Gular pouch diversity in the Chamaeleonidae

Numerous chameleon species possess an out-pocketing of the trachea known as the gular pouch. After surveying more than 250 specimens, representing nine genera and 44 species, we describe two different morphs of the gular pouch. Species of the genera Bradypodion and Chamaeleo, as well as Trioceros goetzei, all possess a single gular pouch (morph one) formed from ventral expansion of soft tissue where the larynx and trachea meet. Furcifer oustaleti and Furcifer verrucosus possess from one to four gular pouches (morph two) formed by the expansion of soft tissue between sequential hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea. In Trioceros melleri, examples of both morphs of the gular pouch were observed. Morphometric data are presented for 100 animals representing eight species previously known to possess a gular pouch and two additional species, Bradypodion thamnobates and Bradypodion transvaalense. In the species with the absolutely and relatively largest gular pouch, Chamaeleo calyptratus, a significant difference was found between sexes in its width and volume, but not its length. In C. calyptratus, we show that an inflated gular pouch is in contact with numerous hyoid muscles and the tongue. Coupled with the knowledge that C. calyptratus generates vibrations from the throat region, we posit that the tongue (M. accelerator linguae and M. hyoglossus) and supporting hyoid muscles (i.e., Mm. sternohyoideus profundus et superficialis and Mm. mandibulohyoideus) are involved in the production of vibrations to produce biotremors that are amplified by the inflated gular pouch and used in substrate-borne communication.     

Impact of anal manipulation and pouch design on ileal pouch function.

The frequency of defecation, leakage, maximum resting pressure, and maximum squeeze pressure of the anal canal, maximum tolerated volume, and pouch compliance were evaluated in 116 consecutive patients following total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) and after temporary ileostomy closure. Sixty-nine patients had a double ileal loop pouch ("J") and 47 a triple ("S") design. Seventy patients had mucosal proctectomy and hand-sewn IPAA (mucosectomy) and 46 a stapled IPAA without mucosal proctectomy (stapled). Fifty percent of the S and 30% of the J pouch patients did not have nocturnal defecations. The avoidance of anal manipulation in the stapled group resulted in higher anal canal resting pressures and a lower incidence of leakage. The maximum tolerated volume and compliance was greater in the S pouch group than in the J group. Although the median frequency of defecation was equal in both pouch groups, fewer S pouch patients had nocturnal defecations. Anal canal resting tone may be the primary factor affecting continence following TPC and IPAA, but a compliant pouch may prevent leakage if sphincter function is compromised.     

Isolated pouch of the anterior gastric wall

Summary Another modification of the original Pavlov pouch is presented. The exact details are given. The operation is described as being simple, and the innervation seems to be maintained intact.Presented by Active Member Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Prof. V. N. Chernigovsky     

Disorders of the suprapatellar pouch of the knee

Proper recognition and treatment of pathological conditions of the suprapatellar pouch of the knee is dependent on the knowledge of normal pouch anatomy and of the various conditions which affect this area of the knee and contribute to knee pain. This article includes a comprehensive review of the surgical anatomy of the pouch, current surgical techniques and review of the common conditions that have a predilection for this often overlooked area of the knee.     

The development of the Syrian hamster cheek pouch

The objective of this study was to provide a detailed account of the morphogenesis and early cytodifferentiation of the hamster cheek pouch. Although the newborn "cheek pouch" is used for in vitro studies of the effects of retinoids and carcinogens, its rudimentary structure has not been adequately described. Complete paraffin serial sections of the heads of 14- and 15-day fetuses were cut in three planes to determine the location and shape of the earliest pouch rudiments. Complete paraffin serial sections were prepared from pouch rudiments dissected from hamsters at birth and at daily intervals from 3 to 12 days postnatal. Semithin Epon sections were examined by light microscopy and ultrathin sections by transmission electron microscopy. The pouch can appear in the fetus as two solid epithelial ingrowths from the lining of the oral cavity. They are the margins of an ingrowing sheet of oral epithelium which becomes leaflike at about the time of birth, as it grows caudad into the tissue of the cheek. The central cells of the ingrowth accumulate large quantities of glycogen before differentiating as a stratum spinosum 5 days after birth. Within the stratum spinosum, groups of cells containing keratohyalin granules initiate the stratum granulosum. Keratinized cells appear within the stratum granulosum areas. Spaces appear between keratinized cells, and the spaces coalesce to form the pouch cavity between 7 and 12 days postnatal. Soon afterward, this cavity opens to the oral cavity to make a pouch, and the ultrastructure of the cheek pouch epithelium closely resembles that of the adult.     

Delayed hypersensitivity in the hamster cheek pouch.

A method is described for eliciting a delayed hypersensitive cell mediated immune response in the Syrian hamster cheek pouch. Using a sensitizing dose of 0.1% DNCB and a challenge dose of 0.01% DNCB 14 days later resulted in a histologically positive lymphocyte infiltrate in the challenge area. These results indicate that the hamster cheek pouch may not be an immunologically inert site and may be used for cell mediated immunity studies.     

Histoarchitecture of the ileal pouch after total colectomy

Total colectomy and the construction of an ileal pouch reservoir that preserves the patient's continence has become a surgical option for the treatment of patients who undergo total colectomy. By using histologic, electron microscopic, and morphometric methods, the histoarchitecture of the terminal ileal pouch, now functioning as a neorectum, was compared with preoperative biopsies from the normal terminal ileum, transverse colon, and rectum from patients undergoing the construction of a pouch as well as controls. Twelve patients, each of which had undergone a total colectomy with an ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis in our hospital between 1984 and 1987, were included in the study. Over a three year period a progressive transformation to a colonic type mucosa was observed in the ileal pouch. While total mucosal thickness remained unchanged, the number and size of the crypts increased dramatically, making some specimens indistinguishable from normal colonic mucosa on histologic examination. The number of mucus producing goblet cells and Paneth cells increased, whereas the endocrine cell population demonstrated no change. The possible metabolic and physiologic consequences of this mucosal transformation are discussed.     

Transplantation of a denervated gastric pouch into the omentum

Summary The author describes a 2-stage transplantation of a completely denervated isolated stomach pouch to the omentum.This is a technically simple operation and gives almost the same results as the transplantation of organs into the mammary gland. It has, however, some advantage over the classical method.The principle of this operation may be employed for transplantation of other abdominal organs.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. N. Chernigovskii     

Studies on carrageenin air pouch inflammation in the rat

Inflammation was induced in the 6-day subcutaneous air pouch of the rat by injection of carrageenin. The model was characterized in terms of exudate volume, leucocyte accumulation, granuloma, vascular permeability and protein clearance up to 7 days after injection of carrageenin. From days 2-3 rapid and reproducible changes in these responses were observed which indicated a change from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte-dominated to mononuclear (MN) leucocyte-dominated inflammation. A second injection of carrageenin on day 3 gave increases in exudate formation and PMN accumulation on day 4. Administration of carrageenin mixed with 3 day inflammatory exudate gave an increased exudate volume and decreased leucocyte accumulation at 6 h. Reduction of 6-h cellular accumulation by use of a lower dose of carrageenin or a I-day air pouch gave complete inhibition of exudate formation on day 3. In contrast, inhibition of the 6-h cell response with prednisolone had no effect on the 3-day response. Daily treatment with indomethacin gave increased PMN accumulation on day 3. Similar treatment with prednisolone additionally reduced exudate volume. Treatment on day 2 with prednisolone gave similar effects whereas indomethacin, BW755C and protease inhibitors had no effect. Administration of colchicine at this time gave inhibition of exudate volume on day 3 whereas complement depletion gave increases in volume and PMNs.     

Proinflammatory effects of interleukin 1 in the rat air pouch

We have utilized the 6-day air-pouch model in rats to study the local tissue response to interleukin-1 exposure. Injection of either recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha) or interleukin 1 beta (rIL-1 beta) directly into preformed air pouches caused a 10- to 100-fold increase in the number of white blood cells present within the pouch. On a weight basis, rIL-1 beta was more active than rIL-1 alpha. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) represented the majority of cells entering the pouch following either a single injection or repeated daily injections of rIL-1 alpha or rIL-1 beta. Significant increases in the number of mononuclear cells present were observed only following repeated injections. Repeated injections of rIL-1 beta, but not rIL-1 alpha, also caused the accumulation of large amounts of fluid within preformed pouches and a grossly apparent thickening of the connective-tissue lining of the pouch. Microscopic examination of stained sections of pouch lining tissue indicated a proliferation of the connective-tissue elements of the lining and deposition of large quantities of extracellular collagen within the pouch wall. These findings are entirely consistent with a role for interleukin 1 in the development and perpetuation of inflammatory reactions.     

Studies on carrageenin air pouch inflammation in the rat.

Inflammation was induced in the 6-day subcutaneous air pouch of the rat by injection of carrageenin. The model was characterized in terms of exudate volume, leucocyte accumulation, granuloma, vascular permeability and protein clearance up to 7 days after injection of carrageenin. From days 2-3 rapid and reproducible changes in these responses were observed which indicated a change from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte-dominated to mononuclear (MN) leucocyte-dominated inflammation. A second injection of carrageenin on day 3 gave increases in exudate formation and PMN accumulation on day 4. Administration of carrageenin mixed with 3 day inflammatory exudate gave an increased exudate volume and decreased leucocyte accumulation at 6 h. Reduction of 6-h cellular accumulation by use of a lower dose of carrageenin or a I-day air pouch gave complete inhibition of exudate formation on day 3. In contrast, inhibition of the 6-h cell response with prednisolone had no effect on the 3-day response. Daily treatment with indomethacin gave increased PMN accumulation on day 3. Similar treatment with prednisolone additionally reduced exudate volume. Treatment on day 2 with prednisolone gave similar effects whereas indomethacin, BW755C and protease inhibitors had no effect. Administration of colchicine at this time gave inhibition of exudate volume on day 3 whereas complement depletion gave increases in volume and PMNs.