胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的微创治疗

目的 探讨胆道镜技术在胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石治疗中的作用及价值.方法 13例行胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的患者,术中找出胆肠吻合输出襻肠管行胆道镜诊治,留置T管并在其周围使用钛夹标记.术后经T管瘘道行胆道镜检查,利用胆道镜下电切技术和球囊扩张处理胆管狭窄,辅助等离子碎石取净复发结石.结果 本组13例患者全部取净结石,术后最多取石次数为9次,平均3.9次,其中狭窄胆管行电切开4例,球囊扩张5例,等离子碎石5例.结论 经胆肠吻合输出襻肠管利用胆道镜技术联合电切、球囊扩张和等离子碎石技术治疗胆肠吻合术后复发结石是安全、微创、有效和可行的,钛夹标记输出攀肠管为术后肝胆管复发结石的治疗提供了简捷的通路,值得推广和临床应用.     

胆道镜术后置管灌洗溶石治疗肝内胆管结石

目的 探讨胆道镜术后经置管振荡灌洗溶石治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效.方法 选取25例肝内胆管多发结石需行胆道镜多次取石的患者,其中17例进行胆道镜术后置管灌洗溶石治疗,作为治疗组;8例作为对照组.分别测定两组胆汁中胆红素浓度、两组B超下残余结石最大径变化,统计两组胆道镜平均操作次数.结果 治疗组胆汁中胆红素浓度大于对照组(P<0.01);B超测量治疗组灌洗后残石最大径均值小于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组平均胆道镜操作次数少于对照组(P<0.05).结论 胆道镜术后置管灌洗溶石可提高治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效.     

纤维胆道镜在小切口胆道取石术中的应用

目的 探讨纤维胆道镜在小切口胆道手术中的治疗效果. 方法 应用纤维胆道镜术中经胆总管切口入路、经胆囊管口入路,胆总管切开取石+T管引流者570例,胆总管探查术后一期缝合胆总管、不置T管者695例,经胆囊管口途径取石后直接结扎胆囊管者120例,肝叶切除+胆总管切开取石+T管引流者或胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术者71例. 结果 术中结石取净率达96%,术后残石率为3.6%,结石复发率为1.4%.胆总管直接缝合病例中5例术后引流管内引出胆汁样液体,最多者每日达100 ml,经持续负压引流5~12 d后自愈,考虑为针眼漏胆. 结论 应用纤维胆道镜明显提高了小切口胆道手术的成功率,降低了术后残石率和结石复发率.     

等离子体冲击波碎石在纤维胆道镜处理胆道术后残余结石中的应用

目的: 应用等离子体冲击波碎石解决纤维胆道镜难以取出的结石.方法: 在纤维胆道镜直视下,引入定向等离子体冲击波碎石仪探头,解决胆道镜难以取出的肝内外胆管术后残余结石28例.结果: 碎石并取出的成功率为100%(28/28),击碎每块结石所需发放冲击波2~400次,平均80次,平均每例病人作胆道镜4次,无严重不良反应.结论: 等离子体冲击波碎石是纤维胆道镜取石重要的辅助工具,安全有效.     

经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的可行性、疗效及优势。方法 2009年6月至2010年7月采用经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜碎石取石的方法治疗肝内胆管结石22例,其中男10例,女12例,年龄30～82岁,平均(50.9±10.1)岁;左肝胆管结石4例,右肝胆管结石4例,左右肝胆管结石5例,左右肝胆管合并胆总管结石9例。结果 22例均成功施行经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜取石术,其中15例取净结石,7例仍有少许残余结石,结石取净率68.2%。手术时间40～270min,平均(113.0±41.9)min;取石次数为1～5次,平均(2.6±0.9)次;术中出血量5～200ml,平均(18.8±20.5)ml;住院天数4～53d,平均(19.4±2.3)d。术后并发右侧胸腔积液和右下肺不张1例,经非手术方法治愈。无胆瘘、胆汁性腹膜炎发生。结论经皮肝胆道造瘘治疗肝内胆管结石,尤其对多次胆道术后复发或残留的复杂性肝内胆管结石是一种安全、有效、创伤小、易重复的方法。经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术3d后一次性扩张造瘘并取石是安全的。硬质胆道镜经皮肝瘘道行手术是可行的。     

胆道镜治疗胆总管下端嵌顿性结石

目的 探讨胆道镜在术中术后胆道检查、取石中的应用价值. 方法 术中术后应用胆道镜、取石网篮、取石钳、激光、ERCP等技术,对12例患者进行检查和取石. 结果 全组术中取石成功. 结论 术中术后应用胆道镜,可以取出肝内胆管及胆总管下端嵌顿性结石,降低术后残石率,提高手术的安全性.     

损伤控制理念指导老年胆道系统疾病诊治体会

目的 探讨损伤控制(DC)理念及损伤控制手术(DCS)在老年胆道系统疾病诊治中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2008年10月至2012年2月采取DC理念治疗的99例老年胆道系统结石患者的临床资料,其中急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(AOSC) 46例、急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP) 12例、急性结石性胆囊炎(结石嵌顿)24例、肝内胆管结石伴急性胆管炎15例、肝脓肿4例.结果 99例患者均行DCS,手术方式包括内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST/EPT)、经内镜鼻胆/胰管引流术(ENBD/ENPD)、经内镜胆管塑料支架内引流术(ERBD)、经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)、经皮经肝穿刺胆囊引流术(PTGBD).所有患者均度过急性期,后续治疗采取“个体化”治疗原则,行开腹胆囊切开取石、胆道探查取石、经皮经肝胆道镜(PTCS)以及胆道镜下取石、等离子碎石、狭窄部位球囊扩张/电切治疗.治愈92例(92.9％),好转7例(7.1％),无死亡病例.结论 以DC理念为指导,对高危老年胆道系统疾病患者实施DCS治疗,能分解手术风险,达到缓解甚至治愈疾病的目的 .     

260例胆道术后残余结石诊治体会

目的 探讨胆道术后残余结石的防治方法. 方法 回顾性分析1996年至2004年经术中术后胆道镜及胆道造影确诊的260例胆道残余结石患者的临床资料,对其治疗方法及预防措施进行总结. 结果 经T管窦道胆道镜取石198例(76.2%),经内镜乳头气囊扩张取石(EPBD)11例,经内镜括约肌切开取石(EST)33例,Oddi's括约肌切开成形术4例,胆肠Roux-Y吻合7例,肝左外侧叶切除术3例,保守治疗4例.其中1次结石取净112例,2次结石取净79例,3次以上结石取净51例,结石未取净18例(6.9%). 结论 胆道镜、十二指肠镜是治疗胆道术后残余结石的主要手段,合理选择手术方式是预防残余结石的根本措施.     

腹腔镜切肝联合纤维胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石7例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜下免切开胆总管治疗左肝内及胆总管结石的适应证与手术疗效.方法 对7例胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管及左肝内胆管结石伴肝叶纤维化病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 6例患者成功行腹腔镜胆囊切除、左肝外叶切除,经左肝断面胆管行胆道镜探查取石,手术时间145~295 min,术中出血240~750 m L,无输血.术后3~5 d左肝断面引流管均顺利拔除,无胆漏及腹腔内出血.1例胆总管有残余小结石,予以内镜下乳头括约肌切开术成功取出结石.术后患者住院时间为5~9 d,2个月后复查未见明显残余结石.1例因胆总管结石较多不易取出及结石有嵌顿导致手术失败,而行胆总管切开取石T管引流.结论 胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石是安全可行的.     

肝叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗复杂原发性肝内胆管结石

目的 探讨肝叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗复杂原发性肝内胆管结石的临床疗效。方法 收集2010年1月至2015 年3月间我科收治的原发性肝内胆管结石患者临床资料32例,所有患者术前均经彩超、CT及MRI检查确诊,均行肝叶切除术联合胆道镜探查取石治疗。结果 本组均成功取石,手术时间（165.6±30.5）min,术中出血（250±150）mL。术后无死亡病例。术后发生并发症10例,其中切口感染1例,胆瘘2例,右侧胸腔积液7例。经过6～24个月的随访,未见结石复发。结论 肝叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗复杂原发性肝内胆管结石疗效显著,临床应用价值较大。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科2005年1月至2015年12月肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者的临床资料。24例受者胆管结石确诊主要依据T管造影、MRCP或ERCP。确诊胆管结石受者均采用ERCP下行球囊扩张联合胆道塑料支架置入治疗,术中采用地西泮镇静,同时密切监测生命体征。观察肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者结石类型、狭窄情况、ERCP治疗情况及其治疗前后肝功能指标变化。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较ERCP治疗前后受者血清总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、ALT和AST水平变化。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果24例受者中胆总管结石20例(包括单纯胆总管结石11例、胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄9例),肝内、外胆管结石4例。肝移植至并发胆管结石平均间隔时间(604±215)d。19例发生在术后12～66个月,余5例发生在术后3个月内。11例胆总管结石受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架引流治疗,治疗有效。9例胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,其中8例治疗有效;1例因重度胆管狭窄,反复内镜取石不能取尽,继发感染再次行肝移植。4例肝内、外胆管结石受者均采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋左、右肝管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,治疗有效。受者内镜治疗后血清TBil、ALP和GGT分别为31、179和247 mmol/L,均低于内镜治疗前水平(43、273和385 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(z＝0.042、0.001、0.004,P均<0.05)。截至2017年12月,24例受者随访时间为1～2年,4例因原发性肝癌复发分别于肝移植术后9、5、34、25个月死亡,1例因上消化道出血于肝移植术后34个月死亡,1例因重度胆管狭窄行二次肝移植并于2014年4月因肝脓肿继发感染性休克死亡,1例因感染性休克于肝移植术后33个月死亡,其余17例随访期间未见结石再发。 结论内镜下行球囊扩张联合塑料支架置入治疗原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石安全、有效,可作为目前原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石的首选治疗方案。     

经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石

目的探讨经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的方法及疗效。方法20．0．0年1月～2005年2月，对8例胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管再发结石，采用经皮经空肠输胆襻造口术建立通道，胆道镜经胆肠吻合口进入肝内胆管取石，纠正吻合口和肝内胆管狭窄。结果8例肝内胆管结石均取净，4例胆管狭窄和2例吻合口狭窄解除。8例随访1～3年，肝内胆管无复发结石和再狭窄。结论经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石创伤小、安全、可行，效果满意。     

经皮经肝胆道镜治疗医源性胆管损伤后再狭窄

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄的原因和治疗方法。方法对我院1998年1月～2005年1月12例（开腹胆囊切除术5例，腹腔镜胆囊切除术7例）医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄，建立经皮经肝通道，采用胆道镜取石、球囊扩张、支架管置入支撑扩张狭窄段胆管。结果8例用F20 Gruntzig型球囊导管扩张狭窄段胆管，2次即可放入6～8mm塑料支架引流管；4例球囊扩张3次后置入。塑料支架引流管置管6～12个月。12例随访2～3年，平均2．6年，无腹痛、发热、黄疸再次发作，B超、MRCP检查胆管无狭窄及再发结石。结论胆道镜取石、球囊扩张支架管置入治疗医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄创伤小，安全可行，效果良好。     

Development of intrahepatic biliary stones after excision of choledochal cysts

Background: The incidence of intrahepatic cholelithiasis and cholangitis has not yet been well studied postoperatively in patients with choledochal cysts. Methods: One hundred three patients with choledochal cysts had operative cholangiography, underwent standard excision of a choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunal anastomosis, and were at a mean follow-up of 12[frac12] years. The incidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones was analyzed according to the 3 morphologic types of intrahepatic bile duct observed at initial operative cholangiography: type 1, no dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts; type 2, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts but without any downstream stenosis; and type 3, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts associated with downstream stenosis. Initially, there was no evidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones in any of the 103 patients. Results: Among 50 type 1 patients, intrahepatic cholelithiasis developed in only 1 patient (2%). Among 43 type 2 patients, 1 patient (2%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis, and 2 (5%) had postoperative cholangitis. Among 10 type 3 patients, 4 (40%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis (P [lt ] .01), and 3 (30%) had postoperative cholangitis. Time intervals between the initial surgery and the first identification of intrahepatic stones ranged from 3 to 22 years. Conclusions: One of the major causes of formation of intrahepatic cholelithiasis has been clarified; patients with intrahepatic biliary dilatation with downstream stenosis can get intrahepatic bile duct stones long after excision of a choledochal cyst.     

һ�����ŷ���Ƥ���ε������ڸ����⵨�ܽ�ʯ�����е�Ӧ�ã���35�����棩

??A one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique in percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) for patients with bile duct stones: A report of 35 cases LOU Jian-ying, CHEN Wei, WANG Ji, et al. Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
Corresponding author: LIANG Ting-bo, E-mail: liangtingbo@zju.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To evaluate the safety, efficiency, indications and procedure of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), using a one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique, in patients with intrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones. Methods The medical records of 35 cases of intrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones treated by PTCS, using a one-stage tract dilation technique, from January, 2015 to April, 2017 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were studied retrospectively. All the patients were treated with lithotripsy and basket stone removal through PTCS using one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD). The perioperative morbitity, stone clearance rate, and stone recurrence rate were analyzed. Results The intrahepatic biliary duct and common bile duct were successfully accessed in all 35 cases using ultrasound-guided one-stage percutaneous tract dilation PTCS technique. The stones were completely removed (level A) in 65.7% (23/35) of the cases including 18 cases of intrahepatic stones and 5 cases of common bile duct stones. The stones were almost cleared (level B) in 22.9% (8/35) of intrahepatic stones cases. Stone clearance was achieved in 31 (88.6%) cases (level A and B). One case suffered PTCD site bleeding and one case had percutaneous transhepatic tract rupture during the secondary stone removal procedure. There were no other serious procedure-related complications such as life-threatened bleeding, bile leak and conversion to laparotomy. With follow-up of 1-28 months, 6 (26.1%) of 23 cases of level-A stones clearance had recurrent intrahepatic stones and cholangitis. Conclusion PTCS using one-stage dilation of the tract, is an effective, safe and alternative minimal invasive method forintrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones when surgery or peroral approach is not indicated.     

Postoperative flexible choledochoscopy for residual primary intrahepatic stones.

Postoperative flexible choledochoscopy was carried out in 103 patients with residual biliary calculi. Forty-one patients had residual stones in the common duct, and 63 patients had residual stones in the intrahepatic ducts with or without stones in the common duct. The majority of the intrahepatic stones were primary stones. Postoperative choledochoscopy was very effective in removing residual common duct stones (95% removed, no morbidity). For intrahepatic stones, removal was more difficult and was associated with a higher morbidity (11.2%). Stone extraction through the stenotic intrahepatic ducts was made possible by the balloon dilatation of the ducts. Repeated endoscopic access to the biliary system was made easier by the construction of a hepatico-cutaneous-jejunostomy, which also provides a route to the biliary tree for future stone removal if stone reformation occurs. Complimented by these procedures, postoperative choledochoscopy was successful in removing the residual intrahepatic stones in 82.3% of the patients. At a median follow-up of 17 months, the majority of the patients who had all the stones removed as well as those who had stones left behind were symptom free.     

术中超声联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的临床意义

目的 探讨术中超声(IOUS)联合纤维胆道镜在治疗肝内胆管结石中的临床意义.方法 回顾分析185例肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料.其中术中、术后应用胆道镜取石(下称胆道镜组)96例和IOUS联合纤维胆道镜取石(下称联合组)89例,比较两组疗效.结果 胆道镜组残石率(9.38%)高于联合组(2.08%)(P=0.041);结石复发率(12.34%)也高于联合组(3.61%)(P=0.036);两组胆管炎发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.087),胆道镜组3例重型胆管炎需再次手术治疗.结论 在治疗肝内胆管结石中,采用术中超声联合纤维胆道镜能降低残石率及结石复发率,提高疗效.     

腹腔镜联合经皮肾镜超声碎石吸引在胆道结石治疗中的应用体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经皮肾镜超声碎石吸引治疗胆道结石的可行性与安全性。方法:回顾分析2009年2月至2012年12月为96例胆道结石患者行腹腔镜联合经皮肾镜超声碎石吸引术的临床资料。结果:95例成功完成手术,1例因胆总管出血中转开腹。47例肝内外胆管结石患者,其中19例一期缝合胆总管,28例放置T管引流。手术时间平均(65±30)min,术中出血量平均(30±20)ml,术后平均(25±7)h胃肠功能恢复,平均(18±6)h下床活动,腹腔引流管于术后(48±24)h拔除;无一例发生胆漏。术后1周复查发现1例肝内胆管结石残留,胆道镜下成功取出残余结石,术后平均住院(5.5±2.5)d。术后平均随访(24±18)个月,无结石复发及胆道相关并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜联合经皮肾镜超声碎石吸引在胆道结石治疗中发挥了重要作用,可有效解决结石取出困难、残留,反复取石导致的损伤、出血,手术时间长等问题。     

肝内胆管结石57例治疗体会

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石治疗方式的合理性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2006年11月至2010年8月为57例肝内胆管结石病人手术的临床资料.结果 全部57例中,行肝部分切除33例(57.89%),附加T管引流术48例(84.21%),附加胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术9例(15.79%).术后复查残留结石7例(12.28%)...     

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy

Since 1983, 14 patients with intrahepatic and common bile duct stones have undergone percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy because the stones were too large to be removed using ordinary percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. Stones were completely fragmented in seven cases (six with intrahepatic stones and one with common bile duct stone) and partially disrupted in five cases with intrahepatic stones. Intrahepatic duct angulation and stricture was the factor most often responsible for failure. All the disintegrated stones were removed by subsequent transhepatic cholangioscopy. Amongst the seven patients with complete stone fragmentation, six stones were found with electrohydraulic shock-wave lithotripsy and one with NdYAG laser lithotripsy. Complications of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy using electrohydraulic shock waves were found in three cases, two had transient haemobilia and one had fever and chills after the procedures. They all recovered by conservative treatment. NdYAG laser treatment was expensive, time consuming and inconvenient to use. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy by using electrohydraulic shock wave is an effective and safe method to fragment biliary stones and to facilitate their removal.