儿童期心理虐待和忽视与成人心理健康

目的探讨儿童期心理虐待和忽视对成人心理健康的影响。方法以镇江某社区230名居民作为研究对象,应用一般资料问卷、儿童心理虐待和忽视量表、症状自评量表对居民进行调查,比较受虐待组和非虐待组在SCL-90得分上的差异。结果男女儿童期心理虐待发生率无明显差异,男性忽视发生率少于女性（P〈0.05）。不同年龄分组之间心理虐待、忽视有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。心理虐待与忽视量表及其各维度与SCL-90各个分量表之间呈显著相关（P〈0.01）,童年期心理虐待组或忽视组在SCL-90各个因子上得分较高,与对照组有极显著的差异,（P〈0.01）。结论儿童期心理虐待和忽视可对成人心理健康造成不良的影响。     

高中生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与自尊的关系

目的:了解高中生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与自尊的关系.方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,以长沙市某中学396名高中生作为研究对象,完成一般资料问卷、儿童期心理虐待和忽视量表、Rosenberg自尊量表.结果:儿童期经历过心理虐待或忽视的高中生占被调查人数的45.84%;低自尊组学生心理虐待和忽视总分高于高自尊组学生;儿童期心理虐待和忽视各个维度与自尊显著负相关.结论:儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与低自尊密切相关.     

儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与大学生心理健康的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与心理健康的相关关系.方法:用儿童期创伤问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表和症状自评量表,对南京市4所大学共458名大学生进行了研究.结果:儿童期创伤经历不同组的大学生,其症状自评量表的各个因子分和总均分有显著差异,都是高创伤组的心理健康水平显著低于中间组和低创伤组;儿童期创伤量表的5个层面及总分、艾森克量表的4个维度与症状自评量表的各个因子及总分都显著相关(除恐怖与情感忽视相关不显著、精神质与强迫症状相关不显著外);回归分析发现.神经质、情感虐待、躯体忽视、掩饰性和内外向五个变量能有效预测大学生心理健康水平变异的39%.结论:大学生儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与心理健康之间存在一定的关系.     

女性精神分裂症患者配偶心理状况的调查

目的：探讨女性精神分裂病患者配偶的心理健康状况。方法：对173例女性患者配偶采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)，抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行测评。并以60例与这相匹配的非女性精神病的配偶为对照。结果：女性患者配偶SCL-90总分及各因子分均高于对照组，心理健康水平与社会支持水平呈负相关。城市与农村患者配偶除抑郁、焦虑、敌对、人际敏感，因子分外，总分及其余各因子分比较差异无显著性。且两组SAS、SDS总分和标准分均有差异。结论：女性精神分裂症配偶存在不同程度的心理问题．与社会支持、文化经济状况等有显著关系，城市患者配偶存在更多的心理问题。     

大学生儿童期心理虐待经历与个性特征的关系

目的:了解大学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视状况及其与个性特征的关系。方法:应用儿童心理虐待与忽视量表和卡特尔16PF对216名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①受试学生中心理虐待阳性者45人(20.83﹪);忽视阳性者88人(40.74﹪);不同性别的虐待和忽视阳性率均无统计学差异(P>0.05);②男生心理虐待总分均分、责骂均分、恐吓均分三项高于女生相应得分,差别具统计学意义(P<0.05);③虐待阳性组在乐群性、稳定性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性、内向与外向、感情用事与安详机警等多项个性因素上得分低于阴性组,在怀疑性、忧虑性、适应与焦虑三项上得分高于后者(P<0.05);④受试学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视与乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性、内向与外向、感情用事与安详机警等人格因素呈负相关,与怀疑性、忧虑性、紧张性、适应与焦虑等个性因素呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:①受试大学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历多见,男生儿童期心理虐待发生程度较女生重;②儿童期心理虐待和忽视与大学生外向乐观、开朗合群、情绪稳定等积极个性特征呈负相关,而与其多疑刚愎、抑郁自扰、对环境的适应能力不足等消极个性特征呈正相关。     

高职高专新生网络成瘾状况及其与儿童期心理虐待和忽视的关系

目的:了解高职高专新生网络成瘾情况,分析网瘾成瘾与儿童期心理虐待和忽视的关系.方法:采用Young的网络成瘾调查表、儿童心理虐待和忽视量表、症状自评量表对740名永州职业技术学院新生进行调查.结果:网络成瘾检出率为3.2%.成瘾组在儿童心理虐待和忽视量表的虐待责骂、虐待恐吓、虐待干涉、教育忽视4个因子分,症状自评量表的躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病、恐怖、偏执9个因子分都显著高于正常组(P<0.05或0.01).结论:高职高专新生网络成瘾者心理健康状态较差,网络成瘾的发生可能与其儿童期的心理虐待和教育忽视有关.     

毒品依赖者社会支持与心理健康的相关分析

目的：揭示毒品依赖者的社会支持特点及其与心理健康状况的关系。方法：采用症状自评量表和社会支持量表对戒毒所收治的143例毒品依赖者进行调查分析，并和正常组对照。结果：毒品依赖者的社会支持总分和客观支持分，主观支持分，支持利用度等3个因子分明显低于对照组(大学生)，尤以客观支持分为低，毒品依赖者中男性客观支持分和对支持的利用度高于女性。社会支持总分和各因子分大都与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈负相关。结论：毒品依赖者的社会支持差，社会支持与其心理健康状况密切相关。     

综合心理干预对新时期新兵心理健康状况的影响

目的探讨综合心理干预方法对新兵心理健康的影响。方法400名新兵随机分为两组,综合心理干预组与非干预组各200名。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）评定两组新兵集训前后的心理健康状况,并进行比较。结果综合心理干预组集训前后SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、各因子分（除强迫、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=3．40—8．95,P〈0．01）;非干预组集训前后仅焦虑、敌对因子分差异有统计学意义（t=2．20,4．08;P〈0．05或〈0．01）;综合心理干预组与非干预组在集训后总分、阳性项目、各因子分（除强迫、敌对、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=-2．61～7．66;P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论综合心理干预可有效改善新兵的心理健康状况。     

532名大学生心理健康水平与成就动机考察

目的：考察大学生的心理健康水平与成就动机及其相互关系。方法：运用心理卫生自评量表(SCL-90)及学业成就动机量表对532名学生进行了测查。结果：发现17．29％的被调查学生有一定程度的心理问题；被调查学生在自我取向成就动机上得分非常显著地高于社会取向上的平均得分；被试的SCL-90总分与社会取向成就动机得分呈非常显著的正相关，学业成就低的学生的SCL-90总分与自我取向成就动机得分呈显著的负相关。结论：自我取向成就动机可能有利于维护心理健康。     

大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康关系的初步研究

目的：探讨大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康的关系。方法：运用自尊量表、大学生自我统合量表、症状自评量表对471名大学生进行测试。结果：高、低自尊组和自我统合组的大学生在SCL-90各因子上的得分有显著性差异；自尊与SCL-90的多数因子得分呈显著性负相关；自我统合的得分与SCL-90的各因子均有显著性负相关。结论：大学生自尊、自我统合与其心理健康具有密切关系，且自我统合比自尊与心理健康的关系更密切。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.