Optimal surgical care for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an international consensus

Purpose

The surgical management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has seen many developments in the last two decades. Little high-level evidence is available to support these changes and guide treatment. This study aimed to identify optimal operative care for adolescents with AIS curves between 40° and 90° Cobb angle.

Methods

From July 2012 to April 2013, the AOSpine Knowledge Forum Deformity performed a modified Delphi survey where current expert opinion from 48 experienced deformity surgeons, representing 29 diverse countries, was gathered. Four rounds were performed: three web-based surveys and a final face-to-face meeting. Consensus was achieved with ≥70 % agreement. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.

Results

Consensus of what constitutes optimal care was reached on greater than 60 aspects including: preoperative radiographs; posterior as opposed to anterior (endoscopic) surgical approaches; use of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring; use of local autologous bone (not iliac crest) for grafts; use of thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws; use of titanium anchor points; implant density of <80 % for 40°–70° curves; and aspects of postoperative care. Variability in practice patterns was found where there was no consensus. In addition, there was consensus on what does not constitute optimal care, including: routine pre- and intraoperative traction; routine anterior release; use of bone morphogenetic proteins; and routine postoperative CT scanning.

Conclusions

International consensus was found on many aspects of what does and does not constitute optimal operative care for adolescents with AIS. In the absence of current high-level evidence, at present, these expert opinion findings will aid health care providers worldwide define appropriate care in their regions. Areas with no consensus provide excellent insight and priorities for future research.     

Selection of methodology in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Before contemplating any surgical procedure, one has to define the goals of the operative procedure. The patient should be evaluated thoroughly by physical examination and by adequate radiographs, including bending films. The surgeon should be familiar with different types of techniques and their qualities. The goals of surgery should be outlined clearly and understood between the physician and the patient. The patient should be provided with sufficient and easy-to-understand information (Table 1), and be encouraged to have an input in the decision-making process. For instance, is the goal of surgery to stop progression? To achieve cosmetic correction? To preserve maximal spinal mobility or to help improve pulmonary function? Is it important for the patient to be cast free postoperatively? Once the goal is defined, and we are aware of the abilities of each technique, then we can arrive at a realistic expectation. Again, it is of utmost importance that the surgeon select the procedure that he or she has adequate experience in performing.     

Advances in scoliosis brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Orthotic treatment with a brace remains the treatment of choice for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the immature patient with documented progression or a curve magnitude of 25 degrees to 40 degrees . Studies of natural history and bracing consistently show high rates of curve progression and surgery with observation and significantly less so with brace treatment. Brace treatment is difficult in overweight patients and challenging in males. Many of the variations in brace study results may be attributable to differing rates of compliance with brace wear, a parameter that is becoming easier to measure.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸外科治疗并发症回顾分析

自20世纪80年代Cotrel—Dubousset报道脊柱侧凸三维矫形以来,矫治效果比以往的Harrington、Luque时代有了显著提高。国内自1997年开展此类手术,病例数量不断积累,但关于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）手术治疗的并发症报道相对较少。本文针对2个脊柱外科中心2000年2月～2005年12月间共收治的589例AIS患者的并发症发生情况进行回顾性研究,     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸融合术后远端附加现象的研究进展

<正>随着矫形技术的发展以及临床医生对特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)研究的逐渐深入,AIS通过手术矫形的效果得到了显著提高。但脊柱外科医师~([1、2])在对AIS患者术后随访时发现,部分患者在术后融合节段下方出现了弯曲加重的表现,这就是脊柱侧凸矫形术后远端附加现象。远端附加现象是AIS患者行选择性胸弯融合术治疗后常见的一种冠状面失平衡现象,多见于行选择性胸弯融     

King Ⅱ型特发性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

目的:探讨KingⅡ型特发性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗效果。方法:将37例KingⅡ型脊柱侧凸分为两组,A组12例为KingⅡA型,行选择性胸椎融合;B组25例为KingⅡB型,行胸腰弯融合。手术均采用中华长城系统经后路矫形固定。结果:随访24～50个月,A组胸弯平均矫正率79.1%,腰弯矫正率71.4%,有2例发生躯干失平衡;B组胸弯平均矫正率70.8%,腰弯矫正率73.5%,1例发生躯干失平衡。结论:KingⅡA型行选择性胸弯融合,KingⅡB型融合胸腰弯,可获得良好的临床效果。     

ApiFix系统治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧弯的临床疗效

目的观察ApiFix系统治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopatic scoliosis,AIS)的临床疗效。方法根据纳入和排除标准,前瞻性选择2018年10月至2019年3月在新加坡国立大学医院就诊的28例AIS病人纳入本研究,分别采用ApiFix系统(研究组,9例)和传统后路钉棒系统(对照组,19例)进行治疗,通过比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度评价手术创伤程度;通过比较术前、术后的影像学资料(主弯Cobb角和主弯矫正率)评价手术效果;观察随访期间的并发症发生情况。结果研究组的手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度分别为(143.33±25.00)min、(116.67±25.00)ml、(11.00±1.73)cm,均显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。随访(6.57±1.40)个月(5~9个月),对照组出现邻近节段退变1例、螺钉松动1例、神经系统并发症1例,并发症发生率为15.79%(3/19),研究组未见并发症发生。两组病人术后及末次随访时的主弯Cobb角和矫正率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论采用ApiFix系统治疗AIS,手术创伤小、围手术期并发症少、短期临床效果满意,值得临床推广。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

特发性脊柱侧凸是青少年常见的畸形之一,严重危害其身心健康.几十年来,特发性脊柱侧凸的手术技术已经从单一平面和单一节段的矫正发展到多平面和多节段的矫正,矫正效果也有明显提高.本文从手术人路及手术方法人手,综述了青少年特发性脊柱侧凸手术治疗的发展历程及目前应用较广泛的手术方式.     

Harrington-Luque联合矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

目的　评价Harrington Luque联合矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效。 方法　应用Har rington Luque联合治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸 16例。 结果　术前Cobb角平均 81 5° ,术后平均2 8 5°,矫正率达 6 5 % ,平均身高增加 5 2cm。经 1～ 9年随访 ,融合良好 ,无一例复发。结论　该方法撑开力大、应力分散 ,能最大限度矫正脊柱侧凸畸形 ,内固定稳定 ,有利于植骨融合     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是指年龄在10¹8岁,冠状面上Cobb角>10°伴有椎体的旋转而无其他器质性病变的一种常见病。该疾病能够导致身体外观畸形、疼痛,甚至心肺功能受损,严重影响了患者的身心健康及生活质量。在治疗上,对于轻中度的AIS患者常用定期观察、支具等保守治疗方法,能够有效的延缓侧凸的进展;对于保守治疗无效,达到手术阈值的AIS患者,则建议手术治疗,目前较为常用的手术方法是以椎弓根螺钉内固定系统为代表的后路椎体融合术,往往能够达到较好的临床疗效。近年来,由于物理治疗性脊柱侧凸特异性运动(PSSE)疗法安全有效,越来越受欢迎。目前对于AIS患者治疗的具体适应证正逐渐完善,治疗理念与技术在不断更新,临床疗效也不断得到改善。本文将从保守治疗和手术治疗两方面展开,主要阐述常用的治疗方法在临床上的进展和应用以及所面临的问题,为临床治疗的选择提供参考。     

Clinically orientated classification incorporating shoulder balance for the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

The achievement of shoulder balance is an important measure of successful scoliosis surgery. No previously described classification system has taken shoulder balance into account. We propose a simple classification system for AIS based on two components which include the curve type and shoulder level.

Methods

Altogether, three curve types have been defined according to the size and location of the curves, each curve pattern is subdivided into type A or B depending on the shoulder level. This classification was tested for interobserver reproducibility and intraobserver reliability. A retrospective analysis of the radiographs of 232 consecutive cases of AIS patients treated surgically between 2005 and 2009 was also performed.

Results

Three major types and six subtypes were identified. Type I accounted for 30 %, type II 28 % and type III 42 %. The retrospective analysis showed three patients developed a decompensation that required extension of the fusion. One case developed worsening of shoulder balance requiring further surgery. This classification was tested for interobserver and intraobserver reliability. The mean kappa coefficients for interobserver reproducibility ranged from 0.89 to 0.952, while the mean kappa value for intraobserver reliability was 0.964 indicating a good-to-excellent reliability.

Conclusions

The treatment algorithm guides the spinal surgeon to achieve optimal curve correction and postoperative shoulder balance whilst fusing the smallest number of spinal segments. The high interobserver reproducibility and intraobserver reliability makes it an invaluable tool to describe scoliosis curves in everyday clinical practice.

     

术前支具治疗对女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者手术矫形效果的影响

目的:分析术前支具治疗对女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者手术矫形效果的影响。方法 :筛选2001年7月~2009年12月在我院接受单一后路矫形内固定手术治疗的女性青少年特发性主胸弯脊柱侧凸患者70例,其中术前接受支具治疗组(A组)26例;未接受支具治疗组(B组)44例。两组发现畸形年龄、术时年龄、术前主胸弯冠状面Cobb角、凸侧Bending像Cobb角、侧凸柔韧性、手术融合椎体数比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),A、B组随访时间超过1年者分别为23例和34例,随访时间分别为12~101个月(平均37.7个月)、12~87个月(平均28.7个月),两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。比较两组患者的手术矫形效果。结果:A组与B组患者术前主胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为52.8°±8.3°和54.0°±10.7°,术后分别矫正到12.3°±7.3°和11.5°±8.1°,术后较术前均明显改善(P<0.01),主胸弯矫形率分别为(77.0±12.6)%和(79.3±11.9)%,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);末次随访时主胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为16.7°±8.4°和15.4°±7.2°,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),主胸弯矫形率分别为(68.8±14.5)%和(70.5±13.0)%,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。A、B组患者术前主胸弯顶椎偏距分别为41.4±14.3mm和36.8±13.7mm,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),术后分别被矫正到10.4±5.4mm和7.2±5.6mm,B组优于A组(P<0.05);末次随访时分别为14.4±11.3mm和12.1±8.5mm,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。A、B组患者术前、术后、末次随访时冠状面失平衡的发生比例分别为15.4%(4/26)和9.1%(4/44),15.4%(4/26)和15.9%(7/44),4.3%(1/23)和8.8%(3/34),两组比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。A、B组患者术前主胸弯矢状面Cobb角分别为12.9°±11.1°和18.7°±11.3°,A组胸后凸更小(P<0.05),术后主胸弯矢状面Cobb角分别被矫正到18.0°±6.3°和22.3°±7.8°,矫正度分别为5.0°±9.8°和3.6°±12.6°,两组矫正度比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);末次随访时A、B组患者主胸弯矢状面Cobb角分别为20.0°±6.7°和22.4°±7.7°,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:术前支具治疗对女性青少年特发性主胸弯脊柱侧凸患者手术矫形效果未产生明显影响。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸治疗研究新进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）是最常见的脊柱畸形之一,严重危害青少年健康。过去数十年来对AIS分型或治疗的认识取得了长足的进步,治疗方法更趋合理,但在治疗策略上依然存有争议和分歧,尤其是对某些特殊类型的AIS。该文就AIS治疗的新近进展作一简要综述。