贲门周围血管离断术128例的疗效观察

肝硬化门静脉高压症并发食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血,是严重威胁患者生命的危重急症之一.我院自1995年1月至2006年12月采用贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症并发食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血128例,疗效满意.     

门静脉高压症食管下段胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血的急诊断流术

目的　探讨胃底贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道大出血的体会。方法　对 64例因门静脉高压症食管下段胃底曲张静脉破裂出血而实行急诊断流术的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　手术止血率 10 0 % ,术后死亡 5例。随诊 6月～ 10年 ,再出血患者 5例。结论　胃底贲门周围血管离断术是治疗门静脉高压症上消化道大出血的首选术式     

胃底贲门区的解剖生理特点及与贲门周围血管离断术的关系

研究食管下段和胃底贲门区的解剖和生理特点,对探讨门静脉高压症曲张静脉破裂出血的机制,以及提高外科治疗的疗效,具有重要意义,并可阐明贲门周围血管离断术的合理性及有效性。该术式主要离断食管下段和胃底贲门区的反常血流,因而能达到即刻和确切止血,而且不影响门脉的入肝血流。实践表明,贲门周围血管离断术是治疗肝炎后肝硬化合并门静脉高压症的首选术式[1,2]。1 食管下端和胃底贲门区的解剖和生理特点 研究食管下端和近端胃的静脉解剖,以期阐明食管胃底曲张静脉易于破裂出血的原因和机制。虽然食管曲张静脉的范围可分布很广,但令人惊异的     

贲门周围血管离断术治疗食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血

肝硬化门静脉高压并发食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血是严重威胁患者生命的危重急症之一。第1次大出血的患者约25％可因失血、严重休克及肝组织严重缺氧致肝功能急性衰竭而死亡。外科手术目前仍是治疗肝硬化大出血的有效手段。我院外科1987年1月至2004年12月以贲门周围血管离断术治疗食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血62例，疗效满意。总结如下：     

贲周血管离断联合食管下端离断再钉合术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血疗效观察

目的 探讨贲门周血管离断联合食管下端离断再钉合术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效.方法 对2008年1月至2011年12月在我院行贲门周血管离断联合食管下端离断再钉合术治疗的58例门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例均为肝炎(乙型病毒性肝炎或丙型病毒性肝炎)后肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,Child肝功能分级:A级35例,B级20例,C 级3例.随访3个月,其中术后发生吻合口瘘5例,吻合狭窄2例,继发出血2例,死亡3例,门静脉系统血栓1例.结论 该手术对近期继发出血疗效令人满意,如果术中及术后处理得当,以减少或避免其他并发症的发生,是治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张出血的一种理想术式.     

脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症并上消化道出血

回顾性分析32例用脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝炎肝硬化引起的门静脉高压症所致食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血的临床资料。结果示，急症止血率100%，术后并发症死亡率为3.1%，术后痊愈率96.9％。提示本方法的疗效是确切的，且易在基层推广。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗失败后再手术

目的 比较内镜治疗后贲门周围血管离断术与未经内镜治疗患者贲门周围血管离断术治疗食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血的疗效.方法 2005年6月至2010年6月期间共完成贲门周围血管离断术230例,其中肝炎后肝硬化202例,酒精性肝硬化28例.A组16例,为内镜治疗(套扎、栓塞)后再行贲门周围血管离断术;B组214例,直接行贲门周围血管离断术.结果 A组平均手术时间为(198±59)min,平均出血(750±120)ml,术后平均住院(11±2)d;B组平均手术时间为(120±26)min,平均出血(250±43)ml,术后平均住院(7±1)d.两组的平均手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间之间相比差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).230例患者中获得随访212例,随访率为92.2％,术后平均随访2.5年(1～6年),死亡率为4.2％,再出血率为5.7％.结论 内镜治疗后食管胃底周围组织纤维化、质硬,明显增加手术难度,手术时间、术中失血量较单纯贲门周围血管离断术明显增加,故对于适合行手术治疗的门静脉高压症患者应首选贲门周围血管离断术.     

全腹腔镜下脾切除贲门周围血管离断术

脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术是有效解决肝硬化门静脉高压症、脾功能亢进、胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血等问题的手段之一。全腹腔镜下脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术因其难度大、风险高而报告较少。我科于2005年4月至2006年4月期间共完成完全腹腔镜下脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术9例，效果满意。报告如下。     

经腹脾切除、贲门周围血管离断，胃底粘膜下血管结扎术治疗门脉高压症

经腹脾切除、贲门周围血管离断，胃底粘膜下血管结扎术治疗门脉高压症王云，丁应文，涂湘炎，许建武，胡正光，吴志安，陈湘平门静脉高压症致食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血是上消化道出血的主要原因之一，死亡率高达４０％～６０％。我院自１９９０年元月至１９９５年元月采...     

选择性贲门周围血管离断术的发展与手术技巧

1 选择性贲门周围血管离断术的发展历程 门奇静脉断流术是手术阻断门奇静脉间的反常血流,以达到预防出血和止住门静脉高压症引起的食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血.门奇静脉断流术有多种术式[1],早期的断流术多为缝扎和离断胃左静脉、食管胃底曲张静脉.止血效果较差;有的术式如胃底横断术、食管下端胃底切除术等创伤较大,并发症多,难以普及推广.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.