腹腔镜手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的技术改进(附11例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜下手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的技术方法及临床应用价值.方法 11例肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤患者.男3例,女8例.平均年龄45岁（39～51岁）.肿瘤位于左侧4例,右侧7例;与移植肾同侧8例.采用后腹腔镜根治性肾切除联合经尿道膀胱袖套状切除术,手助处理输尿管下段,标本自腰部小切口取出.观察手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、并发症及手术效果.结果 11例平均手术时间150 min（90～190 min）,术中平均出血量100ml（50～200ml）,术后平均住院时间10 d（9～12 d）,术中术后均未发生严重并发症.随访2～16个月,肿瘤无复发及远处转移.术后移植肾功能良好.结论 腹腔镜辅以手助处理输尿管末段治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤效果良好,具有临床推广价值.     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的对比研究

目的:评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的应用价值.方法:回顾分析67例肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤患者施行手术治疗的临床资料.37例（A组）行腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全长切除术,30例（B组）行开放手术,对比分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复情况、术后下床活动时间、治疗费用、住院总费用、术后住院时间、并发症及术后肾...     

后腹腔镜联合下腹部斜行小切口在上尿路尿路上皮癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨分析后腹腔镜联合下腹部斜行小切口在上尿路尿路上皮癌根治术中的应用.方法 选取2006年1月～2013年11月在本院接受治疗的上尿路尿路上皮癌患者72例,随机将其分为两组,治疗组和对照组各36例,对照组患者行开放性根治术;治疗组患者行后腹腔镜联合下腹部斜行小切口切除术,对两组患者的临床疗效进行比较.结果 所有患者均手术成功;治疗组患者的平均手术时间,术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间及平均住院时间均小于对照组患者(P＜0.05),且治疗组皮下气肿发生率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);对照组其他的相关并发症发生率显著高于治疗组(P＜0.05).结论 后腹腔镜联合下腹部斜行小切口在上尿路尿路上皮癌根治术中疗效好,手术时间短,对患者造成的创伤小,术后恢复较快,术后并发症少,优势明显,可在临床中推广使用.     

腹腔镜及开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌8例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜和开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌患者的可行性和安全性。方法收集我院2004年6月至2009年3月期间收治的8例单侧上尿路肿瘤并浸润性膀胱癌行根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术及尿流改道手术患者的临床资料并进行随访分析。结果本组8例。男7例,女1例,平均年龄56岁。术前经膀胱镜、输尿管镜、B超和CT等检查证实为单侧上尿路肿瘤并浸润性膀胱癌,其中4例左肾盂癌和2例右肾盂癌合并膀胱癌,2例为左输尿管癌合并膀胱癌。2例行腹腔镜肾输尿管膀胱切除术及回肠膀胱术,平均手术时间470min,术中平均出血量275ml,均无输血,术后肠功能恢复时间为2d,下床活动时间为4d。6例患者行开放肾输尿管膀胱全切除术,其中4例行回肠膀胱术,另2例行输尿管造口术,平均手术时间366min,平均出血量767ml,平均输血量485ml,术后肠功能恢复时间为3.3d,下床活动时间平均为6.7d。8例患者术后均未出现并发症。术后病理结果 7例为尿路上皮癌,上尿路肿瘤分期分级为T2～4N0～1M0G2,膀胱癌为T2～3N0M0G3,另1例为左肾盂鳞癌T4N1M0合并膀胱鳞癌T3N0M0。术后平均随访24.6个月,鳞癌患者术后18个月因肿瘤广泛转移死亡,余7例患者无瘤生存至今。结论单侧上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌可行Ⅰ期根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术,腹腔镜下行该手术是可行及安全的,较开放手术创伤小,出血少,恢复快。     

肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌九例的诊治体会

目的总结肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的诊治体会。方法9例患者在肾移植术后11～48个月出现间歇性血尿，通过B型超声波、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、逆行肾盂造影、CT及内窥镜下取材活检等，证实3例为肾盂肿瘤，2例为输尿管肿瘤，4例为膀胱肿瘤。肾盂肿瘤和输尿管肿瘤的5例均采取肾、输尿管全程及膀胱部分切除术；4例膀胱肿瘤患者中，3例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术，1例施行膀胱全切及移植肾切除术。有2例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2次肿瘤切除术。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疗。结果9例患者11次手术均顺利，治疗效果比较满意，在施行肿瘤切除术前后不需调整免疫抑制治疗方案。结论对肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的患者，关键在于早期诊断、积极治疗，应慎重对待肾移植后出现血尿的患者，以免漏诊。     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

目的 探讨6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌的病因、临床诊断及治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌患者的临床资料,对肿瘤的发生原因、临床诊断和治疗结果进行了总结.结果 6例患者肾移植术后均采用环孢素A(CsA)或他克莫司(Tac)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+泼尼松(Pred)的三联免疫抑制方案;并以抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)或达利珠单抗进行免疫诱导.6例患者发生肿瘤的时间在肾移植术后2～48个月,平均为26个月.除1例是在使用B型超声波复查时发现膀胱肿瘤外,其余患者均以间歇性血尿为首发症状,临床症状发生后通过B型超声波、尿找脱落瘤细胞、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影及CT明确诊断,并经内窥镜下取材活检证实.6例患者均为非同时发生的尿路上皮多器官癌,非同时发生肿瘤的间隔期为1.5～15个月.每例患者均因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2～5次肿瘤切除术,其中1例行全膀胱切除术及移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术,1例行全膀胱切除术、移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术及全尿道切除术.术后均通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星和表柔比星等进行化疗.治疗效果满意,但复发率高.结论 肾移植术后并发的尿路上皮多器官癌与免疫抑制剂的使用密切相关;并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌往往进展快,易扩散和转移,因此,应注重患者移植后的筛查,做到早期诊断,积极治疗,慎重对待移植肾切除.     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

Objective To analyze the etiology, clinical diagnosis and outcomes of 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following renal transplantation in our center. Results Six patients were diagnosed as having multifocal urothelial carcinomas, including 1 case of related renal transplantation. Five cases were diagnosed by painless gross hematuria 2～48 months after renal transplantation, and I patient was diagnosed as having bladder tumors by B-uhrasound. All lesions happened un-simultaneously, from 1.5～16 months, and each case accepted operation 2～5 times. One case accepted radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft, and one accepted radical cystectomy, cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft and urethrectomy. All of 6 cases received OKT3 or Daclizumab as the induced-immunosuppressive therapy and tacrolimus or cyclosporine A + mycofenolate mofetil + steroid as the maintenance therapy. Intravesical chemotherapy started in all patients immediately after the surgery. All operations were successful and most patients got satisfactory results. Conclusions Kidney recipients have a higher rate of transitional cell carcinomas which are characterized by easy metastasis, and mostly have unsatisfactory prognosis. Kidney recipients with hematuria should be examined carefully with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and cystourethroscopy. A routine examination at regular intervals after transplantation is very important.     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

Objective To analyze the etiology, clinical diagnosis and outcomes of 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following renal transplantation in our center. Results Six patients were diagnosed as having multifocal urothelial carcinomas, including 1 case of related renal transplantation. Five cases were diagnosed by painless gross hematuria 2～48 months after renal transplantation, and I patient was diagnosed as having bladder tumors by B-uhrasound. All lesions happened un-simultaneously, from 1.5～16 months, and each case accepted operation 2～5 times. One case accepted radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft, and one accepted radical cystectomy, cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft and urethrectomy. All of 6 cases received OKT3 or Daclizumab as the induced-immunosuppressive therapy and tacrolimus or cyclosporine A + mycofenolate mofetil + steroid as the maintenance therapy. Intravesical chemotherapy started in all patients immediately after the surgery. All operations were successful and most patients got satisfactory results. Conclusions Kidney recipients have a higher rate of transitional cell carcinomas which are characterized by easy metastasis, and mostly have unsatisfactory prognosis. Kidney recipients with hematuria should be examined carefully with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and cystourethroscopy. A routine examination at regular intervals after transplantation is very important.     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

Objective To analyze the etiology, clinical diagnosis and outcomes of 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following renal transplantation in our center. Results Six patients were diagnosed as having multifocal urothelial carcinomas, including 1 case of related renal transplantation. Five cases were diagnosed by painless gross hematuria 2～48 months after renal transplantation, and I patient was diagnosed as having bladder tumors by B-uhrasound. All lesions happened un-simultaneously, from 1.5～16 months, and each case accepted operation 2～5 times. One case accepted radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft, and one accepted radical cystectomy, cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft and urethrectomy. All of 6 cases received OKT3 or Daclizumab as the induced-immunosuppressive therapy and tacrolimus or cyclosporine A + mycofenolate mofetil + steroid as the maintenance therapy. Intravesical chemotherapy started in all patients immediately after the surgery. All operations were successful and most patients got satisfactory results. Conclusions Kidney recipients have a higher rate of transitional cell carcinomas which are characterized by easy metastasis, and mostly have unsatisfactory prognosis. Kidney recipients with hematuria should be examined carefully with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and cystourethroscopy. A routine examination at regular intervals after transplantation is very important.     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

Objective To analyze the etiology, clinical diagnosis and outcomes of 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following renal transplantation in our center. Results Six patients were diagnosed as having multifocal urothelial carcinomas, including 1 case of related renal transplantation. Five cases were diagnosed by painless gross hematuria 2～48 months after renal transplantation, and I patient was diagnosed as having bladder tumors by B-uhrasound. All lesions happened un-simultaneously, from 1.5～16 months, and each case accepted operation 2～5 times. One case accepted radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft, and one accepted radical cystectomy, cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft and urethrectomy. All of 6 cases received OKT3 or Daclizumab as the induced-immunosuppressive therapy and tacrolimus or cyclosporine A + mycofenolate mofetil + steroid as the maintenance therapy. Intravesical chemotherapy started in all patients immediately after the surgery. All operations were successful and most patients got satisfactory results. Conclusions Kidney recipients have a higher rate of transitional cell carcinomas which are characterized by easy metastasis, and mostly have unsatisfactory prognosis. Kidney recipients with hematuria should be examined carefully with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and cystourethroscopy. A routine examination at regular intervals after transplantation is very important.     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for native upper tract urothelial carcinoma in renal transplant recipients

Purpose

To analyze the safety and clinical outcome of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNUT) for native upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC) in renal transplant (RT) recipients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 956 RT recipients from January 2003 to December 2010 to evaluate the benefit of LNUT for patients who were diagnosed with de novo UC after renal transplantation.

Results

Women predominated (10/11, 91 %) in the 11 patients with upper tract UC who underwent LNUT. Five patients underwent LNUT ipsilateral to the transplanted kidney, 4 patients underwent contralateral LNUT, and 2 patients underwent bilateral LNUT. Nine were operated with LNUT combining resection of bladder cuff, 2 with right ureteral cancer underwent open ureterectomy with bladder cuff due to severe adhesions attached to the lesion. The mean surgical duration was 184.2 min (105–305), the mean blood loss was 182.3 ml (20–500), and the mean hospitalization time was 6.7 days (5–9). The mean levels of preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine were 0.99 mg/dl (0.78–1.16) and 1.01 mg/dl (0.89–1.18), respectively. No intraoperative complications occurred. One patient died of multiple metastases at 13 months after LNUT. The mean follow-up of the remaining 10 patients after diagnosis was 21.7 months (3–48). Two patients had recurrent bladder cancer and underwent transurethral resection of the tumor. Eight patients showed no evidence of disease during the follow-up.

Conclusions

LNUT is a safe and effective approach with low morbidity in transplant recipients, and this therapy provides less trauma, quicker recovery, and acceptable oncological outcomes.     

肾移植术后自体泌尿系统肿瘤25例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 25例肾移植受者,发生肿瘤的时间平均为移植术后48.2个月(29～72个月),其中23例以间歇性血尿为首发症状,2例为体检时发现.25例中,3例为肾癌,行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术；8例为上尿路的尿路上皮肿瘤,行经腹腹腔镜下肾盂癌根治术,其中3例同时合并浅表膀胱肿瘤；14例为膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤,13例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行全膀胱切除并移植肾输尿管造口.术后将吗替麦考酚酯减量至原剂量的2/3,环孢素A或他克莫司减量至2/3或1/2.4例受者将环孢素A或他克莫司转换为西罗莫司.结果 随访12～84个月.1例肾癌患者因对侧复发,合并双肺及胸壁多发转移,6个月后死亡.2例合并淋巴结转移的肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者分别于术后14和20个月,因多发转移死亡.其余22例患者存活,血清肌酐维持在98～163 μmol/L.结论 肾移植术后出现血尿的患者需注意筛查自体泌尿系统肿瘤.确诊的患者需要手术切除病变,术后调整免疫抑制方案.     

肾移植后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的患者转换西罗莫司治疗的临床观察

目的 观察肾移植后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的患者使用西罗莫司(SRL)联合低剂量钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)免疫抑制方案的有效性和安全性.方法 对15例肾移植后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的患者调整免疫抑制方案,采用SRL替代霉酚酸酯(或硫唑嘌呤).SRL的初始负荷剂量为2 mg,次日剂量为1 mg,之后根据SRL血药浓度调整维持剂量,使血药浓度维持在4～6μg/L;在其血药浓度稳定后将CNI减少至原用量的1/3.全部肿瘤患者均行手术治疗并辅以局部灌注化疗.转换SRL期间观察患者肿瘤的复发情况、移植肾功能及不良反应.结果 对15例患者随访2年中,9例肿瘤无复发;6例复发,其中2例复发2次,4例复发1次.在复发的患者中,4例肿瘤病理分级较转换SRL前降低,2例与转换前相同.所有复发的患者均再次行手术治疗.所有患者在使用SRL期间均未出现急性排斥反应,且其中11例患者肾功能指标较治疗前下降,4例肾功能保持稳定.转换治疗过程中出现高脂血症12例,不明原因发热4例,血小板减少3例,关节疼痛2例,所有不良反应经对症治疗后症状均有所好转.结论 肾移植后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的患者使用SRL联合低剂量CNI的免疫抑制方案是安全和有效的.     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的疗效.方法:对7例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾脏切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口切除输尿管肿瘤或下段输尿管并行膀胱袖套状切除,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本.术后常规卡介苗膀胱灌注.结果:手术时间210～240 min;术中出血量80～200 ml;术后8 d出院,无严重并发症发生.随访0.5～1.5年,1例肿瘤局部复发伴肝脏转移,其余无复发.结论:后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点.     

腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜行肾输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤

目的:总结腹膜后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜行肾输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的临床经验.方法:回顾分析9例肾盂癌、8例输尿管癌患者的临床资料.术中先用电切镜经尿道袖状分离输尿管管口及壁内段,再切除肾、输尿管,并记录相关指标,术后常规用丝裂霉素或吡柔比星灌注膀胱.结果:16例手术顺利完成,1例因右肾切除时损伤下...     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的对比研究

目的　评价联合尿道电切镜、腹膜后镜行肾输尿管切除术的临床效果。　方法　肾盂输尿管癌患者 4 4例 ,采用联合尿道电切镜、腹腔后镜行肾输尿管切除术 15例 (A组 ) ,开放性肾输尿管切除术 2 9例 (B组 )。对两组的临床疗效、术后恢复、费用及并发症等进行对比研究。　结果　A组术中出血量 (75 .1± 2 9.5 )ml、术后 (2 4 .1± 12 .6 )h肠功能恢复、(2 4 .3± 10 .5 )h下床活动、应用止痛药(3.0± 0 .8)d、静脉应用抗生素 (7.2± 3.1)d、术后住院 (6 .3± 1.2 )d、(2 8.0± 7.8)d恢复正常工作 ,明显优于B组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。B组手术时间、手术治疗费用、住院总费用优于A组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P均 <0 .0 1)。A组并发症明显少于B组。两组随访 14～ 36个月 ,均未见肿瘤复发。　结论　联合尿道电切镜、腹膜后镜肾输尿管切除术与开放手术相比 ,疗效相当 ,创伤小、痛苦少、术后恢复快、并发症少 ,费用较高。     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果.方法 上尿路上皮癌患者82例(肾盂癌69例,输尿管癌13例).男39例,女43例.平均年龄65(37～82)岁.电切镜经尿道膀胱袖状分离输尿管管口及壁内段,后腹腔镜下切除肾、输尿管.观察手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院日及术后并发症等.随访肿瘤转移与复发情况.结果 82例手术顺利.手术平均时间135(95～210)min.术中平均失血110(60～260)ml.术后引流管平均留置3(2～4)d.尿管平均留置6(5～7)d.术后平均住院7(6～9)d.74例患者获随访平均31(6～76)个月.高级别浸润性癌随访16例,复发转移3例;高级别与低级别非浸润性癌分别随访29例,膀胱内复发5例(高级别3例,低级别2例);切口部位肿瘤转移复发1例.3年随访肿瘤复发率为10.6%(5/47).结果 后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,输尿管口周围组织及输尿管壁内段切除确切,创伤小、康复快,手术安全易行,疗效可靠.     

腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术(附1例报告)

目的 :探讨腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的临床应用。方法 :为 1例 74岁的肾癌患者行手辅式腹腔镜根治性肾切除术。结果 :手术顺利完成 ,无并发症 ,术后 5d出院 ,恢复良好。结论 :腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术具有患者创伤小 ,出血少 ,康复快 ,并发症少等优点 ,并有美观的效果