聚类树。结果：艾叶基原植物艾ITS2序列长度为225bp,种内平均Kimura．双参数（K2P）遗传距离（0．000）小于其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离（0．022）;由所构建的系统聚类树图可以看出,艾具有单系性,同时又与其他混伪品明显分开。结论：ITS2序列作为DNA条形码可以方便快捷地鉴别中药材艾叶及其混伪品,可为其质量评价及临床安全用药提供重要的分子鉴别依据。