The Relationship between Gastric Cancer and the Unhealthy Habits and the Gastric Diseases

Objective To explore the relationship between gastric cancer and smoking, drinking spirits and the history of chronic gastric disease s. Method A case-control study was conducted on 361 cases and 1 525 population-controls to interview the history of exposure. The contact stre ngth of each factor with gastric cancer was estimated by Logistic regression mod el. The data were adjusted for confounders. Results The risk of gastric cancer increased 48% for smokers, the longer the year of smoking was,the more the numbe r of smoking per day was, and the younger the age of beginning smoking was, the greater the risk of gastric cance r was.82% of the risk increased for drinkers, the affects of white wine was most obvious(OR=3.14，95% CI=2.23～4.42). The risk rose markedly (OR=7 .87,95% CI=5.72～10.83)for the persons who had chronic gastric diseases, and t he relation of duration-effect was presented, which the risk rose with the exte nsion of having chronic gastric diseases. Smoking, drinking spirits and the hist ory of chronic gastric diseases were the strong independent factors, and they al so had obvious interaction affects. Conclusion Smoking, drinkin g spirits and chronic gastric diseases are the major factors of gastric cancer. Giving up unhealthy habits and radically curing chronic gastric diseases in grai n and in the early stage is the one of major measures to reduce the incidence of gastric cancer.     

Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: A Business Process Management Perspective

The Tohoku Regional Bureau(TRB) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) performed various actions in response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The total disaster recovery and reconstruction period is expected to last for 10 years, of which the first five years are regarded as the concentrated reconstruction period. As of 2013, a majority of the mega projects that involved restoration actions have been completed, which indicates a more effective rate of completion compared with the MLIT projects performed in normal non-disaster situations. This short article explains the management process of the recovery and reconstruction utilized by the TRB—an interorganizational process—from a business process management(BPM) perspective and creates a simple organization construction diagram of the entire process. The study focused on the transactions and actor roles to identify their strengths. The findings indicate the utilization of different operational procedures in some parts of the process, the importance of liaison role, as well as some obstacles. The lessons learned from this analysis can assist managers and researchers in designing and managing restoration processes for future disasters.     

骨桥蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶-9在胰腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

Objective To investigate the expression and the role of osteopontin(OPN)and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma.Methods Human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 was cultured in vitro.The location of OPN protein in pancreatic tumor cell line was detected by immunofluorescence staining.100 cases of pancreatic cancer and 40 cases of adjacent normal pancreatic tissues were used to analysis.The expressions of OPN and MMP-9 were investigated by immunohistochemistry assay.Results OPN expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm,OPN and MMP-9 in pancreatic cancer tissues positive rates were 73.0%(73/100)and 68.0%(68/100),which were higher than that in adjacent normal pancreatic tissues(all P ＜ 0.05).OPN and MMP-9 expression were associated with pancreatic tumor grade,lymph node metastasis and perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer(P ＜ 0.05).OPN and MMP-9 in pancreatic cancer tissues were positively correlated(r,=0.39,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions OPN and M MP-2 might play an important role in the development of invasion and metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma.OPN and MMP-2 might play synergetic roles in the progression of pancreatic carcinoma.     

The Emergence of a Globalized System for Disaster Risk Management and Challenges for Appropriate Governance

Disaster risk management(DRM) is undergoing noteworthy changes, reflecting the broader shifts in global and local levels of governance. At the global level two significant changes are of interest:(1) the shift from monolithic structures of global governance to a wide range of organizations that can be brought together for specific purposes and(2) the emergence of a globalized system of DRM, with technological, organizational, and institutional capacities enhancing DRM's ability as a unit in near real time across the globe. At the local level there is an increase in ability to govern and develop creative solutions for complex problems that follow rapid urbanization. The importance of getting the global–local interface to work in tandem has been highlighted by recent hazard events, such as the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. From a broad view of global and local shifts, a strategic role is becoming clearer at the national level for enhancing the relationships between the global and local levels. Through the influence of a globalized system of DRM, the local level can significantly improve its capacity without the heavy investment that might have been required to develop these capacities in isolation. One key to achieving this is adiffusion of DRM higher education, supported by an enhanced system of information flow.     

A Probabilistic Approach to the Evaluation of Seismic Resilience in Road Asset Management

Road networks are classified as critical infrastructure systems.Their loss of functionality not only hinders residential and commercial activities,but also compromises evacuation and rescue after disasters.Dealing with risks to key strategic objectives is not new to asset management,and risk management is considered one of the core elements of asset management.Risk analysis has recently focused on understanding and designing strategies for resilience,especially in the case of seismic events that present a significant hazard to highway transportation networks.Following a review of risk and resilience concepts and metrics,an innovative methodology to stochastically assess the economic resources needed to restore damaged infrastructures,one that is a relevant and complementary element within a wider resilience-based framework,is proposed.The original methodology is based on collecting and analyzing ex post reconstruction and hazard data and was calibrated on data measured during the earthquake that struck central Italy in 2016 and collected in the following recovery phase.Although further improvements are needed,the proposed approach can be used effectively by road managers to provide useful information in developing seismic retrofitting plans.     

Advanced Treatment Planning in Cancer Thermal Therapies

CEM43 thermal dose is a very common concept in thermal oncology.Thermal dose is the maximum amount of energy that can be transmitted during hyperthermia therapy conducted on temperature-sensitive tissue.Thermal dose is also the maximum value of local energy accumulation in human bodies,which can lead to tissue injury and pain.Thermal dose can also decrease the finishing temperature and reduce the energy to the tolerable range.There are two functions of the individualized hyperthermia treatment plan:it determines the setting and location that can realize the best tumor hyperthermia therapy;at the same time,it can decrease the effect of hyperthermia therapy on healthy tissues.There are four steps in the treatment plan of hyperthermia therapy for tumors:the first step is to establish a three dimensional human body model and its corresponding an atomical structure that can be used in numerical algorithm via medical imaging resources;the second step is to determine the volume of the electromagnetic energy accumulation.Based on the peculiarity of frequency and materials,even full-wave electromagnetic wave or quasi-static technique can be used to determine the tissue distribution.Evaluation of the therapy can be conducted based on thermal dose and the corresponding tissue damage model;the third step is to use Arrhenius model to provide direct evaluation of tissues in the thermal ablation zone,solidification zone,as well as the necrotic area;the last step is the optimization of the treatment plan.     

Obesity research: Status quo and future outlooks

Obesity is a multifactorial disease showing a pandemic increase within the last decades in developing, and developed countries. It is associated with several severe comorbidities such as type Ⅱ diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic steatosis hepatis and cancer. Due to the increasing number of overweight individuals worldwide, research in the field of obesity has become more vital than ever. Currently, great efforts are spend to understand this complex disease from a biological, psychological and sociological angle. Further insights of obesity research come from bariatric surgery that provides new information regarding hormonal changes during weight loss. The initiation of programs for obesity treatment, both interventional and pharmaceutical, are being pursued with the fullest intensity. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for weight loss and resolution of comorbidities in morbid obese patients. Reasons for weight loss and remission of comorbidities following Roux-en-Y-Gastric Bypass,Sleeve Gastrectomy, and other bariatric procedures are therefore under intense investigation. In this review, however, we will focus on obesity treatment, highlighting new insights and future trends of gut hormone research, the relation of obesity and cancer development via the obesity induced chronic state of inflammation, and new potential concepts of interventional and conservative obesity treatment.     

Examining the Factors that Influence the Use of Social Media for Disaster Management by Underserved Communities

This study examined the propensity of social media use by underserved communities by drawing on the literature on the digital divide and attribution theory.Specifically,this research explored the factors that can influence the use of social media for disaster management.The study used survey methodology to collect data and partial least squares structural equation modeling(PLSSEM)to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The results of the study indicate:(1)that the propensity of social media use for disaster management is low for underserved communities;(2)a positive relationship between an individual’s effort and the intention to use social media for disaster management;and(3)a negative relationship between task difficulty and the intention to use social media for disaster management.The study expanded the literature on the use of social media in disaster management.The article also provides both theoretical and practical implications.     

Shades of Chaos: Lessons Learned About Lessons Learned About Forecasting El Nio and Its Impacts

The troubled forecast of El Nio's onset in2014 requires an explanation as well as an open dialogue with the user community that depends on such an important forecast. A review of the forecasts on the Internet reflects two different perceptions about what transpired. The forecast community suggests they got it right, while the popular media suggests forecasters got it wrong. Why such a gap? The major El Nio that was alluded to by several organizations did not materialize when or even as expected. A science-fed media frenzy took place about an event considered in retrospect to have been an unusual borderline(weak) El Nio event, "trickiest ever to forecast."That is understandable, as the science of El Nio is still on a learning curve. But it suggests that the forecasting of El Nio's onset is still in an experimental phase and not yet operational. Forecasting its onset(as a specific event)should be separated from forecasting its behavior and impacts(as a process) once the onset has been assured.Whenever a forecast is made, someone is responding to it.Therefore, such a distinction is necessary for the benefit of those societies and economic sectors affected by El Nio.     

三阴乳腺癌与非三阴乳腺癌预后的比较分析

Objective To assess whether survival differed among patients who had triple-negative breast cancers compared with patients who had non-triple-negative breast cancers.Methods The clinicopathologic data of 684 patients with operable breast cancer,who were treated with multimodal therapy from December 1998 to June 2007 were analyzed.Of these patients,107 cases were confirmed to have triple-negative tumor histology(triple-negative group),577 cases were confirmed to have non-triple-negative tumor histology(non-triple-negative group).The 7 years cumulative survival and disease-free survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by Log-rank test.The prognosis Was analyzed by COX regression model.Results The 7 years overall survival rates for triple-negative group and non-triple-negative group were 51.4%(55/107),74.2%(428/577),respectively,there Was significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.01).However,the 7 years overall survival rates of patients with triple-negative group and those who with Her-2 positive were 51.4%(55/107)and 53.1%(43/81)respectively,there Was no significant difference between them (P＞0.05).Univariate analysis revealed that the factors affecting the disease-free survival included age,menopausal status,tumor size,lymph nodes metastasis,estrogen,progesterone,and Her-2 receptors status.Multivariate analysis showed minor size,lymph nodes metastasis,estrogen,progesterone,and Her-2 receptors status were independent prognostic factors.Conclusions This study has shown a trend towards a poorer outcome for patients with triple-negative breast cancer similarity to patients with Her-2 positive cancers.Triple-negative breast cancer is an independent predictor factor of survival.     

When It Strikes,Are We Ready?Lessons Identified at the 7th Planetary Defense Conference in Preparing for a Near-Earth Object Impact Scenario

Near-Earth object(NEO)impact is one of the examples of high impact and low probability(HILP)event,same as the Covid-19 pandemic the world faces since the beginning of 2020.The 7 th Planetary Defense Conference held by the International Academy of Astronautics(IAA)in April 2021 included an exercise on a hypothetical NEO impact event,allowing the planetary defense community to discuss potential responses.Over the span of the 4-day conference this exercise connected disaster response and management professionals to participate in a series of panels,providing feedback and perspective on the unfolding crisis scenario.The hypothetical but realistic asteroid threat scenario illustrated how such a short-warning threat might evolve.The scenario utilized during the conference indicates a need to prepare now for what might come in the future,because even with advance notice,preparation time might be minimal.This scenario chose Europe for the impact,which may likely cope with such a disaster,through the Union Civil Protection Mechanism(UCPM)and other solidarity and support mechanisms within the European Union(EU),as well as with potential support from international partners.This short article raises concern about other areas in the world on how they may access NEO impact information and cope with such disasters.It also provides an idea on vast scale of such disaster vis-a-vis the current capacity of response systems to cope with a larger event in Europe or elsewhere.This scenario showed that planetary defense is a global endeavor.Constant engagement of the planetary defense and disaster response communities is essential in order to keep the world safe from potential disasters caused by NEO impacts.     

Hantavirus infection and β3 integrin

β3 integrin is one of a large family in cell-surface adhesion receptors, which can mediate cell-cell,cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and plays a key role in many virus infections. In this paper, the biological functions of the β3 integrin family are reviewed and the role in hantavirus infection is delineated.     

Disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

This study reports the results of a long-term economic evaluation of riluzole in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) versus best supportive care in the United Kingdom. The analysis included in this contribution aims to provide an update of the determination of the phase of the disease that is prolonged by riluzole and also to assess the quality of the life extension offered by riluzole by taking into account the patients' utility score. Specifically, the analysis provides a more specific estimate of the cost-utility of riluzole dependent disease stage, thereby providing a useful insight of the cost-effectiveness of therapy. A Markov model was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of riluzole versus best supportive care. Transition possibilities and the distribution of patients by health states were taken from a cohort of 954 patients drawn from a large randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial between 1992 and 1994. Costs associated with riluzole included the acquisition cost and bi-monthly monitoring for raised ALT levels. Patient assessed utilities were collected by use of the SG technique from two centres (King's, London and Preston) in the UK. Four distinct health states were used corresponding to mild, moderate, severe and terminal states. Applying the Markov model and extending the transitional probabilities using linear interpolation, the base case cost per life year gained was estimated at ￡15,192 while applying Standard Gamble utility scores, the base case cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was assessed at ￡22,086. Carrying out a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the cost per QALY was estimated at ￡22,236 with standard deviation of ￡612. The results of the long-term analysis also show that riluzole on average increases survival in ALS patients by 6 months with approximately 5 months of the additional life gained in the early disease states, of which 4 months is spent in disease state 2, where quality of life is relatively high. However, the model is sensitive in the way in which the long-term transitional probabilities are estimated. Using averages of the first nine cycles, the cost per QALY would increase to ￡33,420 with standard deviation of ￡972. Thus, this analysis highlights some of the difficulties associated with extending the short clinical effectiveness data; one way forward would be to obtain long-term observations data for both groups.     

Effect of Galectin-1 on the function of endometrial epithelial cells with different receptivity北大核心CSCD

Objective To observe the expression of Galectin-1 in human ectopic endometrial cells with different receptivity and its role in the process of embryo implantation. Methods The expression and localization of Galectin-1 in high tolerance endometrial cell RL-95-2 and low tolerance endometrial cell HEC-1-A were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. The invasion and migration of the two kinds of cells were detected by Transwell assay and scratch assay. JAR cells were used to mimic embryos and to detect the migration rate. The expression levels of Galectin-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by transfecting Galection-1 siRNA and Galection-1 overexpression vector in the RL-95-2 cells and HEC-1-A cells, respectively. Then the transfected endometrial cells were added with WNT pathway inhibitor DKK1 and activator LiCl respectively, and the changes of EMT-related proteins and the invasion, migration of cells were examined. Results 1) RT-qPCR and Western blotting results showed that Galectin-1 was significantly higher in RL-95-2 than in HEC-1-A (P=0.020, P=0.030); immunofluorescence experiments showed that Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of RL-95-2, while in HEC-1-A cells, Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus. 2) The results of cell adhesion assay showed that the adhesion rate of JAR cells to RL-95-2 cells was significantly higher than that to HEC-1-A cells (P=0.010). 3) After Galectin-1 overexpression, the expression of E-cadherin protein was decreased in the HEC-1-A cells (P=0.001), and the expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin were increased (P=0.003, P=0.023); the exprssioins of β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a were increased (P=0.025, P=0.004, P=0.005, P=0.001), and the migration ability and invasion ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly enhanced (P=0.022, P=0.003). 4) After DKK1 treatment of HEC-1-A cells overexpressing Galectin-1, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased (P=0.003), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were increased (P=0.015, P=0.033), and the migratory ability as well as invasive ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly increased (P= 0.030, P=0.040). 5) After down-regulation of Galectin-1 expression in RL-95-2 cells, E-cadherin protein expression was increased (P=0.004), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were significantly decreased (P=0.030, P=0.023), and β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a protein expressions were reduced (P=0.001, P=0.005, P=0.023, P=0.020). 6) After LiCl treatment of RL-95-2 cells with down-regulated Galectin-1 expression, E-cadherin protein expression was increased, and N-cadherin protein and Vimentin protein expressions were decreased compared with LiCl-treated RL-95-2 cells (P=0.012, P=0.035, P=0.020); RL-95-2 cells migration rate, and invasion number were decreased (P=0.040, P=0.020). Conclusion The expression level of Galectin-1 was increased in highly receptivity endometrium compared with low receptivity endometrium. Galectin-1 may regulate the expression of EMT-related proteins through WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus affecting embryo implantation. © 2021 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltdg. All rights reserved.     

CHECKLIST-PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Recognition, Evaluation, Control These are the key principles that guide the occupational health team in its task of the prevention of occupational disease. The supervisor plays a major role on this team. He is in the unique position of knowing his department, its work flow and work procedures on a day to day basis. The supervisor is responsible for recognizing health hazards, maintaining control systems, alerting health and     

Simulation-Based and Risk-Informed Assessment of the Effectiveness of Tsunami Evacuation Routes Using Agent-Based Modeling:A Case Study of Seaside,Oregon

Typically,tsunami evacuation routes are marked using signs in the transportation network and the evacuation map is made to educate people on how to follow the evacuation route.However,tsunami evacuation routes are usually identified without the support of evacuation simulation,and the route effectiveness in the reduction of evacuation risk is typically unknown quantitatively.This study proposes a simulation-based and risk-informed framework for quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of evacuation routes in reducing evacuation risk.An agentbased model is used to simulate the tsunami evacuation,which is then used in a simulation-based risk assessment framework to evaluate the evacuation risk.The route effectiveness in reducing the evacuation risk is evaluated by investigating how the evacuation risk varies with the proportion of the evacuees that use the evacuation route.The impacts of critical risk factors such as evacuation mode(for example,on foot or by car)and population size and distribution on the route effectiveness are also investigated.The evacuation risks under different cases are efficiently calculated using the augmented sample-based approach.The proposed approach is applied to the riskinformed evaluation of the route effectiveness for tsunami evacuation in Seaside,Oregon.The evaluation results show that the route usage is overall effective in reducing the evacuation risk in the study area.The results can be used for evacuation preparedness education and hence effective evacuation.     

Modelling the costs and effects of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis

This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of leflunomide (LEF) compared to methotrexate (MTX) and sulfasalazine (SSZ) in the United Kingdom. A Markov model was constructed using health states defined by Health Assessment Questionnaire score. The model is based on a cohort of patients with recently diagnosed definite RA who were followed for up to 15 years at nine rheumatology clinics in the UK. The treatment effect was calculated based on clinical trials comparing LEF to MTX (one international and one United States trial) and to SSZ (one international trial). Transitions between health states for the first 2 years of treatment were calculated from the clinical trials, while the extrapolation beyond the trial was based on the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study cohort, using an ordered probit model. This makes it possible to predict transitions for patients with similar characteristics (age, time since disease onset) as in the trials. Separate analyses were performed for each trial, and all analyses covered a 10-year timeframe. Using the US trial, LEF had slightly lower costs and better effects (￡44,017 and 4.307 QALYs, compared to ￡44,988 and 4.158 QALYs for MTX), while for the international trial this was reversed (￡34,070 and 4.487 QALYs for MTX compared to ￡36,351 and 4.372 QALYs for LEF). Compared to SSZ, the cost of using LEF was slightly lower, with an increase in QALYs (￡35,855 and 3.896 QALYs compared to ￡36,731 and 3.721 QALYs for SSZ). The two trials comparing LEF to MTX gave differing results. One possible reason for this is that MTX patients in the US trial were given folic acid, whereas in the international trial folate supplementation was not mandated. This may have reduced the effectiveness of MTX. In the UK it is standard practice to use folic acid with MTX, and therefore the results from the US trial may be more relevant for the UK. Compared to SSZ, the use of LEF appears to be cost-effective in the UK.     

An In Vivo Proton MR Spectroscopy Study of Late Delayed Radiation Necrosis at the Temporal Lobes in Patients Treated for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial-originated malignancy occuning with a high incidence in Southeast Asia, in particulat, in southern China. The molecular basis for the disease is not well understood and recent epidemiology studies have correlated the disease to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, consumption of salted fish, preserved foods and smoking'. NPC is almost entirely of the undiffenentiated squamous cell types and the discase is highly curable by radiation therapy, with survival rates of 80-90％~2. Despite this high disease-free survival race, the long term overall survival rate is not so good~3 because of late delayed radiation comphcations, Late delayed radiation injury, which     

Assessment of Short-Term Exposure to Nonylphenol in Japanese Medaka Using Sperm Velocity and Frequency of Motile Sperm

Nonylphenol is one of the compounds believed to cause endocrine disruption and affect sperm quality in mammals. However, there is little information on its effects on sperm motility in fish or other forms of wildlife. We examined the effects of nonylphenol on the motility of spermatozoa of medaka (Oryzias latipes) using an in vitro bioassay. Sperm was activated in aqueous media containing no nonylphenol (solvent control, 0.1% ethanol) or 1 or 100 μmol/L nonylphenol and immediately loaded into a sperm motility observation chamber. The ratio of motile spermatozoa and their swimming speeds were analyzed by computer-assisted image analysis at 30 and 60 s after activation. A decrease in swimming speed or the ratio of motile spermatozoa was observed in spermatozoa exposed for 60 s to 100 μmol/L nonylphenol. Our results suggest that nonylphenol causes a reduction in sperm viability in teleost fish in the short period between ejaculation and fertilization.