胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂对大鼠减重效果观察

目的研究胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(Exendin-4)长期皮下给药的减重效果。方法3个给药组大鼠分别皮下注射1、5、25μg.kg-1exendin-4,连续26周,观察体质量、摄食量、血清胆固醇及甘油三酯水平、腹膜后肾周围脂肪质量和细胞大小。结果给药3组雌性大鼠在第13、26周末体质量较对照组低9.2%、12.7%,雄性大鼠较对照组低13.1%、14.6%(P<0.01)。给药3组在第13、26周末和停药4周末,雌、雄性大鼠腹膜后肾周围脂肪重量均低于同期对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。给药2、3组在26周末,雌、雄性大鼠血清甘油三酯浓度均低于同期对照组(P<0.05)。而摄食量、血清胆固醇浓度、脂肪细胞大小不受药物的影响。结论Exendin-4长期皮下给药,具有延缓大鼠体质量增长的效果。     

胰高血糖素样肽用于大鼠减肥的长期疗效

目的研究胰高血糖素样肽(exendin-4)长期皮下给药的减重效果。方法将160只6~8周Wistar大鼠,随机分成4组,每组40只,其中一组为对照组,另外三组分别皮下注射小、中和大剂量(1、5和25μg/kg)exendin-4,连续26周。记录体重和摄食量,并进行血清胆固醇、甘油三酯检测,测定腹膜后肾周围脂肪重量和细胞大小。结果与对照组比较,大剂量用药后大鼠体重增长缓慢(P<0.01),腹膜后肾周围脂肪重量显著降低(P<0.05),血清甘油三酯水平降低(P<0.01),而摄食量、血清胆固醇含量和脂肪细胞大小不受药物的影响。结论25μg/kgexendin-4长期皮下给药,具有明确的延缓体重增长的效果,其作用机制可能与抑制脂肪细胞的增殖有关,而与抑制食欲无关。     

硫辛酸对高脂诱导肥胖大鼠糖、脂代谢的影响

目的探讨硫辛酸（LA）对高脂诱导肥胖大鼠糖、脂代谢的影响,为防治肥胖及相关慢性疾病发生提供新措施。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和高脂组,6周末高脂组随机分为高脂组、LA干预组（LA组）,分别用生理盐水和LA进行腹腔注射。4周后测量大鼠体重、内脏脂肪含量以及血清三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、血糖、空腹胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）和胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）。结果与对照组比较,高脂组体重、内脏脂肪含量、血糖、胰岛素水平、血清TG和LDL水平均升高,肝、肾系数和ISI降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与高脂组比较,LA组体重、内脏脂肪含量和胰岛素水平降低,肝、肾系数和血清HDL水平增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论LA能显著降低高脂诱导肥胖大鼠的体重和内脏脂肪含量,升高血清HDL水平,降低胰岛素水平,能明显改善高脂诱导肥胖大鼠糖、脂代谢紊乱。     

乌龙茶水浸物对大鼠的减肥作用

[目的]探讨乌龙茶的减肥作用。[方法]选用SD雄性大鼠用高能量高脂肪饲料制备肥胖模型大鼠后,选择其中32只模型鼠,随机分为肥胖对照组、低、中、高剂量组,分别灌服蒸馏水、0.4g/kg.bw、1.2g/kg.bw、2.4g/kg.bw的乌龙茶水浸物30d后,测定体重、体脂及脂肪细胞最大径。[结果]30d后,灌服中、高剂量乌龙茶水浸物的大鼠体重、体重增加、体围、腹膜后与附睾周脂肪组织重量及脂肪系数、附睾周与肩胛间脂肪细胞的最大径明显低于肥胖对照组大鼠,而饲料总摄取量在各组间却无明显差异。中剂量大鼠腹膜后、肾周脂肪系数也明显低于低剂量组大鼠。[结论]乌龙茶具有减肥作用,中剂量可能为适宜剂量。     

魔芋精粉减肥的实验研究

从魔芋中提取出来的魔芋精粉是富含葡萄甘露聚糖的膳食纤维,只含很少的蛋白质和极低的能量。将出生24天的SD大鼠分为三组,均喂以高脂肪高营养饲料,第一组为对照组;第二、三组的饲料中每天分别加入1.9mg/g体重和19mg/g体重的魔芋精粉。45天后得到下列结果:1.魔芋组的体重增长低于对照组;2.对照组鼠脂肪组织的重量及脂肪细胞大于魔芋组,说明魔芋有明显的减肥作用;3.三组间血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和某些元素水平无明显差异,4.魔芋组鼠的粪湿重大于对照组;5.实验中未发现不良作用。     

丙酮酸对肥胖大鼠体重和脂肪代谢的影响

目的 :　探讨丙酮酸对肥胖大鼠体重及其脂肪代谢的影响。方法 :　以高能量食物诱发大鼠肥胖模型 ,随机分为 4组 ,分别给予 60 0 ,3 0 0 ,1 5 0 ,0 (mg/ kg bw)的丙酮酸受试物 ,共 4w。观察大鼠食物利用率、体重、腹后壁脂肪垫重量、血脂、血糖及胰岛素含量等的变化。结果 :　实验末高、中、低剂量组的食物利用率显著低于对照组 ;实验至第 3 w,高、中剂量组的大鼠的体重显著低于对照组 ;实验至第 4w,高、中、低剂量组的体重显著低于对照组。实验末高、中剂量组大鼠的腹后壁脂肪垫重量显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;此外 ,高剂量组的血清总胆固醇含量 (TC)、胰岛素含量 (INS)显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;高、中剂量组的甘油三酯含量 (TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)亦显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;高、中剂量组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL-C)显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;各组间的血糖含量 (GLU)差异不明显。结论 :　丙酮酸可减少肥胖大鼠的体重增长 ,降低血脂和胰岛素的水平 ,可能具有增加机体能量消耗的作用。     

中枢性性早熟女童人体成分和血脂指标的相关性分析

目的 分析中枢性性早熟(CPP)女童人体成分和血脂指标的相关性。方法 按就诊顺序,选取2019年7—10月南方医科大学附属中山博爱医院收治的100例CPP女童为研究对象。检测细胞内水分、细胞外水分、骨骼肌含量、体脂肪含量、体脂率、身体细胞量、骨矿物质含量、上臂围度、上臂肌肉围度、内脏脂肪面积、基础代谢率及水合率(身体总水量/去脂体质量)。采用氧化酶法检测血清总胆固醇,采用甘油磷酸氧化酶法检测血清三酰甘油,采用直接法检测血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。分析两组参数的相关性。结果 100例CPP女童的血清总胆固醇水平为(4.25±0.67)mmol/L,血清三酰甘油水平为(1.15±0.59)mmol/L,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平为(1.62±0.33)mmol/L,血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平为(2.44±0.50)mmol/L。100例CPP女童中,存在1项或几项血脂异常的CPP女童25例,总患病率为25.00%,其中高三酰甘油血症检出率最高,为13.00%。高三酰甘油组的体质指数、体脂肪含量、体脂率、上臂围度、上臂肌肉围度、腰围及内脏脂肪面积均显著高于正常三酰甘油组,差异...     

乌龙茶与绿茶减肥效果的比较研究

目的：比较乌龙茶与绿茶的减肥效果。方法：56只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,其中3组以高能量高脂肪饲料喂饲大鼠,同时分别予以蒸馏水或乌龙茶、绿茶1．2g／kg.bw。另1组喂以基础饲料,连续喂养30天后,测定大鼠体重、体围、肝脏重量、附睾周、肾周及肩胛间脂肪组织重量,计算Lee‘s指数、肝重／体重、脂肪重／体重,并测定血脂、下丘脑神经递质(去甲肾上腺素)含量。结果：与高脂对照组比较,乌龙茶与绿茶组大鼠体重、增重、附睾周与肾周脂肪组织重量、肾周脂肪重／体重、血清甘油三酯含量明显较低,绿茶组大鼠体围也较低,而两组间无明显差异。结论：乌龙茶与绿茶均有减肥效果,且在相同剂量下两者减肥效果相似。     

吡啶酸铬对肥胖大鼠体重及其脂质代谢的影响

目的探讨吡啶酸铬对肥胖大鼠体重、体脂含量及其血脂等水平的影响.方法以高脂饲料诱导大鼠肥胖模型,然后将肥胖模型鼠随机分为4组:对照组、150μg/kg体重组、300μg/kg体重组和600 μg/kg体重组三个吡啶酸铬组,共6周.观察大鼠体重、睾丸 肾脂肪垫重量、血脂、血糖(GLU)、胰岛素(INS)及血瘦素(Leptin)水平的变化.结果300μg/kg与600μg/kg剂量组的动物体重、睾丸 肾脂肪垫、及Leptin水平均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);三个吡啶酸铬组的TC与TG显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);600μg/kg组的脂体比及INS低于对照组(P＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)则显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);各组间的血糖水平差异不明显.结论吡啶酸铬有改善大鼠肥胖及降低高血脂水平的作用.     

L-肉碱对高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠体脂含量及血脂水平的影响

[目的]探讨L-肉碱对肥胖大鼠体重、体脂含量及血脂水平的影响。[方法]以高脂饲料诱导大鼠肥胖模型，然后将肥胖大鼠随机分为对照组与125、250、500mg／kg体重3个L-肉碱组，每天1次经口给予，共6周。观察大鼠体重、睾丸 肾脂肪垫合计重量，TC、TG和HDL-C水平的变化。[结果]125、250、500mg／kg剂量组动物的体重与甘油三酯(TG)低于对照组；250、500mg／kg剂量组的睾丸 肾脂肪垫重量低于对照组；500mg／kg剂量组的胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和体脂比低于对照组。[结论]L-肉碱具有改善大鼠肥胖与降低高血脂水平的作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.