胰岛素泵合用二甲双胍缓释片治疗新诊断2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的探讨胰岛素泵合用二甲双胍缓释片对新诊断2型糖尿病患者的应用效果。方法抽取2014年4月~2015年4月本院接诊的136例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,按照入院顺序的单双号法将其随机分为观察组与对照组各68例,对照组患者予以胰岛素泵的治疗方案,观察组患者予以胰岛素泵合用二甲双胍缓释片的治疗方案,观察两组患者的血糖控制情况。结果治疗后观察组患者的FBG、2h BG、HOMA-β、TC明显低于对照组,HOMA-IR明显高于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的不良反应总发生率7.4%,明显低于对照组的19.1%,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.098,P0.05)。结论对新诊断2型糖尿病患者给予胰岛素泵合用二甲双胍缓释片的治疗措施可有效控制患者的血糖水平,且药物安全性高,值得临床积极推广。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗对初发2型糖尿病患者血糖及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的:观察短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对伴明显高血糖的初发2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果和胰岛β细胞功能的影响.方法:对空腹血糖＞11.1mmol/L的35例2型糖尿病患者进行为期2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗,比较治疗前后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、C肽、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等.结果:治疗后的空腹及餐后血糖达到良好控制;胰岛β细胞功能显著提高;HOMA-β和HOMA-IR明显改善.结论:胰岛素泵强化治疗能在短时间内达到理想血糖控制,显著改善胰岛β细胞功能.     

Initial Combination with Linagliptin and Metformin in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes and Severe Hyperglycemia

Making appropriate treatment decisions for patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and severe hyperglycemia (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] >10% or fasting plasma glucose ≥250 mg/dL) presents a formidable challenge to primary care physicians. Extreme defects in insulin secretion make it unlikely that these patients will achieve glycemic targets with metformin monotherapy. Additionally, uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of short-term acute complications, such as hyperosmolar coma, and long-term complications affecting the micro- and macrovasculature. Thus, severely hyperglycemic patients require prompt, intensive treatment to re-establish glycemic control. Current guidelines indicate that either initial insulin therapy or initial combination therapy with metformin plus non-insulin drug(s) are the treatments of choice for these challenging-to-treat patients. This mini-review examines the clinical evidence supporting these two treatment options, with particular reference to the findings of a phase 3 study of treatment with an initial combination of metformin plus the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, linagliptin. Intensive insulin therapy can induce sustained euglycemia and improve beta-cell function in newly diagnosed patients. However, insulin use is associated with an increased risk of adverse events, such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. These potentially serious side effects cause concern among patients and physicians, and are a major barrier to initiating and maintaining adherence to insulin treatment. In the phase 3 study, open-label treatment of severely hyperglycemic patients (HbA1c ≥11.0%) with linagliptin plus metformin resulted in a mean change in HbA1c of ?3.7% ± 1.7%. This combination therapy was generally well tolerated with most adverse events being of mild or moderate intensity; asymptomatic hypoglycemia was reported by just 1 of 66 (1.5%) patients. These findings provide evidence in support of linagliptin plus metformin as a well-tolerated and effective treatment alternative to insulin for new-onset patients with T2DM and severe hyperglycemia.     

Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Their Reduction After Testosterone Replacement in Men With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

One-third of men with type 2 diabetes have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes and HH.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 94 men with type 2 diabetes were recruited into the study; 50 men were eugonadal, while 44 men had HH. Insulin sensitivity was calculated from the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Lean body mass and fat mass were measured by DEXA and MRI. Subcutaneous fat samples were taken to assess insulin signaling genes. Men with HH were randomized to receive intramuscular testosterone (250 mg) or placebo (1 mL saline) every 2 weeks for 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Men with HH had higher subcutaneous and visceral fat mass than eugonadal men. GIR was 36% lower in men with HH. GIR increased by 32% after 24 weeks of testosterone therapy but did not change after placebo (P = 0.03 for comparison). There was a decrease in subcutaneous fat mass (−3.3 kg) and increase in lean mass (3.4 kg) after testosterone treatment (P < 0.01) compared with placebo. Visceral and hepatic fat did not change. The expression of insulin signaling genes (IR-β, IRS-1, AKT-2, and GLUT4) in adipose tissue was significantly lower in men with HH and was upregulated after testosterone treatment. Testosterone treatment also caused a significant fall in circulating concentrations of free fatty acids, C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and leptin (P < 0.05 for all).

CONCLUSIONS

Testosterone treatment in men with type 2 diabetes and HH increases insulin sensitivity, increases lean mass, and decreases subcutaneous fat.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Aspirin Use Among Persons With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of aspirin use among adults aged ≥40 years with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used a validated cost-effectiveness model of type 2 diabetes to assess the lifetime health and cost consequences of use or nonuse of aspirin. The model simulates the progression of diabetes and accompanying complications for a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. The model predicts the outcomes of type 2 diabetes along five disease paths (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary heart disease, and stroke) from the time of diagnosis until age 94 years or until death.

RESULTS

Over a lifetime, aspirin users gained 0.31 life-years (LY) or 0.19 quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) over nonaspirin users, at an incremental cost of $1,700; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of aspirin use was $5,428 per LY gained or $8,801 per QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the ICER was <$30,000 per QALY in all of 2,000 realizations in two scenarios.

CONCLUSIONS

Regular use of aspirin among people with newly diagnosed diabetes is cost-effective.Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people with diabetes. The risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is two to four times higher for people with diabetes than those without diabetes (1). Aspirin decreases CHD incidence in adults at risk for CVD (2,3).The American Diabetes Association recommends aspirin use for primary prevention of CVD in diabetic patients aged >40 years or in all people aged >30 years if they have risk factors for CVD and no aspirin contraindications (4). However, the cost-effectiveness of aspirin use for primary prevention in a diabetic population has not been evaluated. Previous studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of aspirin therapy for primary prevention of CVD in the general population (5,6). These studies concluded that aspirin use was cost saving or cost-effective. It is not known if the same conclusion holds for people with diabetes. The cost-effectiveness of aspirin therapy could differ between people with diabetes and the general population because of the additional cost and health consequences related to diabetes and its complications. Our study evaluates the lifetime cost-effectiveness of aspirin use in adults aged ≥40 years who have newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.     

罗格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的：罗格列酮（RGZ）联合二甲双胍治疗初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）的临床疗效和安全性。方法：40例初诊2型糖尿病联用罗格列酮和二甲双胍进行12周的治疗,测定治疗前后空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2小时血糖（PPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛素、C-肽、甘油三脂、体重指数（BMI）,胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）、血常规、肝、肾功能等。结果：治疗前后对照,空腹及餐后血糖、胰岛素、甘油三脂I、RI降低,具有显著差异性（P〈0.001）,体重指数变化不大（P〉0.05）,未发生肝肾功能损害。结论：罗格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病,明显改善胰岛素抵抗,降糖疗效确切。     

诺和锐30每日3次注射对初诊2型糖尿病的疗效

目的 比较不同胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病的疗效.方法 将120例初诊2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分为2组:诺和锐30组(n=60)每日3次诺和锐30皮下注射;诺和灵组(n=60)每日4次重组人胰岛素治疗(三餐前30 min皮下注射诺和灵R,睡前皮下注射诺和灵N).结果 2组相比,诺和锐30组血糖达标时间更短(P＜0.01),胰岛素用量更少(P＜0.01),低血糖发生率更低(P＜0.01).结论 诺和锐30每日3次注射可作为初诊2型糖尿病的有效治疗手段之一.     

短期应用胰岛素泵强化治疗初发2型糖尿病疗效观察

【目的】观察短期应用胰岛素泵输注胰岛素（CSII）治疗的初发2型糖尿病患者2年的胰岛β细胞功能的变化,分析影响长期缓解率的相关因素。【方法】56例空腹血糖〉11.1mmol/L的初发2型糖尿病患者进行2周的CSII强化治疗并随访2年,对治疗前、后不同时期的FBG,2 hBG,HbA1c,胰岛β细胞功能Homa-β及胰岛素抵抗指数Homa-IR的变化进行评估。【结果】①CSII强化治疗2周后,56例患者的FBG、2 hBG、HbA1c水平较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.001）;Homa-IR较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）,Homa-β较治疗前增高（P〈0.01）。②随访至24个月时仍有18例（32.14%）维持单纯饮食和运动治疗达良好血糖控制,其Homa-IR及Homa-β与停泵时比较无变化;另有38例（67.86%）血糖控制不佳,继续胰岛素和（或）口服药治疗,此组患者在入选时HbA1c水平、治疗后血糖达标天数及达标时胰岛素用量均较高（P〈0.05）。【结论】对伴有明显高血糖的初发2型糖尿病患者,短期应用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素能改善和（或）恢复胰岛β细胞功能,重建饮食和运动治疗对血糖的反应性。     

预混胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨预混胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法选取2015年5月~2016年4月我院分泌科收治的30例初诊T2DM患者为研究对象,在控制饮食和适当运动的基础上给予预混胰岛素强化治疗,治疗周期为90d。检测和比较30例患者治疗前后血糖、C肽水平、胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗相关指标水平。结果治疗后,30例患者FPG、2h PG、HbA1c较治疗前显著下降(P0.01),C-P、2h C-P较治疗前明显升高(P0.05);FINS、2h FINS、HOMA-βF明显较高,HOMA-IR明显较低(P0.05)。结论预混胰岛素强化治疗可使初诊T2DM患者的血糖得到有效控制,可显著地提高胰岛β细胞功能,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

Thirty-Year Trends in Complications in U.S. Adults With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVETo assess the prevalence of and trends in complications among U.S. adults with newly diagnosed diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe included 1,486 nonpregnant adults (aged ≥20 years) with newly diagnosed diabetes (diagnosed within the past 2 years) from the 1988–1994 and 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We estimated trends in albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m²), retinopathy (any retinal microaneurysms or blot hemorrhages), and self-reported cardiovascular disease (history of congestive heart failure, heart attack, or stroke).RESULTSFrom 1988–1994 to 2011–2018, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of albuminuria (38.9 to 18.7%, P for trend <0.001) but no change in the prevalence of reduced eGFR (7.5 to 9.9%, P for trend = 0.30), retinopathy (1988–1994 to 1999–2008 only; 13.2 to 12.1%, P for trend = 0.86), or self-reported cardiovascular disease (19.0 to 16.5%, P for trend = 0.64). There were improvements in glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control in the population, and these partially explained the decline in albuminuria. Complications were more common at the time of diabetes diagnosis for adults who were older, lower income, less educated, and obese.CONCLUSIONSOver the past three decades, there have been encouraging reductions in albuminuria and risk factor control in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. However, the overall burden of complications around the time of the diagnosis remains high.     

血清脂联素和抵抗素与初诊2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的：探讨脂联素和抵抗素与2型糖尿病（T2DM）的关系。方法：对39例初诊T2DM患者做研究对象，选37例健康人做对照。采用酶联免疫测定法测定空腹血清脂联素和抵抗素浓度，并测定各组的空腹血糖、胰岛素、尿酸和血脂水平等；用HOMA—IR评价胰岛素抵抗，分析各指标间的相关性。结果：DM组血清脂联素浓度（3．66±0．91）ng／ml低于正常对照组（5．26±0．78）ng／ml，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。DM组血清抵抗素浓度（6．10±0．43）μg／ml与正常对照组（6．09±0．47）μg／ml差异无显著性。在DM组，采用相关分析发现，血清脂联素浓度与患者收缩压、舒张压、年龄、病程、空腹胰岛素、体重指数、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、HOMAIR呈负相关，与脂蛋白A1正相关；血清抵抗素与年龄、病程、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯呈正相关；与脂蛋白A1呈负相关，与体重指数、HOMAIR等不相关。结论：脂联素水平的下降与DM发病有关，而抵抗素与之无关。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者氧化应激状况及短期胰岛素泵强化治疗的影响

【目的】观察初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者体内氧化应激改变及短期持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）治疗对患者氧化应激状况的影响。[方法]60例初诊T2DM患者接受为期2周的CSII治疗,于治疗前、后分别测定血清活性氧活力（ROS）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,同时测定T2DM患者空腹胰岛素水平,采用稳态模型计算胰岛β细胞功能（HOMA-β）。【结果】①T2DM患者ROS、MDA明显增高,GSH、SOD明显降低。②ROS、MDA与HOMA—β呈负相关,GSH、SOD与HOMA—β呈正相关。③CSII治疗2周后,ROS、MDA明显降低,GSH、SOD明显增高,同时HOMA-β亦明显增高。[结论]T2DM患者体内氧化应激明显增强。短期CSII除迅速降低血糖外,还具有降低T2DM患者氧化应激水平,保护胰岛口细胞功能。     

新诊断2型糖尿病慢性并发症临床调查

【目的】探讨糖尿病（DM）慢性并发症发生情况及临床特点,以加强早期防治。【方法】对2008年3月至2009年2月在辽宁中医药大学附属医院、中国医科大学附属第四医院内分泌科住院治疗,并且在1年内确诊患2型糖尿病（T2DM）的80例新诊断T2DM患者患DM并发症情况进行调查。【结果】新诊断T2DM的并发症以周围神经病变（39．00％）和高血压为主（36．50％）。未发现患DM并发症者39例（48．75％）,19例（23．75％）患二种并发症。【结论】新诊断T2DM患者并发症以高血压和周围神经病变为主,临床上应注意早期防治。     

胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素强化治疗初发2型糖尿病患者的系统评价

目的系统评价胰岛素泵和多次胰岛素注射治疗初发2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法计算机检索MEDLINE和中国全文期刊网（从建库截至2009年12月）所有胰岛素泵和多次胰岛素注射治疗初发2型糖尿病患者的随机对照试验。由两位评价者按纳入排除标准独立进行质量评价和资料提取,并交叉核对,然后采用RevMan 5.0.23软件进行Meta分析。评价指标包括：血糖控制、胰岛素用量、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-β）、低血糖发生率和糖尿病缓解率。结果共纳入8个随机对照试验,597例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者。除1个试验外,其他纳入试验的方法学质量均为B级。以胰岛素需要量和糖尿病缓解率为结局指标的漏斗图提示存在发表偏倚。Meta分析结果显示：胰岛素泵治疗和多次胰岛素注射治疗均能控制空腹血糖[WMD=–0.21,95%CI（–0.42,0.00）,P=0.05]和餐后血糖[WMD=–0.24,95%CI（–0.57,0.08）,P=0.14]。胰岛素泵治疗使血糖达标所需时间更少,比多次胰岛素注射治疗大约少2.74天[WMD=–2.74,95%CI（–3.33,–2.16）,P〈0.000 01];且所需胰岛素量更少,约少7.78单位[WMD=–7.78,95%CI（–9.25,–6.31）,P〈0.000？01]。胰岛素泵治疗组低血糖发生率明显低于胰岛素多次注射组,约减少了69%[OR=0.31,95%CI（0.12,0.80）,P=0.01];而糖尿病缓解率比多次胰岛素注射组增加约46%[OR=1.46,95%CI（1.01,2.10）,P=0.04]。结论对于新诊断的2型糖尿病患者胰岛素泵治疗效果优于多次胰岛素注射治疗。但因纳入研究的质量不高,在临床应用时应结合患者情况和医生经验,权衡利弊后使用。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者年龄和体重与胰岛B细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨新诊断2型糖尿病患者不同体重指数(BMI)和年龄与胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法内分泌科住院及门诊的新诊断2型糖尿病患者217例,依照不同的BMI水平分为正常组、超重组、肥胖组,分别比较各组血压、体重指数、腰围、血脂、血糖及静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT)中的胰岛功能状态,并用稳态模型评估胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果超重和肥胖组HOMA-IR及胰岛B细胞功能指数均明显高于正常组,不同年龄组HOMA-IR及胰岛β细胞功能指数无差异,肥胖组年龄超过60岁者急性胰岛素分泌指数及胰岛素曲线下面积高于年龄小于60岁者。结论新诊断2型糖尿病中非肥胖者胰岛素分泌功能缺陷更明显,肥胖者以胰岛素抵抗程度明显。未发现年龄与胰岛β细胞功能或胰岛素敏感性存在明确相关性。     

两种不同胰岛素强化治疗方法对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

【目的】比较持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSⅡ）和多次胰岛素皮下注射（MSⅡ）在2型糖尿病强化降糖中的效果。【方法】60例新诊断2型糖尿病病人,分成胰岛素泵治疗组24例（CSⅡ组）和皮下注射胰岛素组36例（MSⅡ组）,治疗2周,观察两组治疗前后空腹及餐后血糖、胰岛素、C肽变化,比较两组血糖达标天数、最大胰岛素用量、平均胰岛素用量及低血糖现象发生情况。【结果】治疗后两组血糖均有明显下降（P〈0．05）,胰岛素及C肽水平较治疗前明显升高（P〈0．05）,两组治疗后上述改变无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。但CSⅡ组血糖达标时间较MSⅡ组短,平均胰岛素用量及最大胰岛素用量均较MSⅡ组少,且低血糖发生次数也较MSⅡ组少,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】CSⅡ和MSⅡ两种治疗方法均可有效降低2型糖尿病患者血糖,改善胰岛β细胞分泌功能,对初发的2型糖尿病有良好治疗效果,其中胰岛素泵可以缩短血糖达标天数,减少胰岛素用量,降低低血糖发生率,有一定优势。     

超声评价强化治疗对2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的：超声评价多因素干预治疗对2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法：新诊断2型糖尿病患者111例,给予强化血压、血脂、血糖以及抗血小板聚集治疗1年,超声观察亚临床动脉粥样硬化的发生情况。结果：干预治疗1年后12例患者出现了亚临床动脉粥样硬化,Logistic回归分析显示,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）是否达标是亚临床动脉粥样硬化发生的危险因素。结论：强化治疗能逆转早期动脉粥样硬化的发展,对晚期血管病变的改善作用有限。     

短期胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效

[目的]评价持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病患者的有效性和安全性.[方法]新诊断的2型糖尿病住院患者120例,随机分成两组：CSII组60例,采用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素 多次皮下胰岛素注射 （MSII）组60例,采用胰岛素笔注射胰岛素.观察两组空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（P2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖次数等,比较两组间疗效差异.[结果]治疗前两组FPG及P2 hPG、HbAlc组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,两组治疗后FPG和P2 hPG、HbAlc均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05）.CSⅡ组血糖达标时间（4.85±0.61）d较MSⅡ组血糖达标时间（6.02±0.68）d明显缩短（P〈0.05）,胰岛素用量（40.77±3.26） U/d与MSII组（46.35±4.04） U/d相比有显著差异（P〈0.05）,低血糖次数较MSII组显著减少（P〈0.05）.[结论]对于新诊断的2型糖尿病患者,短期应用胰岛素泵强化治疗较多次皮下胰岛素注射法更有效安全.