心脏死亡供者供肾移植14例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡供者供肾的获取以及应用于临床肾移植的经验.方法 共7例心脏死亡供者捐献了供肾,进行了14例肾移植.7例供者年龄30～53岁,原发病为脑出血3例,颅脑外伤2例,脑基底动脉闭塞1例,颅脑肿瘤卒中1例;威斯康辛大学评分为19～23分,均为高危组.7例供者的所有近亲家属签署器官捐献知情同意的相关文件.临床评估供肾良好,供者心脏停跳2～5min后确定为心脏死亡,并采用腹腔多器官联合快速切取技术获取双侧肾脏.14例受者与供者HLA抗原错配数为2～4个,受者淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验≤0.05,群体反应性抗体＜10％.7例供者中有6例的热缺血时间为5～10 min,1例为45 min;冷缺血时间为4.5～12.5 h.结果 利用心脏死亡供者供肾的14例肾移植手术均顺利完成.14例受者中,术后发生原发性移植肾无功能(PNF)1例,移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)3例,急性排斥反应2例;其中1例因PNF在术后第1天切除了移植肾,并恢复规律血液透析,1例因DGF仍在恢复中(尚处于术后3个月),血清肌酐149μmol/L,该2例受者均接受了热缺血时间为45 min的供肾;其余12例受者痊愈出院,移植肾功能均良好.结论 遵照《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》开展心脏死亡器官捐献工作,维护好潜在供者的各项重要生命指标,可以保证供肾质量;心脏死亡供者供肾可作为肾移植的重要器官来源,并且移植效果良好.     

医院内心脏死亡器官捐献的探索及亲属尸体供肾移植首例报告

目的 探索心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)和该类器官临床移植的效果.方法 捐献者因严重脑外伤致植物状态,复醒治疗2年余无效,在心跳及自主呼吸完全停止,且抢救无效,宣告死亡,按照当时地方有关条例书面完成器官及遗体捐献知情同意及相关法律程序,在纯氧辅助呼吸及持续体外心脏按压支持情况下,采取原位灌洗,整块切取双肾.供肾经组织学评估后分别移植给2例慢性肾功能衰竭患者,其中1例(受者一)为捐献者亲生父亲.术后采用环孢素A+吗替麦考酚酯+甲泼尼龙预防排斥反应.结果 供肾热缺血时间为40 min,冷缺血时间为8h.术后2例均出现移植肾功能恢复延迟,分别于术后6周和4周恢复正常功能.术后第42个月,2例均出现慢性移植肾肾病改变.受者一现存活77个月,生活质量尚满意;受者二于术后第56个月死于肺部真菌感染.结论 供肾热缺血时间的长短是DCD供器官能否利用的决定性因素,捐献者心脏死亡后的良好维持及器官获取团队的疾速反应是缩短热缺血时间的保证,而伦理学评估和相关法律程序的准备是前提.     

心脏死亡供者供肺移植三例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡供者供肺获取以及应用于临床肺移植的经验.方法 共进行3例心脏死亡供者供肺获取及肺移植.3例供者平素健康,因发生严重颅脑外伤或脑肿瘤,经严格医学检查后均被明确判定为脑死亡,并被确定为潜在心脏死亡供者.供者的近亲亲属均知情同意心脏死亡器官捐献,临床评估供肺良好,供者在停止呼吸机,心脏停跳5 min后,确定为心脏死亡,并在全身麻醉下切取供肺.3例受者术前淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验均为阴性,供、受者ABO血型相同,身高相近,体重相差均在20％以内,胸腔大小匹配.结果 利用3例心脏死亡供者供肺成功进行了2例双肺移植和1例单肺移植,3例供肺的热缺血时间分别为23、27和32 min.3例受者手术顺利,在ICU的监护时间分别为31、18和26 d,术后肺功能得到极大改善,例1和例2分别于术后30和19d发生急性排斥反应,经皮质激素冲击治疗后好转,3例受者均未发生感染等并发症,随访期间生活质量良好.结论 在现有条件下,严格按《中国心脏死亡器官捐献工作指南》开展心脏死亡器官捐献应用于临床肺移植的工作,正确维护好潜在心脏死亡供者,在全面评估供肺质量的前提下,心脏死亡供肺可作为肺移植的主要供肺之一.     

心脏死亡器官捐献移植单中心经验总结

目的通过分析本院实施的心脏死亡器官捐献（DCD）移植病例,探讨国内DCD器官移植的可行性和注意事项。方法回顾2011年1月至2012年9月本院移植透析中心所涉及DCD捐献者的临床资料,并进行经验总结。结果4例DCD者共实施了7例肾移植和4例肝移植,所有捐献者属于国际标准MaastrichtⅢ类,热缺血时间为10～18分钟。7例肾移植受者中,1例采用双肾带膀胱袢移植。所有受者手术顺利,移植物功能恢复良好,无并发症发生,无移植患者死亡。结论严格掌握潜在捐献者的筛选标准,实施可控的DCD程序,可以扩大供者来源,减少移植手术后并发症的发生。     

心脏死亡供肾肾移植9例临床分析

目的 探讨心脏死亡无偿器官捐献肾脏移植治疗的经验及效果.方法 分析我院于2007年9月至2012年1月完成的9例心脏死亡无偿器官捐献肾移植的临床资料.根据＂脑死亡判定标准（成人）＂和＂脑死亡判定技术规范＂确诊为供体脑死亡,待心脏停止跳动后,按常规方法整块切取器官.其中7例接受4例院内脑死亡后心脏死亡（DCD）患者的无偿供肾,2例患者接受1例院外脑死亡后心脏死亡患者的无偿供肾.结果 所有患者手术顺利.4例受者术后第5天肾功能恢复正常.1例受者术后出现急性排斥反应,给予抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白（ATG）冲击治疗并辅以血液透析.4例术后肾功能延迟恢复.所有受者随访3个月~5年.2例术后死于重症感染及进行性多灶性白质脑病,死亡时肌酐431.6μmol/L和105.3 μmol/L.结论 心脏死亡器官捐献是扩大器官来源的有效途径,近期移植效果可靠可以用于临床.     

符合中国三类标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠四例经验总结

目的 总结符合“中国心脏死亡器官捐献分类标准”中国三类(C-Ⅲ)标准的器官捐赠及移植的经验.方法 2011-2012年间,符合C-Ⅲ标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)者4例,在手术室进行可控性心跳及呼吸终止后,进行了器官捐赠.获取器官的热缺血时间为7～15 min.结果 除1例捐赠的肝脏进行快速病理学检查外,其他器官均质地良好.捐赠器官用于肝移植3例,肾移植8例,手术顺利,仅1例受者出现移植肾功能恢复延迟,受者均未发生排斥反应和外科并发症.出院后,移植物功能良好.结论 使用符合C-Ⅲ标准的捐赠器官可获得满意的移植效果.     

29例脑死亡器官移植供体的维护体会

【摘要】 目的 探讨脑死亡器官移植供体在ICU的维护要点。方法〓回顾性分析我科2012年1月~2013年12月间完成的29例脑死亡供体器官捐献资料,分析脑死亡供体器官获取前情况,移植肾、移植肝受者情况及急性肾损伤(AKI)供肾的移植效果,总结脑死亡患者作为潜在供体的维护要点。结果〓维护脑死亡供体29例,共捐献肾脏40个、肝脏27个、心脏4个、角膜21对。6例(15%)移植肾受者发生移植物功能延迟恢复,1例(2.5%)发生急性排斥反应、1例(2.5%)发生髂内动脉假性动脉瘤出血切除移植肾,1例(2.5%)发生重症肺炎术后死亡;AKI供肾与非AKI供肾的受者在术后7天、2月肌酐恢复情况及不良事件发生率比较无明显差异;1例(4%)移植肝受者发生多脏器功能衰竭术后死亡。余受者随访至今均恢复顺利,器官功能良好。结论〓经过ICU内积极管理后的潜在器官移植供体能够获得较高质量的移植器官,有较好的移植效果。     

心脏死亡器官捐献供肾移植单中心60例经验总结

目的 探讨单中心DCD供肾移植的临床效果,总结DCD供肾移植的经验.方法 回顾性分析2011年12月至2013年4月间60例DCD和112例DCD供肾移植的临床资料.结果 依据《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》,实施DCD 60例,共捐献肾脏118个,实施肾移植112例.14例受者术后发生移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),发生率12.5％,其中未使用LifePort机械灌注冷保存DGF发生率23.1％ (6/26),使用LifePort移植肾DGF发生率9.3％(8/86).14例DGF受者4例切除移植肾,10例肾功能术后16～52 d恢复正常.急性排斥反应发生率6.3％(7/112),其中1例术后第12天移植肾破裂切除肾脏,其余经治疗后逆转.1例受者术后第15天因急性心肌梗死亡,1例术后第7天发生急性心功能衰竭死亡.移植肾存活的105例受者,随访1～15个月,移植肾功能正常.结论 在我国实施DCD切实可行,是符合伦理和我国国情的器官来源根本途径.DCD供肾移植临床效果良好,Lifeport具有清除肾脏残余微血栓、疏通肾脏微血管、评估肾脏功能及预防DGF的良好作用.     

10例心脏死亡器官捐献移植总结

目的通过分析我院实施的心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)移植病例,探讨国内DCD器官和移植方面的问题。方法对我院2010～2011年期间参与实施的DCD器官移植的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果本组有4例DCD者共实施了7例肾移植和3例肝移植。捐献者1属于中国DCD器官分类标准(中国标准)二类(MaastrichtⅣ类),热缺血时间40 min,经快速病理检查后放弃了肝脏和左侧肾脏,右侧肾脏进行了移植后患者出现移植肾功能延迟恢复,最终移植肾因破裂出血而被切除。捐献者2～4属于中国标准三类(MaastrichtⅢ类),热缺血时间分别为15、15、10 min,其中捐献者4在器官捐献前已经出现血压下降,需要大剂量多巴胺维持血压,供肝进行了快速病理检查,确认可以使用;捐献者2和3由于是在手术室进行可控性心跳及呼吸终止,热缺血时间均为15 min,未进行病理学检查;共实施了3例肝移植和6例肾移植,手术顺利,移植物功能恢复良好,无并发症发生,无移植患者死亡。结论通过选择符合中国标准三类的捐献者,实施可控的DCD程序,DCD器官移植可以获得满意的效果。供体器官的快速病理检查有利于器官质量的判断,减少移植手术后并发症的发生。     

公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植临床分析

目的探讨公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植的近期临床效果。方法公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植73例,供者43例,其中本院器官获取组织42例,外院器官获取组织分享1例。分析肾移植术后人/肾存活率和并发症的发生情况。结果 73例受者随访9~38个月,术后6个月、1年的人/肾存活率分别为97.3%/94.5%、94.5%/91.8%。10例(13.7%)受者发生移植肾功能恢复延迟,15例(20.5%)受者术后发生急性排斥反应,21例(28.8%)受者发生肺部感染。2例受者移植肾丢失,4例受者移植肾带功死亡。结论公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植近期疗效较好,是解决供肾来源的有效途径。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.