59例口腔颌面部多间隙感染继发下行坏死性纵隔炎的回顾性分析

目的通过分析口腔颌面部多间隙感染继发下行坏死性纵隔炎(descending necrotizing mediastinitis,DNM)患者的临床特点,为该病的防治提供依据。方法收集2010年3月~2020年3月新疆医科大学附属口腔医院颌面肿瘤外科收治的59例诊断为DNM患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者通过胸部增强CT确诊,并转入重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)治疗。对患者临床数据进行统计分析。结果DNMⅠ型患者21例(35.6%),DNMⅡA型患者19例(32.2%),DNMⅡB型患者19例(32.2%)。所有DNM患者均行急诊手术,Ⅰ型及ⅡA型患者经前纵隔剑突下切开引流配合胸腔引流;ⅡB型患者开胸纵隔彻底清创,术后引流;59例DNM患者的脓液全部送细菌培养,其中19例培养为阳性;全身抗炎治疗。死亡患者5例(8.5%),生存患者54例(91.5%)。与生存组相比,死亡组中年龄≥65岁、有糖尿病患者、入院到转入ICU时间间隔≥6 d、APACHEⅡ评分≥20、ICU治疗时间≥10 d、感染性休克患者占比高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论及时转入ICU、配合早期手术、积极治疗全身系统性疾病和全身抗菌治疗是降低DNM死亡率的关键。     

口腔颌面部多间隙感染合并化脓性心包炎的诊断与治疗

目的:总结口腔颌面部多间隙感染合并化脓性心包炎的临床特点及诊治经验。方法:2005—2010年共收治4例口腔颌面部多间隙感染合并化脓性心包炎病例,对其临床资料作回顾性分析。结果:患者均为男性,年龄27~52岁,病因均为牙源性感染。自口腔颌面部间隙感染至确诊纵隔感染0~12 d,平均6 d;纵隔感染至确诊心包炎0~7 d,平均2.5 d;治疗时间9~63 d,平均42.5 d。病原菌包括唾液链球菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌及嗜麦芽寡氧单孢菌等。经头颈、纵隔、心包脓肿切开引流,静脉注射抗生素,气管切开呼吸机辅助通气及全身支持治疗后,3例治愈,1例死亡。结论:口腔颌面部间隙感染导致化脓性心包炎病情凶险,而下行扩散的过程隐匿,须重视患者的胸部症状。早期诊断,及时、充分的引流是治疗关键;细菌培养对抗生素使用具有指导意义。     

The impact of COVID-19 on cervicofacial infection of dental aetiology

Cervicofacial infections of dental aetiology can be life-threatening and with the closure of dental practices following the onset of the COVID-19, it would be anticipated that their prevalence presenting to maxillofacial surgery would increase and services may be overwhelmed, with patients presenting later with a potential subsequent increase in morbidity. A retrospective analysis of patients with cervicofacial infection of dental aetiology referred to maxillofacial surgery during the initial six weeks of COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 was carried out and compared with the equivalent period in the two preceding years. Unexpectedly, during COVID-19 lockdown, there was a reduction in patients seen with cervicofacial infection of dental aetiology. This may have resulted from patient adherence to government guidelines “Stay at home”, successful triaging of patients in primary care and emergency treatment provided by urgent dental care centres. Proportionally more patients who presented to hospital had received prior antibiotic therapy and required in-patient admission. All patients admitted received incision and drainage, with an increase extraoral drainage and an associated reduction in length of stay. During COVID-19 lockdown, maxillofacial managed a reduced number of patients with cervicofacial infection, likely resulting from primary and secondary dental care working together. The rate of incision and drainage of patients not admitted increased under local anaesthesia with increase of extraoral drainage and reduced length of stay for those admitted.     

Did the March 2020 lockdown cause an increase in patients presenting to the emergency department with odontogenic pain and infection? A single centre,retrospective analysis

On the 25 March 2020 the Chief Dental Officer (CDO) published guidance to restrict the provision of routine dental care in England due to the rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). We analysed the impact of the pandemic on the number of patients presenting with odontogenic pain and infection to the emergency department (ED) of an urban-based teaching hospital, the Bristol Royal Infirmary (BRI). Furthermore, we investigated the severity of infection at first presentation to the ED. The study period encompassed three phases that represented the stages of pandemic restrictions: phase 1 prior to lockdown measures, with no restrictions to dental practice; phase 2 during the government lockdown, with the severest restrictions on dental practices; and phase 3 following the ease of lockdown measures, with return to limited dental services. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic patient records (EPR) regarding adult patients presenting to the ED with dental pain. The rate of presentations (per week) was calculated for each timepoint and compared. A severity score was assigned to each patient using a grading system based on signs of clinical infection and treatment modality. Patients' presentations were analysed at each phase of the pandemic. There was a 42.8% increase in attendance with oral facial pain and infection to ED from phases 1 to 3. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in restrictions to routine primary dental care services, which were deemed necessary to reduce the spread of the virus. However, this increased demand on secondary care services, as patients increasingly struggled to access primary dental care to manage dental pain.     

70例牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔炎临床分析

目的: 分析牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔炎患者的临床特征,为诊断和治疗提供参考。 方法: 回顾分析2014年1月—2016年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院收治的牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔炎患者,收集、分析患者的一般资料、感染来源、临床症状、实验室检查、细菌培养、治疗和预后。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。 结果: 本组70例患者中,男57例,女13例,平均年龄57.8±11.42岁。主要的发病来源为下颌前磨牙及第一、第二磨牙（38.6%）。根尖周炎是最常见的牙源性感染的病因。治疗包括抗生素和经颈部纵隔引流（63例）、胸廓切开术（7例）。死亡率为5.7%。影响牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔炎患者预后的危险因素为发生并发症（P<0.005）和严重脓毒症或败血性休克（P<0.002）。 结论: 成功治疗牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔炎的关键是对疑似症状的迅速诊断、快速CT扫描和彻底的纵隔引流。     

头颈部感染致坏死性纵隔炎九例

目的 通过回顾9例下行性坏死性纵隔炎患者的临床资料,总结其诊断及治疗的经验,以期提高治愈率,改善预后.方法 2005年12月至2008年12月共收治9例下行性坏死性纵隔炎患者,均为男性,年龄38-78岁,平均55.7岁,其中8例接受手术治疗,采用颈根部横切口引流4例,颈胸联合切开引流4例.结果 9例中2例死亡,其中1例未接受手术治疗,另1例因术后并发多器官功能衰竭死亡,其余7例均治愈出院.结论 诊断和治疗不及时是导致下行性坏死性纵隔炎高病死率的主要原因,各学科相互合作及早期外科干预可以降低其病死率,提高疗效.     

C反应蛋白在下行性坏死性纵隔炎中的预警作用

目的: 探讨口腔颌面颈部多间隙感染继发下行性坏死性纵隔炎（descending necrotizing mediastinitis,DNM）的危险因素,为DNM的早期诊断和早期治疗提供依据。方法: 收集2016年12月—2017年12月于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔外科急诊首诊的口腔颌面颈部多间隙感染患者的一般资料,包括感染来源、实验室检查、是否发生DNM及治疗结果等。根据是否发生DNM,将患者分为2组,采用SPSS 22.0软件包对2组中连续型变量进行t检验或t'检验,二分类变量及等级变量进行Fisher 精确检验。结果: 201例口腔颌面颈部多间隙感染患者中,继发DNM 14例,发生率为6.97%。201例患者中,男142 例,女59例;平均年龄（52.98±17.12）岁。最常见的原发疾病为根尖周炎（90例）,占44.8%,其次为智牙冠周炎（50例,24.9%）;发病源的最常受累部位为下颌后牙区,为140例（69.7%）。单因素分析显示,发病部位（P<0.001）、中性粒细胞百分比（P=0.004）、C反应蛋白（P<0.001）均为DNM的危险因素。结论: 对于C反应蛋白较高的口腔颌面颈部多间隙感染患者,要高度怀疑发生DNM的可能。     

Working in the era of COVID-19: An organization model for maxillofacial surgery based on telemedicine and video consultation

The worldwide pandemic caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented burden on hospital structures, posing new challenges in terms of reshaping healthcare services. At the same time, the so-called ‘lockdown’ restrictions have decreased overall mobility, thereby challenging the traditional concept of clinical examination. Moreover, the need for security for both patients and healthcare personnel has posed a further limitation to face-to-face meeting. Telemedicine has provided a valuable solution for such issues, allowing the evaluation of oral and maxillofacial surgery patients through technological interfaces, restricting physical consultations to cases with high clinical priority, intercepting suspects, and maintaining contact with discharged patients. Thanks to the experience gained during the previous wave of infections, the purpose of this study was to present a reorganization of clinical services for oral and maxillofacial surgery in order to help cope with the latest COVID-19 resurgence.Using commonly available software for telecommunications and online meetings, the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University Hospital of Udine has reshaped the organization of healthcare services, with telemedicine central to the continuity of assistance, while at the same time minimizing the risk of exposure for both patients and operators. Additionally, the high number of patients evaluated through telemedicine improved our ability to define signs and symptoms of diseases using informatic tools, thus allowing the introduction of the concept of ‘telesemiology’.During our previous lockdown experience, between March and April 2020, 78 patients were evaluated using teleconsultation. All outpatient examinations were rescheduled and translated into a virtual platform, allowing each patient to undergo evaluation in the most appropriate setting. Special attention was paid to the follow-up of oncological patients. The rehabilitation team represented a crucial element in maintaining contact with more complex patients in this crucial time.This study was based on our previous lockdown experience – a situation that many will be facing again over the coming months. Our hope is that the organizational structure that our department applied during the previous wave of infections may offer other colleagues a solution to facing the current COVID-19 recrudescence.     

26例牙源性下行性坏死性纵隔感染的CT影像学特点分析

目的：探讨下行性坏死性纵隔感染（descending necrotizing mediastinitis,DNM）的CT影像学特点。方法：应用64层螺旋CT,对26例牙源性DNM患者进行颈部和胸部扫描,描述感染的部位、范围、扩散途径等影像学特征。结果：DNM的CT影像表现为脓肿、非包裹性积液和积气。26例患者均出现颈部多间隙感染。其中,18例咽喉部肿胀、移位。颈部均为皮下组织蜂窝织炎和（或）深筋膜间隙感染。气管间隙、颈动脉间隙、椎前间隙是炎症向下扩散的通道。胸部前上纵隔感染11例,前纵隔感染4例,后纵隔脓肿4例,全纵隔感染7例。依据CT影像,采取不同清创引流方法,全组死亡1例,死亡率为3.8%。结论：头颈、胸部增强CT扫描对DNM的诊断具有重要价值,还可为手术方式的选择提供影像学依据。     

Mediastinitis of odontogenic origin. A serious complication with 80 years of history

We performed a systematic review of the literature about descending necrotising mediastinitis (DNM) of odontogenic origin. In parallel, a retrospective review of this pathology was carried out in an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of a reference hospital for a population of 1,100,000 inhabitants. The main objectives were to determine changes in mortality and prevalence of this serious complication. The systematic review included 51 articles with 89 patients and our study comprised seven patients. The period of time with the highest number of cases was between 2000-2009 (38 patients). The percentage of mortality observed was 20.2% in diffuse DNM and 4.9% in localised DNM. Thirty-one patients with DNM in our review were admitted for more than 41 days. Despite evidence of a decrease in DNM cases, publications have increased over the years, but it does not appear to be due to an increase in those of odontogenic origin. The survival of DNM has improved since 1998 and remained stable since then. Despite the low prevalence of this disease, multicentre control studies are needed to achieve better evidence about this entity.     

Comparison of oral and maxillofacial trauma during the first and third lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

The incidence and management of maxillofacial trauma was compared between the first and third lockdowns in the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From 6 January, 2021 to 8 March 2021, the units that had participated in the collection of data during the first lockdown were asked to update their information into the same database for the third. Nine units participated with 929 entries. Compared to the first lockdown, the number of patients whose treatment had been changed due to the pandemic reduced from 7.6% to 0.4% in the third lockdown. In the UK during the third lockdown there were higher numbers infected with COVID-19 and admitted to hospital than in the first lockdown. Despite this OMFS units that participated in the second study were able to continue the management of maxillofacial trauma without the pandemic affecting care.     

口腔颌面部横纹肌肉瘤及综合治疗

目的　探讨口腔颌面部横纹肌肉瘤的诊疗方法。方法　选择1981~2001年在四川大学华西口腔医院颌面外科治疗的横纹肌肉瘤患者共74例,按WHO(1972)的横纹肌肉瘤TNM分期和国际横纹肌肉瘤协作组(1988)对该瘤的临床分期进行分期,探讨横纹肌肉瘤病理分型,临床分期及治疗方法与预后的关系。结果　74例患者中,有 34例行扩大切除术,18例行局部切除术,术后所有患者均接受了不同剂量的放疗,另有22例患者因病变范围广或是儿童而只接受了放疗或者放、化疗联合治疗。随访病例的5年生存率随病期和治疗方案的不同而有显著差异, 肿瘤复发和手术切除边缘及临床分期明显相关。结论　采用扩大切除术加术后放疗对提高本病的治愈率,减少复发有明显效果;晚期或儿童患者采用局部切除联合放、化疗对于提高5年生存率有良好效果。     

Ten years of descending necrotizing mediastinitis: management of 23 cases.

PURPOSE: Through a 10-year retrospective study, we report our experience in the management of descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM), a rare and often lethal complication of odontogenic and oropharyngeal infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reassessed 23 patients between the ages of 16 and 69 years (mean, 49 years) seen between 1996 and 2005, with DNM secondary to odontogenic abscess or phlegmon in 9 cases or secondary to peritonsillar abscess in 14 cases. In this study, 48% of the patients had immune system disorders, mainly diabetes mellitus (6 patients). The diagnosis of DNM was confirmed by cervicothoracic computed tomography. RESULTS: Eight patients underwent a bilateral collar cervicotomy, and 15 underwent a combined cervicothoracic approach. Five, 2, 1, and 1 patients underwent surgery 2, 3, 4, and 5 times, respectively. Seven patients died as a result of septic shock and multiorgan failure, for a mortality rate of 30.4%. Four of those who died had a compromised immune system. CONCLUSION: The relatively high mortality rate seen in this study shows that, in addition to early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, it is important to give greater attention to and be more medically and surgically aggressive in the management of patients whose immune system is compromised in any way.     

Comparison of provision of maxillofacial emergency service during the two COVID-19 national lockdowns in the United Kingdom

We previously published a study on the provision of emergency maxillofacial services during the first UK COVID-19 pandemic national lockdown. We repeated the study during the second lockdown and now present our findings that highlight the main differences and learning issues as the services have evolved.     

Management of descending necrotizing mediastinitis.

PURPOSE: One of the most dreaded and the most lethal form of mediastinitis is descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1990 and June 2001, 6 patients (mean age, 54.5 years; age range, 19 to 72 years) with DNM were treated in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of General Hospital of Attica "K.A.T." The primary etiology was odontogenic abscess in 3 patients and peritonsillar abscess in the other 3. Diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography of the neck and chest. All patients underwent surgical drainage of the involved cervical region and mediastinum by monolateral cervicotomy and left thoracotomy. RESULTS: The delay between the occurrence of thoracic symptoms and mediastinal drainage varied from 1 to 4 days. The thoracic approach and the side of the thoracotomy depended on the involved mediastinal compartments and side of pleural effusion. The duration of mediastinal drainage varied from 8 to 22 days (mean, 12.5 days). One patient died of multiorgan failure related to postoperative septic shock. CONCLUSION: Delayed diagnosis and inadequate drainage are the main causes of the high mortality rate of DNM. Routine use of the computed tomography scan is highly recommended in patients with a deep cervical infection for early detection of mediastinitis at a time when the chest roentgenogram is still normal. If one realistically hopes to avoid the high mortality rate, aggressive surgical drainage and debridement of the neck and drainage of the mediastinum via a posterolateral thoracotomy by a multidisciplinary team of surgeons are required.     

The impact of COVID-19 on access to dental care for people with disabilities: a global survey during the COVID-19 first wave lockdown

Background It is unclear what immediate impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on delivery of oral healthcare to people with disabilities worldwide. Aim: To report the international impact of COVID-19 lockdown on oral healthcare provision for people with disabilities before, during and after the first lockdown (March to July 2020).Material and Methods Cross-sectional online self-administered survey of dentists who treat people with disabilities completed 10th to 31st of July 2020. Responses allowed comparison from before, during and immediately after the first wave lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analysed using McNemar’s test to compare reported practice before to during lockdown, and before to after lockdown.Results Four-hundred-thirty-six respondents from across global regions reported a significant reduction from before to during and from before to after lockdown regarding: the proportion of dentists treating people with all types of disability (p <0.001) and the number of patients with disabilities seen per week (p<0.0001). The proportion reporting no availability of any pharmacological supports rose from 22% pre-lockdown to 61% during lockdown (p < 0.001) and a persistent 44% after lockdown (p < 0.001). An increase in teledentistry was observed.Conclusions During the first COVID-19 lockdown, there was a significant negative impact on the delivery of dental care to people with disabilities. Oral healthcare access was significantly restricted for people with disabilities with access to sedation and general anaesthesia particularly affected. There is now an increased need to ensure that no-one is left behind in new and existing services as they emerge post-pandemic. Key words:COVID-19, disability, dental care, access.     

The COVID-19 effect: number of patients presenting to The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals OMFS team with dental infections before and during The COVID-19 outbreak

This paper investigates the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak and closure of dental practices on the frequency and severity of dental infections presenting in our emergency department. We compared the mean number of daily emergency department referrals for dental abscesses in the two weeks prior to and following the Chief Dental Officer’s statement advising general dental practitioners to cease routine appointments, the mean number decreased from 1 to 0.37. In contrast, the severity and requirement for admission of these infections rose from 35% to 80%. This highlights the importance of the provision of local urgent dental centres during the COVID-19 outbreak in order to reduce pressure on secondary and tertiary care centres.     

Conservative treatment protocol of odontogenic keratocyst: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to report our experience with the treatment of 30 odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) patients with a conservative treatment protocol based on decompression with reference to the recurrence rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients (19 females, 9 males) with 30 OKCs attended the OMS Department of the Piracicaba Dental School of Campinas State University between 1995 and 2003. Age range was 13 to 69 years (mean, 30 years of age). Initial biopsy was carried out in all patients and the OKCs were diagnosed after histological examination by the Oral Pathology Department. The cases were treated according to the treatment employed in this department, consisting mainly of decompression and curettage of the remaining lesion. The average follow-up for the 28 cases was 24.89 months (+/-9.74). RESULTS: The majority of the lesions (16 patients, 53.3%) occurred in the angle of the mandible and mandibular ramus. The most common histological pattern of OKC was parakeratinized (66.6%) and 13 of 28 patients presented impacted teeth associated with the lesion. The mean time for decompression was 9.27 months. Recurrence occurred in 4 patients (14.3%) with 4 OKCs. These patients were treated initially with decompression and curettage (2 cases), or with decompression only (2 cases). All the cases were monitored continuously with panoramic radiographies and clinical evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment protocol for OKC based on decompression offers a conservative and effective option with low morbidity and similar recurrence rates to those reported in the literature. The systematic and long-term post-surgical follow-up is considered to be a key element for successful results.     

The influence of 2020 coronavirus lockdown on presentation of oral and maxillofacial trauma to a central London hospital

The novel coronavirus COVID-19 was first identified in China in December 2019. Its spread resulted in a pandemic, with the United Kingdom entering a period of national lockdown on 23 March 2020 to reduce disease burden on the National Health Service (NHS). King’s College Hospital is a Major Trauma Centre serving an inner-city population of 700,000 with 120,000 patients attending the emergency department (ED) annually. We aimed to determine the effect of lockdown on OMFS trauma presentations and lessons learned from emergency service provision during a pandemic. All referrals to the oral and maxillofacial surgical (OMFS) team from ED during the first six weeks of the lockdown period – 23 March 2020 - 3 May 2020 – were compared with the same six-week period in 2019. A total of 111 referrals were made to OMFS during the first six weeks of the lockdown period in 2020 compared with 380 referrals in 2019. Of these, 50.5%, (n = 192) were related to facial trauma in 2019 vs (63.1%, n = 70) in 2020. Fewer patients were admitted under OMFS: 17.4% (n = 35) in 2019 vs 2.9% (n = 2) in 2020, and a greater number of patients were discharged from OMFS care directly from the ED: 63.2% (n = 127) in 2019 vs 82.9% (n = 58) in 2020. There was profound effect of the lockdown on referrals to OMFS from the ED, in number and type of diagnosis. This is potentially reflective of the increased availability of acute/emergency dental services in South-East London during the lockdown period. This gives us valuable insight for service planning in the event of further restrictions.     

Excessive gingival bleeding in two patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia

BACKGROUND: Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is an exceedingly rare but well-defined inherited disorder of platelet function caused by a defect in the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. The association of GT with consanguinity has been noted, especially in geographic regions in which intermarriage is common. In most patients, GT is diagnosed during early infancy or before the age of 5 years. Common manifestations of this disorder are gingival hemorrhage, purpura, epistaxis, petechiae, and menorrhagia. Chronic, prolonged, untreated, or unsuccessfully treated bleeding may be life threatening. METHODS: We report two female patients with GT who were referred by our hematology clinic to our periodontology department for the treatment of excessive gingival bleeding. The first patient was treated with a platelet transfusion and underwent periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing and dental polishing). The second patient, whose GT was undiagnosed at the time of her referral to our department, applied to our emergency service because of uncontrolled gingival bleeding that developed after scaling and root planing was performed by her dentist. Both patients had been called for regular dental visits. RESULTS: All treated sites healed without complications. The first patient was monitored for 2 years, during which she practiced proper oral hygiene and experienced no periodontal complications. The other patient did not participate in follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Gingival bleeding is usually the first sign of most hematologic disorders, and dentists must be alert for the signs of unusual gingival bleeding. In such cases, collaboration with a hematologist is essential. Under the proper circumstances, periodontal treatment can be performed with an acceptable outcome. With proper oral hygiene, we believe that there will be no complications and no gingival bleeding.