咪唑立宾在临床肾移植中的应用

目的 观察咪唑立宾(MZR)预防肾移植后排斥反应的效果及不良反应.方法 100例肾移植患者后采用由MZR与环孢素A(CsA)、泼尼松(Pred)组成的三联方案预防排斥反应(MZR组),以100例采用CsA.霉酚酸酯(MMF)与Pred组合者为对照(MMF组),随访12个月,观察急性排斥反应发生率,人、肾存活率以及与药物有关的不良反应.结果 术后12个月内,MZR组及MMF组急性排斥反应发生率分别为11%和9%,差异无统计学意义.MZR组人、肾存活率均为100%,MMF组均为99%.MZR组腹泻、严重肺部感染的发生率分别为4%和1%,明显低于MMF组的12%和6%,而血尿酸升高者(25%)明显多于MMF组(6%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 含咪唑立宾的免疫抑制方案用于预防肾移植后的排斥反应安全、有效,不良反应较少.     

不同剂量咪唑立宾在临床肾移植中的应用研究

目的 探讨不同剂量咪唑立宾(MZR)在临床肾移植中的应用效果及其安全性.方法 将206例首次接受肾移植的受者按手术时间排序,以奇偶数将受者列入吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)组,MZRⅠ组和MZRⅡ组.MMF组受者术后采用MMF+环孢素A(CsA)+泼尼松(Pred)的免疫抑制方案,MZRⅠ组和MZRⅡ组采用MZR+CsA+Pred的免疫抑制方案;MMF组MMF的用量为1.0g/d,MZRⅠ组和MZRⅡ组MZR的用量分别为100和200mg/d,3组间CsA和Pred的用法相同.排除失随访受者,MMF组、MZRⅠ组和MZRⅡ组分别有100、60和30例受者获得完整随访,研究终点为肾移植术后5年.比较各组受者人、肾存活率和排斥反应发生率,以及与药物相关不良反应的发生情况等.结果 MZR Ⅰ组、MZRⅡ组和MMF组受者术后总体存活率分别为88.3%(53/60)、90%(27/30)和88%(88/100),移植肾总体存活率分别为85%(51/60)、86.7%(26/30)和86%(86/100),急性排斥反应发生率分别为10%(6/60)、6.7%(2/30)和9%(9/100),3组间人、肾存活率以及急性排斥反应发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);严重肺部感染发生率分别为3.3%(2/60)、10%(3/30)和15%(15/100),MZRⅠ组显著低于MMF组(P<0.05),而MZRⅡ组与其他两组的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).MZR Ⅰ组和MZRⅡ组发生严重感染者均经治疗后痊愈,而MMF组死亡11例,死亡率为73.3%(11/15).MZRⅠ组和MZRⅡ组腹泻发生率均显著低于MMF 组(P<0.05),而高尿酸血症发生率均显著高于MMF组(P<0.05).结论 咪唑立宾对预防肾移植后排斥反应是安全、有效的,受者耐受性好,对于免疫功能低下易发生感染的高危人群,以及使用MMF致顽同性腹泻者,可将含咪唑立宾的免疫抑制方案作为首选.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of different doses of mizoribine to prevent rejection after renal transplantation. Methods Sorted by time of operation and odevity, 206 primary kidney transplant recipients were divided into 3 groups, including MMF group, MZR Ⅰ group and MZR Ⅱ group. All recipients in 3 groups were administrated CsA and Pred, combined with mycophenolate mofitile (MMF) in MMF group and mizoribine (MMF) in MZR Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups.The dosage of MMF was 1. 0 g/day, while dosage of MZR in MZR Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups was 100 and 200 mg/day, respectively. There was no difference in usage of cyclosporine (CsA) and prednisone (Pred) among 3 groups. 100, 60 and 30 recipients were followed up in MMF, MZR Ⅰ and MZR Ⅱ groups respectively in 5 years. During the follow-up period of 5 years, the incidence of acute rejection, patient/graft survival and adverse effects associated with drugs in three groups were observed. Results The patient/graft survival was 88. 3 % (53/60), 85 % (51/60) in MZR Ⅰ group, 90 % (27/30),86.7 % (26/30) in MZR Ⅱ group, and 88% (88/100), 86% (86/100) in MMF group, respectively (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in incidence of acute rejection among MZR Ⅰ (10 %, 6/60), MZR Ⅱ (6. 7 %, 2/30) and MMF groups (9 %, 9/100). The incidence of severe pulmonary infection in MZR Ⅰ group was 3. 3 % (2/60), and 10 % (3/30) in MZR Ⅱ , and the former was lower than MMF group (15 %, 15/100) significantly. There was significant difference in mortality of severe pulmonary infection between MZR Ⅰ group (0, 0/2) and MMT group (73. 3 %, 11/15). The rate of ACR in MZR Ⅱ group (10 %, 3/30) was lower significantly than MMF group (30 %, 30/100) and MZR Ⅰ group (31.7 %, 19/60). There was significant difference in the incidence of hyperuricacidemia between two MZR groups (30 %, 56. 7 %) and MMF group (10 %)(P<0. 05), while the incidence of diarrhea and myelosuppression was lower significantly in MZR Ⅰ group than in MMF group. Conclusion MZR can prevent acute rejection after kidney transplantation effectively and safely. Immunosuppressive therapy including mizoribine is the best choice especially for high risk group because of susceptibility to infection and those who suffer from tenacious diarrhea owing to the side effect.     

肾移植前对致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析

目的 总结和探讨肾移植前致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析.方法 选择2008年至2011年接受肾移植的致敏受者43例,根据术前群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平分为轻度致敏组和高度致敏组,术前经血浆置换、输注静脉用免疫球蛋白(IVIG)的干预治疗,经过HLA配型,联合应用抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)诱导治疗,应用他克莫司(Tac)、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)和泼尼松的免疫抑制方案,术后定期检测PRA水平.所有受者随访12～36个月,观察受者/移植肾存活率,急性排斥反应的发生率,移植肾功能和PRA水平的变化,以及进行移植肾穿刺活检.结果 经干预治疗后,轻度致敏组中14例PRA完全转阴,高度致敏组中5例PRA完全转阴,其余受者PRA水平均较干预治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05).术后两组受者均出现PRA水平的爬升.轻度致敏组和高度致敏组的人存活率分别为95.6％和90％,移植肾存活率分别为82.6％和70％.轻度致敏组有3例活检证实发生急性细胞性排斥反应,高度致敏组有5例活检证实发生急性排斥反应,急性细胞性排斥反应均经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3～5 d后逆转.两组共10例受者出现血肌酐缓慢爬升,经移植肾穿刺活检发现慢性移植肾肾病的表现.结论 血浆置换和输注IVIG的干预治疗,良好的HLA配型,ATG诱导治疗,以及应用Tac+ MMF+泼尼松的免疫抑制方案是致敏受者肾移植成功的前提.     

雷公藤多苷对移植肾长期存活率的影响

目的:探讨雷公藤多苷(TW)作为免疫抑制剂对肾移植患者长期存活率的疗效及副作用.方法:104例患者在肾移植术后采用TW 泼尼松(Pred) 环孢霉素(GsA) 硫唑嘌呤(AZa)免疫抑制剂治疗,48例患者在肾移植术后采用Pred GsA 骁悉(MMF)免疫抑制剂治疗,就以下方面对两组患者进行观察比较:(1)术后5年内发生排斥反应及临界改变情况;(2)外周血白细胞下降、肝功能异常的发生率;(3)严重感染情况;(4)出现尿蛋白情况;(5)术后5年内肾功能变化情况及移植肾5年存活率.结果:5年内AZa TW组急性排斥反应及临界改变的发生率较MMF组低,分别为11.5%、16.7%和4.8%、6.3%(P＞0.05);GPT高于正常的发生率分别为7.7%、16.6%(P＞0.05);外周血白细胞低于正常的发生率分别为0.96%、18.8%(P＜0.01);严重感染的发生率分别为1.9%、18.8%(P＜0.05),5年内出现蛋白尿的患者例数分别为17.3%、29.2%(P＞0.05),两组移植肾5年存活率相似,分别为89.6%、85.4%(P＞0.05).结论:在肾移植术后应用CsA Pred AZa TW免疫抑制方案是可行的,既可以使肾移植术后急性排斥反应减少,同时还能减少蛋白尿及慢性排斥反应的发生率下降,为国内提高移植肾长期存活率提供了一条新的途径.     

肾移植中应用IL-2受体拮抗剂与抗胸腺细胞球蛋白行免疫诱导的长期疗效比较

目的 比较肾移植中应用白细胞介素2受体拮抗剂(IL2Ra)与抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(rATG)行免疫诱导的长期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年至2010年间的371例肾移植受者,其中使用IL2Ra诱导治疗者261例(IL2Ra组),使用rATG诱导治疗者110例(rATG组).所有受者术后采用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素的三联免疫抑制方案,并使用更昔洛韦预防巨细胞病毒感染,使用复方磺胺甲(恶)唑预防卡氏肺孢子虫感染.术后对所有受者随访了1～5年,观察和比较移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)、1年内急性排斥反应和感染的发生率,以及受者和移植肾长期存活率等.结果 两组间受者性别、年龄、原发病等资料的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但与IL2Ra组比较,rATG组受者接受的供肾更多来源于尸体供肾(P＜0.01),且供肾冷缺血时间较长(P＜0.01).IL2Ra组和rATG组术后DGF发生率分别为3.1％和1.8％(P＞0.05),术后1年内急性排斥反应发生率分别为10.7％和2.7％ (P＜0.05),感染发生率分别为14.9％和21.8％ (P＞0.05).术后1、2和3年,IL2Ra组受者存活率分别为98.9％、98.9％和98.5％,rATG组均为98.2％ (P＞0.05);IL2Ra组移植肾存活率分别为98.5％、98.1％和97.7％,rATG组均为97.3％(P＞0.05).结论 在临床肾移植中,经rATG诱导治疗较IL2Ra有更低的急性排斥反应发生率,并且不增加发生感染的风险.     

肺移植100例临床分析

目的 探讨肺移植术后免疫抑制方案的安全性及有效性、术后并发症、死亡原因及其危险因素等.方法 回顾性分析100例肺移植受者的临床资料.100例受者中,单肺移植72例,双肺移植28例,61例在体外循环支持下完成,其中常规体外循环(CPB)5例,体外膜肺氧合(ECMO) 56例.2007年之前53例受者使用环孢素A(CsA)+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+皮质激素的三联免疫抑制方案预防排斥反应(CsA组),随后47例采用他克莫司(Tac)+ MMF+皮质激素的三联免疫抑制方案(Tac组),所有受者均使用了达利珠单抗或巴利昔单抗进行免疫诱导治疗.结果 受者术后1、2、3、5年累积存活率分别为73.3％、61.6％、53.5％和40.7％,CsA组受者存活时间为(36.57±3.44)个月,Tac组受者存活时间为(35.00±2.33)个月,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后主要死亡原因包括原发性移植物功能丧失(PGD)、急性排斥反应(AR)、闭塞性细支气管炎(BOS)、感染等.CsA组AR和BOS的发生率明显高于Tac组(P＜0.05),但Tac组术后新发糖尿病的发生率显著高于CsA组(P＜0.05).等级相关分析显示,AR与BOS的发生呈正相关(相关系数=0.340,P＜0.01).单因素和多因素COX比例风险回归模型分析结果均显示,使用循环支持,原发病为特发性肺间质纤维化,术后出现AR、BOS和感染等因素会降低受者的存活时间(P＜0.05).结论 肺移植术后以CsA或Tac为主的免疫抑制方案均是有效的免疫抑制措施.术后加强随访、及时处理出现的并发症是延长受者存活时间和改善受者生存质量的关键.     

不同剂型吗替麦考酚酯用于同种肾移植的有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较国产吗替麦考酚酯分散片(国产MMF)与吗替麦考酚酯胶囊(进口MMF)预防移植肾急性排斥反应的有效性和安全性.方法 进行国产及进口MMF联合应用环孢素(CsA)和皮质激素预防肾移植急性排斥反应的多中心、开放性的比较研究.首次肾移植受者90例,年龄18～65岁.原发病均为慢性肾炎、慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期),术前接受血液透析1～48个月.根据术后所服药物分为国产MMF组60例,进口MMF组30例.各中心均使用CsA加MMF加泼尼松的用药方案.MMF参考剂量为体质量＜50 kg受者1.0 g/d,50～70 kg受者1.5 g/d,＞70 kg受者1.5～2.0 g/d,分2次口服.要求CsA谷浓度具有可比性,前2个月CsA谷浓度为200～250 ng/ml,以后维持在100～200 ng/ml.术后密切观察肾功能、肝功能、血尿常规、药物不良反应、感染发生率和人/肾存活率,根据移植肾活检或临床表现诊断急性排斥反应.术后7、14 d,1、2、3个月为观察点,观察终点为3个月.结果 急性排斥反应发生率按全分析集(FAS)人群分析,国产MMF组和进口MMF组分别为5.0%(3/60)和3.3%(1/30),P=0.6613.观察终点3个月时2组SCr分别为(93.7±24.5)和(93.1±20.6)μmol/L,P=0.9131.患者存活率按FAS人群计算,2组分别为98.3%(59例)和100.0%(30例),P=0.5506.国产MMF组中1例患者于术后15 d因CsA肾毒性反应而停用所有口服免疫抑制药物,退出试验.该例于术后26 d因心肌梗死带功能肾死亡.不良反应发生率国产MMF组为41.7%(25/60),进口MMF组为36.7%(11/30),P=0.6481.结论 联合应用CsA和激素时,国产MMF分散片用于首次同种肾移植的治疗效果和不良反应与进口MMF胶囊相比无明显差别.     

肾移植后胰岛素抵抗的危险因素以及与代谢综合征关系的临床研究

目的 探讨肾移植术后发生胰岛素抵抗(IR)的危险因素以及与代谢综合征的关系.方法 对133例肾移植受者进行前瞻性观察,患者移植前无糖尿病病史,入组时未发生急性排斥反应和免疫抑制剂肾毒性,无蛋白尿,肝、肾功能正常,无严重感染.术后采用环孢素A(CsA)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)和泼尼松(Pred)预防排斥反应者108例(CsA组),采用他克莫司(Tac)、MMF和Pred预防排斥反应者19例(Tac组),采用西罗莫司者6例.1年后进行血、尿生化及体格检查,并计算体重指数(BMI)和稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).随机抽取普通社区人群200名作为对照.结果 肾移植受者的代谢综合征发生率为33.1%(44/133),显著高于普通社区人群的15%(30/200),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肾移植受者中超重/肥胖者(BMl≥24 kg/m2)39例,其HOMA-IR和代谢综合征发生率明显高于BMI正常者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Tac组的空腹血糖为(6.19±1.61)nmml/L,HOMA-IR为0.95±0.53,均高于CsA组的(5.50±1.17)mmol/L和0.68±0.56,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),且HOMA-IR与血Tac浓度存在正相关(r=0.521,P＜0.05).合并代谢综合征的肾移植受者的HOMA-IR为1.01±0.56,显著高于无代谢综合征者的0.58±0.53(P＜0.01);高甘油三酯血症、高胆固醇血症以及高血压者的HOMA-IR水平明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 超重/肥胖以及使用Tac(尤其是血Tac浓度较高时)是引起肾移植受者IR的危险因素,而IR与肾移植后的代谢综合征关系密切.     

儿童肾移植后应用他克莫司为主的免疫抑制方案的临床观察

目的 总结儿童肾移植受者术后应用以他克莫司(Tac)为主的免疫抑制方案的体会.方法 35例受者,年龄为(12.4±1.5)岁(10～18岁),均接受成人尸体供肾,其中33例为首次肾移植,2例为再次肾移植.所有受者肾移植后均采用Tac、霉酚酸酯(MMF)和糖皮质激素预防排斥反应.术后3个月内、3～6个月、6～12个月时Tac的用量分别为0.15～0.32 mg·kg-1·d-1、0.12～0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1、0.07～0.11 mg·kg-1·d-1,Tac浓度谷值分别为(10.5±1.4)μg/L、(8.5±0.8)μg/L、(7.2±0.5)μg/L.35例中,18例术前进行免疫诱导治疗.结果 术后移植肾1、3、5年存活率分别为100%、97.1%、93.9%,受者1、3、5年存活率分别为100%、94.1%、90.9%.术后第1年受者的体重增加了(6.6±2.2)kg,身高增加了(3.7±1.1)cm.术后共有7例(20.0%,7/35)发生急性排斥反应.治疗后均逆转.其他并发症包括高血压11例(31.4%),高血脂5例(14.3%).药物性肝损伤4例(11.4%),肺部感染4例(11.4%),骨髓抑制2例(5.7%),糖尿病2例(5.7%),单纯性疱疹1例(2.8%),受者均无牙龈增生及多毛症.结论 儿童肾移植受者采用Tac、MMF和糖皮质激素预防排斥反应有效,应注意Tac和激素的用量和用法.术前行免疫诱导治疗对降低急性排斥反应的发生有益.     

乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白预防肾移植后新发乙型肝炎

目的 探讨肾移植受者应用小剂量乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIG)预防术后新发乙型肝炎的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析单中心2007年1月至2010年6月间肾移植受者的资料,将术前无乙型肝炎的138例受者作为试验组,术前肌肉注射小剂量HBIG,术后定期监测乙型肝炎表面抗体(HBsAb)滴度,根据其滴度调整术后应用HBIG的剂量,持续应用1年或1年以上.将2004年1月至2006年12月间术前无乙型肝炎的196例肾移植受者作为对照组,不采用乙型肝炎预防措施.观察两组移植后新发乙型肝炎的发病率,并记录急性排斥反应发生情况、受者和移植肾1年存活率.结果 随访12个月,试验组仅1例(0.7％)于术后6个月出现新发乙型肝炎,对照组11例(5.6％)出现新发乙型肝炎,其中2例因爆发性肝功能衰竭而死亡.两组新发乙型肝炎发病率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后6个月内,试验组有19例(13.8％)发生急性排斥反应,对照组有34例(17.3％)发生急性排斥反应,两组急性排斥反应发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).试验组受者1年存活率为97.8％(135/138),移植肾1年存活率为(96.4％,133/138);对照组受者1年存活率为(91.8％,180/196),移植肾1年存活率为(90.3％,177/196).两组受者和移植肾1年存活率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05.P＜0.05).结论 小剂量HBIG用于肾移植后预防新发乙型肝炎是安全、有效的.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.