腹腔镜小切口辅助治疗小儿美克尔憩室45例

目的:探讨腹腔镜小切口辅助治疗小儿美克尔憩室的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析45例腹腔镜诊治美克尔憩室患儿的临床资料,总结手术步骤、小切口选择部位、手术时间、术后胃肠蠕动恢复时间及术后住院时间等数据。结果:35例行腹腔镜辅助下脐部、10例行右下腹小切口美克尔憩室切除术,45例术后均恢复良好,手术时间平均83 min(56~110min),术后平均进食时间为3.6 d(3~4 d),术后平均住院时间为7.2 d(6~9 d),术后随访无并发症。结论:腹腔镜在小儿美克尔憩室的诊治中兼具诊断和治疗的双重作用,腹腔镜辅助下小切口美克尔憩室切除术具有创伤小、痛苦小、术后恢复快、住院时间短、术后并发症低等明显优势,可作为小儿美克尔憩室治疗的首选方式。     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹手术治疗美克尔憩室的对比研究

目的:对比分析腹腔镜辅助与开腹手术治疗美克尔憩室的手术方法与优缺点。方法:回顾分析2006年8月至2014年6月收治的101例美克尔憩室患儿的临床资料。其中56例行腹腔镜辅助手术(腔镜组),45例行开腹手术(开腹组);对比两组切口长度、手术时间、术中出血、术后排气时间、术后住院时间等指标。结果:腔镜组术中出血量、切口长度、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后排气时间明显优于开腹组(P0.05)。腔镜组术后发生肠梗阻2例,开腹组术后发生脐部感染1例。结论:腹腔镜辅助手术治疗小儿美克尔憩室具有切口小、美容、创伤小、康复快、更易被患儿家属接受等优点,可作为小儿美克尔憩室治疗的金标准。     

腹腔镜手术在治疗慢性阑尾炎合并慢性胆囊炎中的优势

目的:探讨慢性阑尾炎合并慢性胆囊炎的手术治疗方法。方法:回顾分析74例慢性阑尾炎合并慢性胆囊炎患者资料,分为腹腔镜手术组(腹腔镜组)39例,开腹手术组(开腹组)35例,观察两组的临床疗效,包括手术时间、首次排气时间、首次排便时间、术后并发症的发生率以及术后住院时间。结果:腹腔镜组的观察指标均明显优于开腹组,两组的手术时间分别为(56±12)min和(92±11)min,首次排气时间为(21±10)h和(46±16)h,首次排便时间为(38±15)h和(72±18)h,腹腔镜组术后无切口感染,而开腹组术后切口感染发生率为14.3%,腹腔镜组术后住院时间为(4±1)d,开腹组为(9±3)d。结论:慢性阑尾炎合并慢性胆囊炎的腹腔镜治疗手术时间短、术后胃肠道功能恢复快、并发症少,效果明显优于传统开腹手术方法。     

单孔微型腹腔镜美克尔憩室楔形切除术的临床体会(附22例报告)

目的:总结单孔微型腹腔镜美克尔憩室楔形切除术的临床经验。方法:回顾分析2015年7月至2017年6月为22例患儿行腹腔镜美克尔憩室楔形切除术的临床资料。结果:21例患儿一期治愈,1例因一期手术行阑尾切除术,术后患儿出现腹痛、腹胀等肠梗阻症状,再次腹腔镜探查发现美克尔憩室,并在腹腔镜下切除。22例患儿无一例中转开腹,无肠瘘、肠梗阻、血便、肠间脓肿形成、切口疝等并发症发生,切口基本不留疤痕。手术时间40~50 min,平均(45±3)min;术中出血量3~5 ml,平均(4.0±0.7)ml;住院5~7 d,平均(6.0±0.7)d。术后随访4~12个月,平均(8±2)个月。结论:单孔微型腹腔镜美克尔憩室楔形切除术操作简单,安全可行,并发症少,对于术前腹痛诊断困难病例优势明显,值得临床推广。     

两孔法腹腔镜辅助下小儿美克尔憩室切除术

目的探讨两孔法腹腔镜辅助下小儿美克尔憩室切除术的可行性。方法2002年7月~2006年3月采用两孔法腹腔镜技术对13例小儿美克尔憩室行切除术。于脐环下缘及右下腹分别置入5mm trocar,探查找到憩室后,延长脐部切口,将憩室提出腹腔外行切除吻合。结果13例均顺利完成腹腔镜辅助手术,无中转开腹手术,手术时间40~70min,平均50min。术后24h肠功能恢复,术后3d进食流质,5~7d出院。13例随访6~48个月,平均13个月,无复发,无肠粘连、肠梗阻等远期并发症发生。结论两孔法腹腔镜辅助下小儿美克尔憩室切除术具有创伤小,术后病情恢复快,住院时间短,切口美观等诸多优点,安全可行。     

双镜联合技术在胃间质瘤治疗中的应用体会

目的:总结双镜联合技术治疗胃间质瘤的临床价值及经验体会。方法:回顾分析为27例患者行双镜联合胃间质瘤手术的临床资料。结果:6例行腹腔镜辅助内镜手术,内镜下切除肿瘤,腹腔镜辅助暴露内镜术野、监视并处理内镜手术穿孔、出血等并发症。肿瘤均属腔内型,最大径平均(2.2±0.8)cm,术中出血量平均(20.5±15.5)ml,手术时间平均(90.5±30.0)min,肛门排气时间平均(20.5±12.6)h,术后平均住院(4.5±1.8)d,1例术中胃壁穿孔,腹腔镜下胃壁浆肌层缝合加固,无肿瘤残留、其他并发症发生。21例行内镜辅助腹腔镜手术,腹腔镜下切除肿瘤及部分胃壁,内镜辅助定位并检查吻合口或胃壁闭合口。肿瘤属腔外型12例、壁间型5例、腔内型4例,最大径平均(4.5±2.2)cm,术中出血量平均(60.8±25.4)ml,手术时间平均(102.3±32.4)min,肛门排气时间平均(24.8±15.2)h,术后平均住院(5.2±2.0)d,无肿瘤残留及并发症发生。内镜辅助腹腔镜手术组肿瘤大小、术中出血量显著高于腹腔镜辅助内镜手术组(P0.05),其余指标未见统计学差异。结论:双镜联合技术具有微创优势,其中内镜辅助腹腔镜手术在胃间质瘤治疗中应用更为广泛。     

腹腔镜与开腹手术行宫颈癌根治术临床效果对比分析

目的比较腹腔镜与常规开腹手术行宫颈癌根治术临床疗效和应用体会。方法将46例早期宫颈癌患者随机分为腹腔镜组(24例)和开腹手术组(22例)。腹腔镜组行腹腔镜下宫颈癌切除,开腹手术组者行传统开腹切除,比较两种术式的手术时间、清扫淋巴结数目、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、尿管拔除时间、输血例数、住院时间及术中术后并发症的发生率。结果腹腔镜组在术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、保留尿管时间、输血例数和住院时间方面指标明显优于开腹手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组术中膀胱损伤、术后肠梗阻并发症发生率显著低于开腹手术组(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组切口全部甲级愈合,开腹手术组有5例乙级愈合。手术时间、清扫淋巴结数目等方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜下实施广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌手术创伤小、术后恢复快、术后并发症少。     

手辅助腹腔镜在右半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻中的应用

目的比较手辅助腹腔镜与开腹在右半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻中的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年6月右半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻行根治性右半结肠切除的75例病人的临床病理资料,根据其手术方式分为手辅助腹腔镜手术组(n=34)和开腹手术组(n=41),比较两组的一般资料、手术时间、出血量、切口长度、切口感染率、术后C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平、淋巴结数目、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症。结果手辅助腹腔镜组和开腹手术组基本资料具有可比性(P均0.05),两组间出血量分别为(139.85±53.75)ml和(178.05±75.04)ml、切口长度分别为(6.07±0.64)cm和(17.00±1.78)cm、切口感染率分别为5.88%和24.39%、术后CRP水平分别为(48.82±16.29)mg/L和(87.29±25.00)mg/L、肛门排气时间分别为(5.29±1.03)d和(6.02±1.01)d、术后住院时间分别为(13.62±2.45)d和(16.49±4.79)d,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05),两组手术时间分别为(205.29±65.02)min和(195.61±45.69)min、淋巴结数目分别为(22.50±5.75)和(20.71±5.65)及术后并发症(吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、腹腔感染)差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论右半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻病人应用手辅助腹腔镜手术创伤小、安全、有效,具有可行性。     

免辅助切口自制套管器在腹腔镜辅助降结肠癌根治术中的临床应用价值

目的探讨免辅助切口自制套管器在腹腔镜辅助降结肠癌根治术中的临床应用价值。方法选取2014年1月至2015年6月接受免辅助切口腹腔镜降结肠癌根治术治疗的6例患者进行总结分析,所有患者在免辅助切口全腹腔镜降结肠癌手术后,标本均经过自制套管器经肛门取出,对手术情况、并发症及术后效果进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹患者;手术时间299~326 min,平均手术时间(306.4±8.5)min;术中出血量46~85 ml,平均手术出血量(63.0±15.3)ml;清扫淋巴结12~15枚,平均(14±1.0)枚;切除标本大小2.8cm×2.2 cm×1.3 cm~3.2 cm×2.6 cm×1.8 cm;术后下床活动时间17~28 h,平均(23.8±4.0)h;术后肛门排气时间2~4 d,平均(3.1±0.6)d;术后第4~5天患者开始进食流质饮食。所有患者均未出现吻合口漏、腹腔感染、肠道狭窄等并发症;术后随访时间6~12个月,患者排便功能正常,未出现复发、转移及死亡患者。结论免辅助切口自制套管器在腹腔镜辅助降结肠癌根治术中具有实用的临床价值,手术安全、效果可靠。     

腹腔镜辅助小切口与传统开腹门静脉高压症手术的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助门静脉高压症分流断流联合手术的临床效果。方法 比较2011年6月至2012年6月开展的38例腹腔镜辅助小切口门静脉高压症手术与30例常规传统手术的手术情况。结果 腹腔镜辅助组成功完成36例,手术时间(215.83±16.88)min,较传统手术组(174.16±12.39)min时间长,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.108);腹腔镜辅助组手术切口平均长度(8.00±1.18)cm,明显较传统手术小(P=0.020);术中出血量(340.56±56.67)ml、术后24h引流量(88.47±20.10)ml,均少于传统开腹组(P=0.000,0.044);腹腔镜辅助组术后腹腔引流管拔出时间(4.28±0.70)d及术后住院天数(6.58±0.55)d,均短于传统开腹组(P=0.007,0.005);腹腔镜辅助组术后患者发热时间(4.53±2.44)d,与传统手术组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.057)。结论 腹腔镜辅助小切口门静脉高压症联合手术是一种安全的手术方式,与传统手术比较,具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.