腹腔镜阑尾切除术在急性和慢性阑尾炎中应用疗效的比较

目的 通过探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术在治疗急性和慢性阑尾炎中疗效的优缺点,总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术的手术经验.方法 连续收集北京大学人民医院自2008年6月至2009年12月129例阑尾炎患者的资料,比较急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜与开腹手术的临床效果,以及急性与慢性阑尾炎的腹腔镜治疗效果.结果 对于急性阑尾炎患者,接受腹腔镜手术患者术后住院时间明显少于开腹组[(4.8±2.6)d比(7.0±1.3)d,t=0.679,P=0.006].在接受腹腔镜组阑尾切除术的患者中,急性阑尾炎患者的平均手术时间[(77±33) min比(55±23) min,t=3.431,P＜0.01]、术后首次排气时间[(2.3±1.2)d比(1.4±0.9)d,t=4.665,P＜0.01]、术后首次进食时间[(2.3±1.4)d比(1.2±0.6)d,t=4.517,P＜0.01)]均长于慢性阑尾炎患者.结论 腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎安全可行;与慢性阑尾炎患者相比,急性阑尾炎患者行腹腔镜阑尾切除术可能导致更多的术后腹腔脓肿和小肠梗阻等并发症.     

腹腔镜阑尾切除与开腹阑尾切除术疗效比较

探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹阑尾切除手术治疗急性阑尾炎的疗效。回顾分析急性阑尾炎患者769例,分为实验组(腹腔镜阑尾切除术)432例和对照组(开腹阑尾切除术)324例,观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛程度、肛门排气时间、切口感染、切口脂肪液化情况。结果显示,实验组术中出血量、术后疼痛程度、肛门排气时间、住院天数优于对照组,肥胖与切口感染、切口脂肪液化相关。结果表明,腹腔镜阑尾切除术能降低手术切口相关并发症发生,对肥胖患者更具优势。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术306例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术的疗效,并与开腹阑尾切除术进行比较。方法选取306例腹腔镜阑尾切除术患者和302例开腹阑尾切除术患者资料,对两组患者手术时间,术中出血量,术后疼痛评分,术后肛门排气时间,平均住院天数,术后并发症发生情况进行比较。结果腹腔镜阑尾切除术组患者术后肛门排气时间、平均住院天数、切口感染发生率、粘连性肠梗阻发生率均低于开腹阑尾切除术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛评分、腹腔脓肿发生率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗阑尾炎疗效确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、术后并发症发生率低等优点,值得推广应用。     

急性阑尾炎患者实施腹腔镜阑尾切除术的疗效观察

目的分析急性阑尾炎腹腔镜阑尾切除术的疗效。方法将72例急性阑尾炎患者随机分为2组,各36例。对照组行开腹阑尾切除术,观察组行腹腔镜阑尾切除术。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间及切口感染率和术后住院时间。结果 2组均顺利完成手术,观察组无中转开腹手术。2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、切口感染率及术后住院时间均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎,创伤小、并发症少、患者术后恢复快。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎效果分析

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗急性阑尾炎的效果。方法将50例接受阑尾切除术的急性阑尾炎患者随机分为2组,各25例。对照组采用开腹手术,观察组采用腹腔镜治疗。比较2组术中出血量、下床活动时间、肛门排气时间、住院时间、术后并发症发生率。结果观察组术中出血量、下床活动时间、肛门排气时间、术后并发症发生率及住院时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎,创伤小、术后并发症发生率低,患者恢复快。     

急性阑尾炎腹腔镜下阑尾切除术疗效观察

目的分析腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎的临床疗效。方法将80例符合手术指征的急性阑尾炎患者随机分为对照组(行传统开腹手术)和腹腔镜组(腹腔镜阑尾切除术)两组,每组40例。比较两组平均手术时间、术后并发症、术后排气时间及住院时间。结果两组术后并发症、术后排气及住院时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),平均手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎术后并发症发生率及住院时间均优于开腹手术。     

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目的　对比分析腹腔镜和开腹阑尾切除术在治疗穿孔性阑尾炎中的手术效果。方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 4年 1月行阑尾切除术治疗穿孔性阑尾炎 12 8例 ,其中腹腔镜阑尾切除术 5 6例 ,开腹阑尾切除术 72例。比较两种术式的手术时间、下床活动时间、术后排气时间、疼痛评分、止痛药使用率、切口感染率、置管引流率、残余脓肿发生率、住院时间和综合费用。结果　比较腹腔镜阑尾切除术组和开腹阑尾切除术组以上各指标 (除手术时间和综合费用外 )差异均有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗穿孔性阑尾炎和开腹阑尾切除术相比 ,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和平均住院时间短等优点 ,是治疗穿孔性阑尾炎较理想的手术方式。     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗小儿复杂阑尾炎的疗效对比分析

目的:对比分析复杂阑尾炎患儿行腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹手术的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年10月收治的60例复杂阑尾炎患儿作为研究对象,纳入患儿家属签署知情同意书,按入组奇偶顺序分为腹腔镜组(偶数)与开腹组(奇数),每组30例,腹腔镜组行腹腔镜阑尾切除术,开腹组行开腹阑尾切除术。记录两组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生情况、术后恢复进食时间、住院时间。结果:腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后恢复进食时间、住院时间、并发症发生率均优于开腹组(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗小儿复杂阑尾炎并发症发生率低,术后康复快,可有效缩短住院时间,可考虑作为小儿复杂阑尾炎的首选术式。     

不同手术方式治疗急性阑尾炎效果分析

目的分析腹部小切口阑尾切除术与腹腔镜下阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎的效果。方法将230例急性阑尾炎患者根据手术方式不同分为2组,腹腔镜组(106例)采取腹腔镜阑尾切除术,小切口组(124例)采用腹部小切口阑尾切除术。观察2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门恢复排气时间、术后住院时间和并发症发生率。结果 2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后肛门恢复排气时间、并发症发生率及住院时间均短或少于小切口组,差异有统计学(P0.01)。结论对急性阑尾炎患者采用腹腔镜下阑尾切除术,创伤小、并发症发生率低,术后恢复时间短。     

肥胖病人行腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹手术的疗效对比分析

目的对比分析腹腔镜阑尾切除术和开腹阑尾切除术治疗肥胖病人阑尾炎的手术效果。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2007年11月我院行阑尾切除术治疗肥胖病人阑尾炎104例的临床资料。其中,行腹腔镜阑尾切除术73例,开腹阑尾切除术31例。比较两种术式的手术时间、切口感染和残余脓肿的发生率、住院时间和住院费用的差异。结果比较腹腔镜阑尾切除术组和开腹阑尾切除术组以上各项指标（除住院时间外）差异均无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗肥胖病人阑尾炎与开腹阑尾切除术相比具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和平均住院时间短等优点,是治疗肥胖病人阑尾炎较理想的手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.