三颗针植物中生物碱分布状态的研究

目的:建立梯度洗脱双波长检测的HPLC法,同时测定小檗碱、药根碱、小檗胺、巴马汀含量的方法,并应用该法考察小檗属植物中生物碱的分布状态.方法:采集甘肃不同产地小檗属植物的茎木、根木、茎皮、根皮样品,用本文建立的HPLC法分析.结果:小檗碱、药根碱、小檗胺、巴马汀线性范围分别为:0.028μg～4.74μg(r=0.9998);0.012μg～2.0μg(r=0.9996);0.026μg～0.52μg(r=0.9999);0.015μg～2.56μg(r=0.9998).结论:不同产地、不同部位三颗针植物中生物碱的含量分布有明显的差异.     

HPLC法测定甘肃产小檗属植物不同部位的生物碱

目的 :建立同时测定三颗针植物不同部位小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗胺含量的HPLC法 ,并进一步考察11种甘肃产小檗属植物不同部位生物碱的分布状态。方法 :检测波长小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀为346nm ,小檗胺 212nm。流动相乙腈 0.02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾水溶液 ,梯度条件 0～8min ,乙腈 32 %～36% ;8～20min ,36%～51%。流速1.0mL·min^-1。结果 :小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗胺的线性方程、相关系数、线性范围分别为 :Y =4.074×105X+8 080 ,r=0.9998,0.028～4.74μg ;Y=4.588×10 6X+16780 ,r=0.9996 ,0.012～2.0μg ;Y =3.743×106X +21247,r =0 .9999,0.026～0.52μg ;Y =4.473×106X+363420 ,r =0.9998,0.015～2.56μg。 结论 :不同产地、不同品种、不同部位三颗针植物中生物碱的含量分布有明显的差异。     

5种小檗属药用植物总生物碱及小檗碱的含量测定

目的:对5种小檗属植物(拟豪猪刺、川鄂小檗、芒齿小檗、湖北小檗、汉源小檗,均为药材三颗针来源)根和茎中活性物质总生物碱和小檗碱进行研究,比较5种植物根和茎的总生物碱和小檗碱的含量,为三颗针药材的资源与质量评价提供参考。方法:分别通过酸性染料比色法和高效液相色谱法进行总生物碱及小檗碱含量测定研究。结果:5种植物根和茎的总生物碱含量范围分别为1.60%~4.72%和0.76%~2.70%,小檗碱的含量范围分别为0.70%~2.92%和0.23%~1.07%。湖北小檗、汉源小檗和拟豪猪刺根的总生物碱及小檗碱的含量均较高,是优质的三颗针药材来源,其茎中的总生物碱和小檗碱的含量也较高。结论:所建立的总生物碱和小檗碱的含量测定方法准确、可行,为该药材的质量评价提供了可靠方法。     

Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. family Berberidaceae) is well known in Iran and various parts of this plant including its root, bark, leaf and fruit have been used as folk medicine. The two decades of research has demonstrated different pharmacological and therapeutic effects of B. vulgaris and its isoquinoline alkaloids (particularly berberine). Studies carried out on the chemical composition of the plant show that the most important constituents of this plant are isoquinoline alkaloids such as berberine, berbamine and palmatine. Berberine represents one of the most studied among the naturally occurring protoberberine alkaloids. In addition to B. vulgaris (barberry), berberine is present in many other plants and is used for the treatment of different diseases. This article reviews the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of total extract and the most active ingredient of B. vulgaris (berberine).     

Comparison of the antidiabetic activity of Berberis lyceum root extract and berberine in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Berberine has been shown to have hypoglycaemic activity in several in vitro and in vivo models, although the mechanism of action is not fully known. Berberis lyceum Royle root produces high concentrations of berberine, and in traditional medicine, the whole extract of this plant is used widely to treat diabetes. The antidiabetic activity of the ethanol root extract of Berberis lyceum was compared with pure berberine in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats using similar doses of each. The concentration of berberine in the extract was determined to be 80% dry weight with only trace amounts of other alkaloids present. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of berberine and a whole extract of Berberis lyceum on blood glucose and other parameters associated with diabetes, to compare the effects of the crude extract with those of pure berberine and thus validate its use as a therapeutic agent, and finally to identify any contribution of the other components of the extract to these effects. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg of Berberis extract and berberine to normal and experimental diabetic rats produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels from days 3-7 days of treatment. Significant effects were also observed on the glucose tolerance, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profiles and body weight of experimental animals. Berberis extract and berberine demonstrated similar effects on all parameters measured, and although the extract was comparable in efficacy to berberine, it did not produce any effects additional to those shown by pure berberine. The results support the use of the extract in traditional medicine, and demonstrate that apart from being a highly cost-effective means of treating with berberine, the total extract does not appear to confer any additional benefits or disadvantages compared with the pure compound.     

细辛的本草考证

通过考证,认为历代本草记载的传统药用细辛是正品细辛,其主要品种应为细辛(Asarum sieboldii),药用部位应为根部;而中国药典1985年版记载的细辛全草并非传统药用细辛,其主要品种、药用部位、采集季节、加工方法等均与传统药用细辛不同,其用量标准亦与目前临床实际用量不符,建议将其另立一药,定名为细辛草。     

甘肃小檗属药用植物资源的研究Ⅱ.三棵针不同部位生物碱的分布

用高压液相色谱法测定三棵针根皮、根木、茎皮、茎木、叶中小檗胺，药根碱、巴马亭、小檗碱的含量。     

小檗胺的心血管药理作用研究进展

小檗胺是从小檗科小檗属植物细叶小檗等中草药植物中提取的一种双苄基异喹啉生物碱,有抗心律失常、抗心肌缺血、扩血管降压、降低心功能和心率、抗血栓等心血管药理作用,其中小檗胺的抗心律失常作用研究最为深入,它可通过抑制钠、钾、钙等离子通道、负性频率和负性传导作用、提高心肌舒张期兴奋阈值、延长心肌有效不应期而起到显著的抗心律失常作用,作为新型抗心律失常中草药、植物药等研究方向,值得进一步的研究和开发。     

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Berberis aristata root extract and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Berberis aristata DC root is used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments including metabolic disorders.

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study was to explore the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of 50% aqueous ethanolic root extract of Berberis aristata (BA) in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

BA root extract (250 mg/kg) was administered to diabetic rats and standard drug glybenclamide (0.6 mg/kg) to group serving as positive control. Effect of extract on antioxidant and carbohydrate metabolism regulating enzymes of liver was studied in diabetic rats along with its safety parameters.

Results

The main constituents of root were identified as berberine, berbamine and palmatine through HPTLC. The extract besides being safe, lowered the blood glucose significantly without any hypoglycemic effect on their control counterparts. It increased CAT, SOD, GPx, GR activity significantly and reduced lipid peroxidation (41.6%) and protein carbonylation (30.15%). It also increased the glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase activity in diabetic rats which play a critical role in glucose homeostasis.

Conclusion

Thus, the extract of Berberis sristata (root) has strong potential to regulate glucose homeostasis through decreased gluconeogenesis and oxidative stress.     

六种中药制剂微生物限度检查方法验证

目的:建立6种中药制剂微生物限度的检查方法。方法:参照《中国药典》(2015年版)微生物限度检查法,进行各品种的微生物限度检查方法验证。结果:复方黄连灌肠液、蒲地灌肠液、复方茵陈合剂和气血双补口服液无抑菌作用,回收率均在0.5~2.0范围内,可采用常规法进行微生物计数;复方大黄灌肠液对枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌作用,可采用培养基稀释法进行微生物计数;五味子酊需采用薄膜过滤法进行微生物计数;所有品种的控制菌检查均可采用常规法测定。结论:确立了6种中药制剂微生物限度检查方法,可有效控制其质量。     

Effect of berberine and Berberis aetnensis C. Presl. alkaloid extract on glutamate-evoked tissue transglutaminase up-regulation in astroglial cell cultures

Berberis aetnensis C. Presl. is a bushy-spiny shrub common on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy), containing various alkaloids with several pharmacological properties. This study assessed the effect of berberine and of the alkaloid extract of B. aetnensis roots on the glutamate-evoked tissue transglutaminase (TG2) up-regulation in rat astrocyte primary cultures, used as an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. The findings show that the alkaloid extract of B. aetnensis roots consists mainly of berberine. Furthermore, berberine and the alkaloid extract of B. aetnensis roots were able to restore the oxidative status modified by glutamate and the levels of TG2 to control values. It was found that berberine or the alkaloid extract of B. aetnensis roots are able to ameliorate the excessive production of glutamate, protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and neurodegeneration. Thus, it is suggested that berberine and the alkaloid extract of B. aetnensis roots, may represent a natural therapeutic strategy in the neuropathological conditions associated with excitotoxicity.     

从生产盐酸黄连素的母液中提取分离盐酸药根碱

以盐酸黄连素生产母液为原料,经分离、提纯,制得盐酸药根碱;样品经化学方法及紫外、红外、薄层扫描及高效液相层析等方法鉴定后,达到一定纯度,可作为化学对照品应用、     

HPLC法测定不同产地藏药小檗皮中盐酸小檗碱含量比较

目的：探讨青海不同产地小檗皮药材中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法：采用HPLC法,对小檗皮的有效成分盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定,并进行了方法学研究。结果：盐酸小檗碱在0.0138～0.1615 mg.ml-1范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.9995,盐酸小檗碱在供试品的平均回收率为97.67%,重复性RSD为1.48%（n=6）。结论：青海化隆高海拔地区的小檗皮中盐酸小檗碱含量略高于青海其他地区,青海不同产地小檗皮中盐酸小檗碱含量无明显差异。     

Extraction and isolation of jatrorrhizine choride in the preparation of berberine chloride

Jatrorrhizine chloride was obtained by isolating and purifying the mother liquor of preparation of berberine chloride. The sample was proved to be up to the purity standards by chemical, UV, IR, HTLCS and HPLC methods. Thus if was incorporated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1985 edition) as a chemical control for testing berberine chloride.     

秦艽潜在功用的考察与分析

通过考察秦艽在本草文献、古代方剂及2010版《中国药典》一部中所载内容,发现古代本草及方剂文献中提炼出来的功用主治与《中国药典》基本吻合。但综合古代文献提炼出来的疏散风邪、平肝息风、清热泻火、止血、止咳等功用《中国药典》不曾收录。结合现代药效学研究成果及临床应用,初步确认这些功用均为秦艽业已失传的潜在功用。     

Berberis Vulgaris and Berberine: An Update Review

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid present in several plants, including Coptis sp. and Berberis sp. Berberine is a customary component in Chinese medicine, and is characterized by a diversity of pharmacological effects. An extensive search in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Wiley, ProQuest, ISI, and Science Direct) were used to identify the pharmacological and clinical studies on Berberis vulgaris and berberine, during 2008 to 2015, using ‘berberine’ and ‘Berberis vulgaris’ as search words. We found more than 1200 new article studying the properties and clinical uses of berberine and B. vulgaris, for treating tumor, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cerebral ischemia trauma, mental disease, Alzheimer disease, osteoporosis, and so on. In this article, we have updated the pharmacological effects of B. vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对药典规定中药饮片用量的分析

2010年版《中国药典》一部对药材和饮片的用量和用法进行了规定,提供了绝大部分饮片的用量范围.该文采用描述性统计方法,探讨药典中饮片的最大剂量、最小剂量及剂量阈值的分布,比较有毒和无毒中药的用量特点.《中国药典》(2010年版)共录入药物617种,除16种未规定剂量,饮片最常见的最小剂量是3 g,最大剂量是10 g,剂量阈值是6 g.经比较发现,对有毒药物用量的规定比无毒药物严格;与经方本原剂量和临床实际用量比较,药典中规定的剂量阈值较窄;药典规定可用于食品或保健食品的药物与其他药物剂量相差不大.     

中成药说明书妊娠期风险分类调查及中药成分风险分析

目的 通过对505种中成药说明书进行妊娠期风险调查,同时相关中药组分进行风险分析,分析妊娠风险尚不明确中成药的潜在风险,为进一步开展中成药妊娠期风险评估提供借鉴及参考。方法 收集并调查505种中成药药物说明书的妊娠期风险分类描述,同时根据2020年版《中国药典》一部、《中药药物警戒》《中药药性论》及其他中药典籍中对涉及中成药中的中药组分进行分析,评估中药组分风险对于中成药妊娠期风险的影响。应用涉及中药妊娠分类,对尚不明确药物进行初步分析。结果 所涉及505种中成药药品说明书中,妊娠风险尚不明确的药物共240种,妊娠风险描述中,禁用及忌用/不推荐使用的中成药约占总体的16.6%,慎用/权衡利弊约为20.79%、可用/在医师或药师指导下使用合计约占总体的15.05%。根据2020年版《中国药典》一部、《中药药物警戒》《中药药性论》及其他中药典籍的去重组合共涉及禁忌中药组分872种,敏感度为0.83(0.76~0.89),《中国药典》所涉及的禁忌中药组分最少共42种,其特异度为0.96(0.91~0.99)。妊娠期风险尚不明确的中成药中,涉及禁用成分(x类)及忌用成分(d类)占比约为19.17%,涉及成分安全(a类)、可用(b类)及慎用(c类)合计约占26.67%。结论 目前中成药妊娠期风险分类体系尚不完善,通过中药成分风险分析能够有效对已有中成药妊娠期风险评估体系进行补充。     

New Collection of Crude Drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 Ⅰ.Callicarpa Linn. and Related Items

Callicarpa Linn. (beautyberry) is one of the major genera in Verbenaceae, about 20 of which are medicinal plants. Beautyberry, called Zizhu in China, is a generic name of those species and largely used as hemostatic medicine. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 has admitted three new crude drugs from the genus of Callicarpa Linn. including Callicarpae Macrophyllae Folium, Callicarpae Caulis et Folium, and Callicarpae Formosanae Folium for the first time since the 1977 version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In ord...     

中药水提取有效成分转移率低的问题分析

分析《中国药典》2010年版一部成方制剂和单味制剂中水提取工艺存在的问题,为《中国药典》的修订和中成药产业化提取提供参考.通过查阅国内外文献,结合《中国药典》2010年版一部成方制剂和单味制剂的提取工艺,分析提取工艺的4个基本阶段,阐明水提取工艺有效成分转移率低的问题.结果表明水提取工艺的任何一个阶段都会引起中药有效成分转移率降低,并直接影响疗效.在浸润与渗透阶段,一方面是水的渗透性较差,另一方面是药材含油量较高,大分子量高的药材以水作为溶剂难以浸润;在解吸与溶解阶段,溶解度较小的非极性、中极性成分与水亲和力较小,难以溶解完全;在扩散阶段,中药中的大分子成分由于相对分子质量较大,难以穿透细胞屏障扩散至溶媒中,造成扩散困难;在置换阶段,物质在相互交换的过程中,大分子共存物也会影响其他物质在细胞生物膜两侧的交换.有效成分转移率低是目前中成药水提取存在的共性问题,阻碍了中成药的产业化发展,应引起业内人士的关注和重视并早日寻求出提取工艺研究的新思路.