肝脏局灶性结节性增生12例的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2006年12月收治的12例肝脏局灶性结节性增生的临床资料.结果 3例患者有上腹不适症状(25%),ALT升高5例(41.67%),AST升高3例(25%),AFP升高2例(16.67%),1例患者HBsAg为阳性(8.33%).B超、CT和MRI对该病的确诊率分别为0、20%和25%,经统计学分析,CT和MRI对FNH的确诊率无显著性差异.11例经手术切除获得诊断,1例经肝穿刺活检证实为FNT.12例均康复出院并获随访,平均随访时间为28个月,无1例复发.结论 FNH的术前诊断率低,确诊主要依赖于术前或术中病理学检查.FNH大多预后良好,但对于术前诊断不明,特别是合并有肝炎或肝硬化病史的患者仍应手术治疗.     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生39 例诊疗分析

目的 研究肝脏局灶性结节性增生(FNH)的临床表现、诊断和治疗.方法 对1995耀2005 年收治的39 例FNH 患者进行回顾性分析.结果 本组患者男性17 例,女性22 例,年龄21耀47 岁.主要病史为:慢性腹部隐痛或胀痛14 例,发现腹部包块4 例,无症状而影像学检查发现肝区占位性病变18 例.治疗方法为:手术切除33 例,腹腔镜下活检1 例,2 例细针穿刺病理证实后行微波消融,3 例活检后未予以治疗.本组患者随访未见肿物复发.结论 本病病程良性经过,预后良好.诊断明确,症状无或者轻微,可以定期随访.手术治疗主要适用于肿物巨大,压迫症状明显,不能排除原发性肝癌或者肝腺瘤的患者.     

12例肝脏局灶陛结节增生的治疗体会

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)的诊断和治疗方法.方法 总结回顾我院2006年3月至2009年5月间收治的12例FNH患者临床资料,进行统计分析.结果 12例患者均行B超定位下穿刺活检明确,3例FNH患者肿瘤大于5 cm,且有肝区疼痛,故行手术治疗;另外9例给予临床随访.所有患者随访1年以上,手术患者未见复发,未手术者结节无明显增大.结论 常规的实验室和影像学检查对FNH的诊断率不高,肝穿刺活检可明确病变性质,有助于肿瘤治疗措施和手术方式的选择.     

12例肝脏局灶陛结节增生的治疗体会

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)的诊断和治疗方法.方法 总结回顾我院2006年3月至2009年5月间收治的12例FNH患者临床资料,进行统计分析.结果 12例患者均行B超定位下穿刺活检明确,3例FNH患者肿瘤大于5 cm,且有肝区疼痛,故行手术治疗;另外9例给予临床随访.所有患者随访1年以上,手术患者未见复发,未手术者结节无明显增大.结论 常规的实验室和影像学检查对FNH的诊断率不高,肝穿刺活检可明确病变性质,有助于肿瘤治疗措施和手术方式的选择.     

Clinical Treatment and Diagnosis Experience of Liver Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

目的 总结肝脏局灶性结节性增生(FNH)的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾分析2006年1月-2011年8月武汉大学中南医院收治的12例FNH患者的临床表现、病理学特征、影像特点及治疗方式,并随访疗效.结果 男性患者2例,女性10例,平均年龄33岁.2例有临床症状,术前确诊7例(58.3％),其中通过CT/MR确诊4例,肝穿刺活检确诊3例,误诊为肝癌1例(8.3％).10例患者接受手术治疗,最长随访5年无复发.2例患者保守治疗,随访2年肿块无增大.结论 CT/MR对FNH有较高的诊断价值,肝穿刺活检有助于进一步明确诊断,对有临床症状或诊断不明的患者应选择手术治疗.     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生（focal nodular hyperplasia，FNH）的临床诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性分析19例经病理组织学检查确诊的FNH的临床病理、影像学检查、外科治疗及随访资料。结果：19例FNH，影像学检查诊断率较低，其中彩超确诊率42．1％（8／19），CT 57．9％（11／19），MRI75.0％（12／16），手术切除病灶效果好，随访1年未发现复发病例。结论：目前CT和MRI是FNH诊断的重要手段，对影像检查疑为FNH又暂不同意手术探查病人可考虑定位穿刺活组织检查，但对穿刺未能定性成功及不能排除恶性肿瘤者应手术治疗。     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肝局灶性结节性增生(focalnodularhyperplasia,FNH)的临床诊断与治疗。方法总结分析病理证实的42例FNH的临床病理、影像学、实验室检查及随访资料。结果42例病理确诊的FNH手术前检查包括AFP、肝功能等实验室检查。术前影像学的诊断准确性较低,对病灶的性质不能肯定的占50%以上。手术疗效确切,术后随访1年以上1例复发。结论肝脏局灶性结节性增生的诊断,依赖于临床与实验室和影像学检查,对诊断不明或不能排除肝癌者应手术治疗。     

儿童肝脏局灶性结节性增生的诊治分析

目的探讨儿童肝脏局灶性结节性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia, FNH)的临床特点、影像学特征和诊治原则。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2018年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的24例儿童肝脏FNH的临床资料。结果 24例病人中男性11例,女性13例,年龄(10.0±2.4)岁。肿瘤位于肝右叶者17例,肝左叶7例。16例(66.7%)通过影像学检查明确诊断。行手术切除21例,行介入栓塞3例,术后均恢复良好,未见复发情况。结论儿童肝脏FNH是一种相对罕见的肝脏肿瘤,在影像学上有一定的特征表现,确诊依赖于病理学诊断。儿童肝脏FNH主要以观察为主,诊断不明确应行手术切除,预后良好。     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生60例临床分析

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生的诊断和治疗,提高对肝脏局灶性结节性增生(focalnodularhyperplasiaoftheliver,FNH)的认识。方法回顾性分析60例FNH的临床表现、影像学表现、病理学检查及外科治疗。结果我院1993—2003年共收治经病理证实的FNH60例,共72个病灶。男性41例,女性19例,平均年龄37岁。单发者55例,多发者5例。肿瘤直径小于5cm50例,5~10cm9例,大于10cm1例。术前确诊率55·0%(33/60),其中彩超确诊率33·3%(19/57),CT58·3%(28/48),MRI72·0%(18/25)。60例均获手术切除,术后恢复良好,无复发。结论CT和MRI是FNH的重要诊断方法,但部分典型FNH及所有的非典型FNH术前很难做出明确诊断。对有临床症状或诊断不明确的病例应行手术切除。     

肝局灶性结节增生的临床诊治体会

目的总结肝脏局灶性结节性增生(FNH)的诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾分析2006年1月～2011年8月武汉大学中南医院收治的12例FNH患者的临床表现、病理学特征、影像特点及治疗方式,并随访疗效。结果男性患者2例,女性10例,平均年龄33岁。2例有临床症状,术前确诊7例(58.3%),其中通过CT/MR确诊4例,肝穿刺活检确诊3例,误诊为肝癌1例(8.3%)。10例患者接受手术治疗,最长随访5年无复发。2例患者保守治疗,随访2年肿块无增大。结论CT/MR对FNH有较高的诊断价值,肝穿刺活检有助于进一步明确诊断,对有临床症状或诊断不明的患者应选择手术治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.