动眼神经压榨损伤后CGRP在SD大鼠动眼神经核中的表达

目的研究降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)在动眼神经损伤后再生过程中面神经运动神经元中的表达变化。方法健康SD大鼠分别行左侧动眼神经压榨术,术后饲养3、7、14、21、28、35d,取出脑干含动眼神经核团部分,用免疫组化及图像分析技术,观察舌下神经核中的CGRP在舌下神经再生中的变化。结果 CGRP分布于正常SD大鼠动眼神经各亚核,动眼神经损伤后3 d,损伤侧的动眼神经核中CGRP比对照侧增强。图像分析CGRP灰度值与对照侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);损伤后7 d达最高峰(P<0.05),以后尽管显著表达但渐减。结论损伤导致CGRP在面神经运动神经元中的表达增加,提示CGRP在面神经再生修复过程中发挥调理作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽在面神经切断后SD大鼠面神经核中的表达变化

目的:研究降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide ,CGRP)在面神经损伤后再生过程中面神经核中的表达变化.方法:健康SD大鼠36只分别于茎乳孔处行左侧面神经切断术,而右侧于相应部位仅行面神经游离术;随机均分为术后3、7、14、21、28、35 d 6组.分别于相应时间点取出含面神经核团脑干部分,用免疫组化及图像分析技术,观察大鼠两侧面神经核中CGRP表达的变化.结果:CGRP分布于正常SD大鼠面神经各亚核,损伤侧的面神经核中CGRP表达比对照侧增强(P﹤0.05);图像分析CGRP灰度值两侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).结论:周围性面神经损伤导致CGRP在面神经核中的表达增加,提示CGRP在面神经再生修复过程中发挥调理作用.     

面神经损伤后降钙素基因相关肽在大鼠面神经核中的表达

目的研究降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)在面神经损伤后再生过程中面神经核中的表达。方法健康SD大鼠分别行左侧面神经茎乳孔切断术,术后饲养3、7、14、21、28、35d,取出脑干含面神经核团部分,用免疫组化及图像分析技术,观察面神经核中CGRP的变化。结果CGRP分布于正常SD大鼠面神经各亚核,面神经损伤后3d,损伤侧的面神经核中CGRP比对照侧增强,图像分析CGRP灰度值与对照侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);损伤后7d达最高峰(P<0.05),以后渐减。结论损伤导致CGRP在面神经运动神经元中的表达增加,提示CGRP在面神经再生修复过程中发挥调理作用。     

下颌神经切断术后降钙素基因相关肽在大鼠三叉神经运动核内表达的变化(英文)

本研究目的是观察下颌神经切断术后降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在大鼠三叉神经运动核(Vmo)内表达的变化。采用免疫组织化学和双重免疫荧光组织化学标记技术,观察了下颌神经切断术后3、7、14、21、28、35和42d时Vmo内CGRP和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫阳性物质表达的变化,并采用图像分析法计数了Vmo内存活的CGRP阳性运动神经元的数量。结果显示:神经切断能够引起手术侧Vmo内CGRP样免疫阳性物质的表达在术后3天和35天时呈"驼峰式"上调,且对照侧也有显著变化;定量分析显示神经切断后手术侧Vmo内运动神经元的数量几乎没有明显减少,但运动神经元周围GFAP的表达却大量增加。以上结果提示:Vmo内CGRP表达的上调可能对受损运动神经元的急性应激反应和恢复均具有营养作用,且激活的星形胶质细胞可能参与了其过程。     

不同延迟时间后修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损对CGRP表达的影响

目的：观察大鼠坐骨神经缺损不同延迟时间后修复对降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）表达的影响.方法：大鼠右侧坐骨神经切断分别预变性0、3、7、14和21 d后（n=6）以左侧自体新鲜神经桥接,神经再生6周后用免疫组化方法检测CGRP在脊髓和背根节（DRG）的表达变化.结果：术侧DRG CGRP表达均明显增强,其中21 d组明显强于0 d组（P＜0.05）;术侧脊髓后角CGRP免疫阳性面积明显增大,21 d组明显大于0 d组（P＜0.05）,其CGRP表达在0 d、3 d和21 d组均强于对侧（P＜0.05）,而3 d和21 d组又明显强于0 d组（P＜0.05）;3d组脊髓前角的CGRP表达在明显强于0 d组和对侧（P＜0.05）.结论：预变性处理可以影响CGRP的表达从而影响神经再生过程.     

外源性FGF—2对损伤面运动神经元降钙基因相关肽表达的影响

目的：研究外源性成纤维细胞生长因子－2(fibroblast growth factor,FGF-2）对损伤面运动神经元降钙基因相关肽（calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP）代谢的调节作用。方法：采用大鼠面神经损伤模型，在损伤面神经近侧断端国外源性FGF－2，同时以生理盐水做对照，观察面运动神经元CGRP免疫阳性细胞数和灰度值。结果：与生理盐水组比较，FGF－21组和FGF－2Ⅱ组损伤侧面运动神经元CGRP染色强度明显下降（灰度值百分比：P＜0．01）；FGF－2Ⅱ组损伤侧面运动神经元CGRP阳性细胞数减少（阳性细胞数比；P＜0．05）。结论：外源性FGF－2对损伤面运动神经元CGRP的表达有负向调节作用。     

轴突损伤诱导球海绵体肌和肛门外括约肌运动神经元Hsp27上调表达

本研究观察了轴突损伤对球海绵体肌脊核运动神经元小分子热休克蛋白表达的影响。实验用SD雄性大鼠,切断单侧阴部神经,动物分别存活 1、3、7、14、21d后,进行Hsp27免疫组织化学染色和定量分析。结果显示:轴突损伤诱导球海绵体肌脊核运动神经元Hsp27上调表达,免疫染色见于中、小型运动神经元,胞浆和近侧突起着色;术后 1d,双侧球海绵体肌脊核运动神经元出现免疫着色,术侧运动神经元随存活时间延长免疫染色密度增加, 3d后达最高值并持续到术后 21d;对侧球海绵体肌脊核运动神经元免疫染色密度不受存活时间影响,持续保持在较低水平。本文结果提示,Hsp27在轴突损伤运动神经元的持续高表达可能与该神经元的存活和轴突再生有关。     

外源性NGF对大鼠坐骨神经切断缝合术后脊髓和背根节CGRP表达的影响

观察外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对坐骨神经切断立即缝合后大鼠脊髓和背根节(DRG)内不同时间点降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)表达的影响。成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为NGF组、生理盐水(NS)组、假手术组与正常对照组。实验组动物右侧坐骨神经切断后立即缝合,每天给予NGF(400单位/kg腹腔注射),动物分别存活1、3、5、7、14、21、28d,免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析检测相应节段脊髓和背根节内CGRP的表达。结果表明,NGF处理组术侧背根节与脊髓后角内的CGRP表达明显高于同时间点的NS对照组,平均光密度值相比P<0.05。但各组中脊髓前角运动神经元内的CGRP表达没有明显变化(P>0.05)。结果提示外源性的NGF能明显增加损伤后背根节感觉神经元与损伤侧脊髓后角的CGRP表达,对CGRP在脊髓前角运动神经元内的表达没有明显影响。     

靶肌肉注射促红细胞生成素对大鼠周围神经再生的作用

目的探讨靶肌肉注射人重组促红细胞生成素（recombinant human erythropoietin，rh-EP0）对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经再生的作用。方法选用健康雄性SD大鼠12只，制备大鼠右侧坐骨神经钳夹损伤模型。实验动物随机分为2组，每组6只，EPO组：靶肌肉注射rh-EPO2500U／kg；对照组：注射同体积的生理盐水。术后第7d、14d、21d观察坐骨神经功能指数（SFI），第21d组织学观察脊髓腰膨大（L4～L6）、夹伤远端坐骨神经、损伤侧腓肠肌组织并作图象分析测定脊髓前角运动神经元数、再生有髓神经纤维数、髓鞘厚度、轴突直径和腓肠肌肌细胞横截面积等指标。结果术后第7d两组SFI无显著性差异，术后第14d、21dEPO组SFI恢复程度明显大于对照组，差别有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；术后第21d损伤侧脊髓前角运动神经元数、再生有髓神经纤维数、髓鞘厚度、轴突直径和腓肠肌肌细胞横截面积等指标，EPO组均优于对照组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。结论靶肌肉注射rh-EPO能促进周围神经再生和功能恢复。     

大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后早期降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的：研究大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后早期降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的动态变化及与神经再生的关系。方法：SD大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后分别存活1d到21d,免疫组化技术观察CGRP分布和含量的变化。结果：(1)1d组神经CGRP大量堆积,压榨近端明显多于远端,随即下降,21d组基本消失。(2)1d组背根节、脊髓后角和前角CGRP开始增高,并分别在3～5d、5～7d和7d组达峰值,随后渐降,21d组脊髓前角CGRP阳性运动神经元仍明显高于假手术组和对照侧。结论：神经压榨损伤后CGRP表达变化呈明显的时空模式,可能参与了神经元保护并介导了损伤信号的传导。     

舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖和临床意义

目的:研究舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为舌下神经管疾病的影像学诊断和手术入路的选择提供形态学数据。方法:肉眼和手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干骨标本的舌下神经管及其毗邻结构。结果:舌下神经管位于枕骨髁的前上方,为一对卵圆形或圆形孔道,内口至外口的长度(8.51±0.91)mm。舌下神经管内口呈双管者5侧(8%);内口后缘与枕骨髁后缘的距离(10.07±0.75)mm,外口后缘至枕骨髁后缘(14.22±1.18)mm。左、右侧枕骨髁的前后径分别为(23.10±1.57)mm、(22.38±2.28)mm。结论:熟悉舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的解剖有利于相关疾病的影像诊断和手术入路的选择。     

Hypoglossal nuclei participation in rat mystacial pad control

Recently, we showed that extra-trigeminal axons, originating from the hypoglossal nucleus, travel with the infraorbital division of the trigeminal nerve (ION), which is known to innervate the rat mystacial pad. Dil was monolaterally injected into the rat XII nucleus to analyse the peripheral distribution of hypoglossal axons to the mystacial pad, to evaluate their involvement in facial sensory-motor control. Electromyographic responses of mystacial pad motor units to electrical stimulation of the ION were recorded, along with the evoked responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral XII nucleus. The results showed that hypoglossal axon terminals target the ipsilateral extrinsic musculature of the mystacial pad, but they do not have any contact with the intrinsic muscles. ION electrical stimulation increased electromyographic activity in the ipsilateral pad extrinsic muscles, even following VII nerve transection. Hypoglossal nucleus electrical stimulation induced field potentials and monosynaptic responses in the same motor units that persisted even following VII nerve transection, these disappearing after cooling the ION. We suggest that the small hypoglossal neurons projecting to the extrinsic musculature of the mystacial pad are part of a hypoglossal-trigeminal loop that participates in the sensory-motor control of the rat vibrissae system.     

Hypoglossal responses to macular stimulation in the rabbit

This paper describes preliminary work on the role of the vestibular system in the hypoglossal neurons modulation. Natural stimulation of the otolith organ showed that hypoglossal motoneurons are responsive to gravity stimulation. The spontaneous firing rate of single cells, antidromically identified, was significantly modified during ipsi- or contralateral static tilting of the whole animal. Several response patterns were observed. These results infer that vestibular macular receptors may modulate hypoglossal nucleus activity in response to static head displacement.     

舌下神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：研究舌下神经在不同断面上的位置、毗邻、走行及识别标志,为舌下神经病变的影像学诊断和外科手术提供形态学依据。方法：取用国人成年尸体头部标本69例,以冷冻切片法切制成连续横断层标本36例、矢状断层标本18例和冠状断层标本15例;招募成年志愿者10名,利用3．0TMRI扫描仪,以3D—CISS序列扫描,获取横、矢状、冠状断层图像;在上述断层标本对照下,于MR图像上观察舌下神经在断面上的形态、位置、毗邻和识别标志等。结果：在横断面上,可见枕骨基底部两侧呈倒“八”字形的舌下神经管,管内走行着舌下神经;在矢状断面上,舌下神经管呈椭圆形,位于小脑前下方,岩下窦与寰枕关节之间;在经舌下神经管外口的冠状断面上,舌下神经管外口位于寰枕关节外上方、颈内静脉内侧,其间容纳舌下神经;在经舌下神经管内口的冠状断面上,呈“鸟喙”状的舌下神经管内口居枕骨侧部内,其内侧为延髓,外侧为颈内静脉,上方为颈静脉孔,下方为寰枕关节。结论：在横、矢状和冠状断面上,均可清晰显示舌下神经的位置及毗邻结构,但以横断面和冠状面为佳。     

A Study of Hypoglossal Canal in North Indian Crania

Studies of non metric cranial variants have been a field of considerable interest to research workers especially because of their racial and regional importance.40 north Indian skulls of U.P. were studied for the double hypoglossal canal, a cranial variant in the present study. Findings are discussed and compared with other global studies and are found to be of considerable regional and racial significance.     

舌下神经舌骨舌肌段的应用解剖

本文用１６具成人尸体，１０％福尔马林固定，红色乳胶股动脉灌注，在手术显微镜下解剖舌下神经舌骨舌肌段的分支及其毗邻结构。该段舌下神经上方有舌神经及其伴行静脉、下颌下腺导管、下颌下腺深部；下缘有舌下神经伴行静脉；舌下神经向上、向前、向下均有分支，分别到达茎突舌肌、舌骨舌肌、颏舌肌、甲状舌骨肌、颏舌骨肌。讨论了这些结构的临床意义。     

Morphological Features of the Branching Pattern of the Hypoglossal Nerve

The hypoglossal or twelfth cranial nerve is the motor nerve to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and the superior root of the ansa cervicalis and the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid branches are delivered through the nerve. This study investigated the muscular branches of the hypoglossal nerve to clarify their spatial relationships with the muscles of the tongue and the neighboring structures. The muscles and the nerve were gross anatomically examined in 42 cadavers. The superior root and the thyrohyoid branch left the nerve near the occipital and lingual arteries, respectively. The extrinsic muscles consisted of some components, and the geniohyoid branch and the lingual branches arose on the hyoglossus. The ascending lingual branches formed a plexus on the anterior part of the hyoglossus and were divided into the proximal and distal groups. They supplied the two parts of the hyoglossus, the three bundles of the styloglossus and the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles and communicated with the lingual nerve. The descending lingual branches supplied the inferior part of the genioglossus, and the terminal branches gave intramuscular twigs to its main part and the transverse and vertical muscles. The findings indicated that the branching pattern of the hypoglossal nerve is characterized by the positional relationships to the components of the extrinsic muscles. The hyoid bone can be an effective marker to identify the branches and affected position if it was used in combination with the morphology of the extrinsic muscles, and the knowledge of their variations is also beneficial. Anat Rec, 302:558–567, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Selective Stimulation of the Canine Hypoglossal Nerve Using a Multi-contact Cuff Electrode

Electrical activation of the tongue protrusor muscle has been demonstrated as an effective technique for alleviating upper airway (UAW) obstructions and is considered a potential treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Recent studies, however, have shown marked improvements in UAW patency by coactivating the tongue protrudor and retractor muscles. As such, selective stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve (XII) using a single implantable device presents an attractive approach for treating OSA. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a device, the maximum achievable stimulation selectivity of the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode (FINE) was investigated. The XII nerve of beagles was stimulated with an acutely implanted FINE, while the corresponding neural and muscular responses were recorded and analyzed. The overall performance of the FINE, as depicted by the average of the maximum target-specific selectivity values, S(i), confirmed that high degrees of selectivity can be achieved at both the fascicular and muscular levels: 0.93 +/- 0.03 (n = 5) and 0.88 +/- 0.03 (n = 4), respectively. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the FINE for selective stimulation of the XII nerve branches and the innervated tongue muscles.     

Hypoglossal motoneurons are postsynaptically inhibited during carbachol-induced rapid eye movement sleep

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of cyclic snoring and frequent apneic episodes during sleep, with consequent hypoxia and hypercapnia. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with excess daytime sleepiness, depression, and an increased incidence of ischemic cardiopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, systemic hypertension and brain infarction. Hypoglossal motoneurons, which innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, play a key role in maintaining the patency of the upper airway and in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Based on data obtained by using extracellular recording techniques, there is a consensus that hypoglossal motoneurons cease to discharge during rapid eye movement sleep, because they are disfacilitated. Since other somatic motoneurons are known to be postsynaptically inhibited during rapid eye movement sleep, we sought to determine, by the use of intracellular recording techniques during cholinergically induced rapid eye movement sleep, whether postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms act on hypoglossal motoneurons. We found that, during this state, a powerful glycinergic premotor inhibitory system acts to suppress hypoglossal motoneurons. This finding opens new avenues for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and provides a foundation to explore the neural and pharmacological control of respiration-related motoneurons during rapid eye movement sleep.