肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

目的 总结肾移植后使用不同免疫抑制方案的效果和不良反应,以提高人/肾的长期存活率.方法 对单中心3102例肾移植受者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所采用的免疫抑制方案有环孢素A(CsA)+硫唑嘌呤(Aza)+泼尼松(Pred)、低剂量CsA+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+Pred、低剂量他克莫司(Tac)+MMF+Pred、低剂量CsA(或Tac)+西罗莫司(SRL)+Pred等方案,分析各方案的效果和不良反应.结果 低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案的人/肾1、5、10年存活率均高于CsA+Aza+Pred方案,而高血压、震颤、高尿酸、肝肾毒性、白细胞下降等的发生率显著低于CsA+Aza+Pred方案(P＜0.05),腹泻发生率显著高于CsA+Aza+Pred方案(P＜0.05).低剂量Tac+MMF+Pred方案的高血糖发生率显著高于低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05),多毛症发生率显著低于低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05);低剂量CsA(或Tac)+SRL+Pred方案的腹泻、高尿酸血症、肝肾毒性和多毛症等的发生率显著低于低剂量CsA(或Tac)+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05),但高血脂发生率显著高于后者(P＜0.05).以低剂量Tac为基础的方案者高血糖发生率显著应用低剂量CsA者.结论 低剂量CsA(或Tac)+MMF+Pred方案改善了肾移植受者和移植肾的存活,降低了不良反应发生率,尤以低剂量Tac+MMF+Pred方案为优;调整免疫抑制方案或剂量,改善饮食习惯,加强锻炼,优化降血压、降血脂、控制血糖的治疗措施对预防和控制不良反应尤为重要.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

环孢素A转换为他克莫司对慢性移植肾肾病患者的治疗效果

目的 探讨由环孢素A(CsA)转换为他克莫司(Tac)为主的免疫抑制方案对慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)患者的治疗效果.方法 选择接受同种肾移植后发生CAN的患者153例,患者肾移植后均采用CsA、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)及泼尼松(Pred)的免疫抑制方案.根据是否以Tac替换CsA将患者分为两组.(1)CsA组:45例,进入研究后患者维持原免疫抑制方案.(2)Tac组:108例,进入研究后将CsA转换为Tac,停用CsA后立即开始服用Tac,MMF和Pred的用法同CsA组.对所有患者随访12个月,观察人/移植肾存活率、急性排斥反应发生率、移植肾功能、24 h尿蛋白定量、移植肾穿刺病理学活检及免疫抑制剂的不良反应等指标.结果 随访12个月时,CsA组和Tac组患者存活率均为100%,移植肾存活率分别为86.6%和93.5%(P＜0.05);急性排斥反应发生率分别为4.4%(2/45)和3.7%(4/108)(P＞0.05),6例发生急性排斥反应的患者均经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3 d后逆转.Tac组患者移植肾功能明显改善,并且出现重度蛋白尿、重度肾间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩的患者比例较CsA组显著减少(P＜0.05).Tac组有13.8%(15例)的患者出现轻度血糖增高,发生率显著高于CsA组的4.4%(2例)(P＜0.05);Tac组有22.2%(24例)的患者发生高血压,发生率显著低于CsA组的55.6%(25例)(P＜0.05);17例因使用CsA而出现牙龈增生和多毛症者,经转换治疗后,症状均明显好转.结论 由CsA转换为Tac为主的免疫抑制方案能够显著改善CAN患者的移植肾功能,延缓CAN的发展,转换过程中未发生严重Tac不良反应并且改善了使用CsA时出现的不良反应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of conversion from cyclosporine A (CsA) to tacrolimus (Tac) on chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Methods 153 CAN patients undergoing kidney transplantation received CsA, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone (CsA-MMF-Pred) regimen after kidney transplantation, and divided into 2 groups according to whether CsA were maintained in the immunosuppressive regimen: CsA + MMF + Pred group (CsA group, n = 45); Tac + MMF + Pred group (Tac group, n = 108). The patients were followed up with patient/kidney survival rate, acute rejection incidence, renal function, 24-h proteinuria and adverse events of immunosuppressive drugs for 12 months. Results Compared with CsA group, the transplanted kidney survival rate was significantly higher in Tac group (93. 5 % vs 86.6 %, P＜0. 05). Acute rejection (AR) was diagnosed in 4. 4 % (2/45) of recipients in CsA group and 3. 7 % (4/108) in Tac group (P＞0. 05) respectively. Acute rejection (2 cases in CsA group and 4 in Tac group) was reversed by 500 mg of methylprednisolone for consecutive 3 days, and the patients in Tac group showed a significantly lower degree of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) (P＜0. 05).Renal allograft functions and 24-h proteinuria during a follow-up period of 12 months were significantly improved in Tac group (P ＜ 0. 05). Incidence of mild hyperglycemia in Tac Group (13.8 %, 15/108) was significantly higher than in CsA group (4.4 %, 2/45), and that of hypertension in Tac group (22. 2 %, 24/108) was significantly lower than in CsA group (55.6 %,25/45). CsA-related side effects (such as hirsutism and gingival hypertrophy) in 17 patients were greatly improved after conversion from CsA to Tac treatment. Conclusion The conversion from CsA to Tac on the patients with CAN can improve renal allograft function, retard the progression of renal allograft dysfunction, reduce the incidence of CsA-related side effects and not generate serious adverse effects of Tac.     

不同免疫抑制剂对肾小球系膜细胞增殖的影响

目的 探讨不同免疫抑制剂对受损的肾小球系膜细胞增殖的影响.方法 在体外用细胞松弛素B可逆性地损害处于增殖期的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞株(HBZY-1细胞),然后将细胞分成5组:对照组,仅加入橄榄油10 μl;环孢素A(CsA)组,加入CsA 3μg/ml(2.5 mmol/L);他克莫司(Tac)组,加入Tac 1μg/ml;吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)组,加入MMF 0.3μg/ml;西罗莫司(SRL)组,加入SRL10 ng/ml.在药物处理后6、12和24 h时,采用专业图像分析软件对各组不同时间点的系膜细胞进行形态观察、计数和增殖情况分析.结果 药物处理后,各组HBZY-1细胞的形态均有所恢复.处理后6 h时,除Tac组HBZY-1细胞数明显高于对照组外,其余各组与对照组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).12 h时,各组HBZY-1细胞数之间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).24 h时,对照组和MMF组之间细胞数的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而其余各组的细胞数均显著增高,与对照组、MMF组以及与组内其他时点相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中尤以CsA组和Tac组的细胞数量增加最为显著,SRL组增加的幅度低于CsA组和Tac组(P＜0.05).结论 CsA、Tac、SRL和MMF均可不同程度地减轻受损大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的损伤和促进其恢复,但是其中CsA和Tac明显地促进了细胞的增殖,SRL促细胞增殖作用不明显,而MMF则几乎不引起系膜细胞增殖.     

西罗莫司在肝移植术后肾功能异常患者中的应用

目的 探讨西罗莫司替换钙调磷酸酶抑制剂治疗肝移植术后肾功能不全的安全性和有效性.方法 北将肝移植术后发生肾功能不全的62例患者随机分为对照组和转换组.对照组29例,继续采用Tac(或CsA)、MMF及Pred的方案,血Tac(或CsA)浓度调整在治疗窗范围的下限;转换组33例,用SRL替换原方案中的Tac(或CsA),SRL的起始用量为2 mg/d,以后根据血SRL浓度及不良反应作相应调整,Tac(或CsA)减少至原用量的1/3～1/2,3 d后停用,MMF和Pred的用法不变.转换治疗后,对患者的肝肾功能、急性排斥反应及存活率进行随访监测,并观察患者在转换治疗期间发生的不良反应.结果 共有49例患者痊愈或者好转,13例死亡,对照组死亡8例,转换组死亡5例.随访9～51个月,转换组存活患者肝功能稳定,均未发生急性排斥反应.两组存活患者肾功能恢复后均未再出现反复,且转换组患者肾功能恢复时间明显缩短,治疗效果较好.转换组存活患者未发生严重不良反应,与对照组肺部感染发生率的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝移植术后并发肾功能不全时,采用西罗莫司替换原免疫抑制方案中的CNI治疗是安全有效的.     

环孢素A短期替代他克莫司对肾移植后新发糖尿病的改善作用

目的 初步探讨环孢素A(CsA)短期替代他克莫司(Tac)对移植后新发糖尿病( NODAT)的改善作用.方法 前瞻性分析19例以Tac为基础免疫抑制剂的NODAT患者的资料.其中7例NODAT诊断明确后将Tac转换为CsA,6个月后再次转换回Tac(转换组);12例诊断为NODAT后继续应用Tac(对照组).结果 转换组空腹血糖(FPG)由人组时的(8.3±3.9)mmol/L降至转换12个月时的(5.6±1.8)mmol/L(P＜0.01),对照组入组时和12个月时的FPG分别为(8.1±3.5) mmol/L和(8.0±3.0)mmol/L(P＞0.05),组间12个月时相比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).转换组糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)由入组时的(6.8±0.8)％降至12个月时的(6.1±0.4)％(P＜0.05),对照组入组时和12个月时的HbA1c分别为(6.9±0.7)％和(6.8±1.5)％(P＞0.05),两组间12个月时相比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访结束时,转换组中4例(57.1％,4/7)NODAT完全缓解,而对照组中无NODAT缓解病例(P＜0.01).转换组血压和血脂水平在转换之后维持稳定.两组间移植物功能以及急性排斥反应发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组随访结束时移植物和受者存活率均为100％.结论 发生NODAT的肾移植受者将Tac短期(6个月)转换为CsA,可明显改善糖代谢异常.     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

慢性肾功能损伤的肝移植受者转换为西罗莫司治疗的疗效观察

目的 观察慢性肾功能损伤的肝移植受者转换为西罗莫司治疗的疗效.方法 应用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)并伴有慢性肾功能损伤的肝移植受者23例(其中19例应用他克莫司,4例应用环孢素A)转换为西罗莫司(SRL)治疗.SRL的起始剂量为4mg/d,次日为2 mg/d,应用高压液相色谱法测定全血SRL浓度,当血SRL浓度达5～8 μg/L后,停用CNI类药物,同时服用吗替麦考酚酯,1 g/d.记录受者入组前的基础血清肌酐(Cr)、肌酐清除率、肾小球滤过率(GFR),并分别于用药后第1、3、6、12和24个月时监测血SRL浓度、Cr、肌酐清除率、GFR,同时监测受者体重、血压、血细胞计数、肝功能和肝脏生化指标、血脂、尿蛋白.于用药后12个月时行肝脏穿刺活检确认有无排斥反应.结果 23例平均随访29.4个月,随访期内死亡2例,另21例于用药后1、3、6、12和24月时的Cr分别为(147.40±23.36)、(152.60±20.08)、(150.20±22.64)、(137.60±18.09)、(138.30±17.04)μmol/L,与Cr的基础值[(158.91±29.13)μmol/L]相比较,1、12、24个月时的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).用药后1、3、6、12和24月时的肌酐清除率分别为(0.97±0.18)、(0.99±0.14)、(1.00±0.17)、(1.07±0.29)、(1.14±0.12)ml/s,与基础肌酐清除率[(0.91±0.14)ml/s]相比较,1、12、24个月时的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).用药后1、3、6、12和24月时的GFR分别为(0.80±0.15)、(0.78±0.11)、(0.75±0.12)、(0.84±0.10)、(0.94±0.13),与基础GFR[(0.71±0.11)ml/s]相比较,1、12、24个月时的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).应用SRL后第1、3、6、12和24个月时,Cr≤123μmol/L者所占的比例分别为38.1％、33.3％、28.6％、47.6％和52.4％.随访期内无受者发生排斥反应.结论 慢性肾功能损伤的肝移植受者转换为西罗莫司治疗可改善其肾功能.转换治疗未增加排斥反应的发生率.     

雷帕霉素与他克莫司治疗慢性移植肾肾病

目的 探讨低剂量免疫抑制剂组合治疗慢性移植肾肾病的临床效果. 方法慢性移植肾肾病患者31例,均经临床及部分移植肾穿刺病理证实.术后免疫抑制方案为他克莫司(FK506)、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)、泼尼松(Pred)三联免疫抑制治疗.调整免疫抑制剂方案为雷帕霉素(RAPA)加低剂量FK506+MMF+Pred四联方案.根据血药浓度、血常规、肝肾功能调整免疫抑制剂用量.监测血压、急性排斥反应发生率、血肌酐、肌酐清除率(GFR)、24 h尿蛋白定量.结果 31例随访12个月.28例患者SCr由治疗前(300±21)μmol/L,治疗后降至(215±38)μmol/L,GFR由治疗前(42.54±2.95)ml·s-1/1.73 m2升至(49.98±3.05)ml·s-1/1.73 m2;治疗前后SCr、GFR差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3例SCr 416～464μmol/L者治疗后SCr仍进行性上升,恢复血液透析治疗.30例24 h尿蛋白定量＜0.8 g者应用RAPA后尿蛋白量并不增加,1例24 h蛋白尿由0.95g升至1.29g.人/肾存活率为100%(31/31)、90.3%(28/31).治疗过程中主要不良反应为全血细胞减少和高脂血症.结论 慢性移植肾肾病患者SCr 167～320μmol/L,24 h蛋白尿定量＜0.8 g,采用RAPA加低剂量FK506+MMF+Pred治疗安全、有效.     

不同方法重建指尖离断静脉回流的疗效分析

目的：探讨不同方法重建指尖离断静脉回流的疗效。方法：2008年3月-2013年2月收治指尖离断患者80例,38例吻合指侧方静脉重建回流,术中吻合动静脉比例1：1或1：2或2：2,平均1：2;22例吻合指腹静脉重建回流,术中吻合动静脉比例1：1;20例未吻合静脉,术中仅吻合1条动脉,行侧切口或甲床放血。观察各组治疗效果。结果：吻合指侧方静脉组手指全部成活,无一例发生回流障碍;吻合指腹静脉组19例发生静脉危象,其中4例手指坏死;未吻合静脉组20例均发生回流障碍,其中6例手指坏死。58例获随访,随访时间6~28个月。吻合指侧方静脉组32例,指尖外形佳、指腹饱满;吻合指腹静脉组14例,指体轻度萎缩,指甲生长不平整;未吻合静脉组12例,指体萎缩明显。吻合指侧方静脉组指甲生长近平整,长度长于其他两组[（14.4±3.2）mm比（12.5±2.3）mm和（12.2±2.2）mm],远侧指间关节活动度大于其他两组[（63±5）°比（48±3）°和（45±7）°],两点分辨觉小于其他两组[（4.6±0.4）mm比（7.1±1.2）mm和（7.3±0.6）mm],感觉级别高于其他两组[S（3.45±0.39）级比S（2.57±0.42）级和S（2.55±0.49）级],差异均具有显著性（P〈0.05）。吻合指腹静脉组和未吻合静脉组在指甲长度、运动和感觉方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：吻合指侧方静脉能有效解决指尖再植静脉回流问题,可避免回流障碍,成活率高,促进指甲生长,可恢复 DIPJ 活动度及感觉。     

深圳市某两所小学流行性腮腺炎突发疫情的流行病学分析

目的：通过对深圳市某两所小学发生的流行性腮腺炎突发疫情的流行病学特点及差异性进行分析,为制定科学、高效的防控策略提供科学依据。方法2013年5～7月深圳市大鹏新区某两所小学爆发流行性腮腺炎,以学校为整体研究对象,分别标记为学校A（24个班,学生1210例）和学校B（27个班,学生1274例）,对比两所小学的疫情流行病学差异性。结果分析发现,学校A流行性腮腺炎发病率为4.30%,发病班级所占比54.17%,均较学校B1.73%和29.63%高,对比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;分析显示学校A学生出现疫病平均年龄为（11.2±1.1）岁,较学校B（9.34±1.0）岁,对比差异明显（P＜0.05）;且两组疫病患儿在接种疫苗率对比上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;但疫情发生时,学校B疫苗紧急接种率明显高于学校A,对比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论小学作为流行性腮腺炎爆发的主要场所之一,疫病爆发高峰季节前,针对易感染人群给予相应的疫苗接种等预防控制措施,同时加强流行性腮腺炎的监测,对于降低感染人群数量,减轻、遏制疫情有着积极的意义,值得相关防控部门重视。     

Frequency of complications of manipulation of the spine

Summary A survey of all members of the Swiss Medical Association of Manual Medicine was undertaken for the year 1989. Informative data were given by 425 respondents on the frequency of complications of manipulation as related to the spine. The number of thoraco-lumbar manipulations during 1989 (225 working days) was 805 for each respondent, and the number manipulations of the cervical spine 354. Thus, the total number of thoraco-lumbar manipulations was 342 125, and the total number of cervical manipulations was 150 450. The overall incidence of side-effects of transient complications due to cervical spine manipulation such as disturbance of consciousness or radicular signs was 1: 16716. Seventeen patients (ratio 1: 20 125) after manipulation of the lumbar spine presented, in addition to increased pain, a transient sensorimotor deficit with precise radicular distribution. Nine of the 17 patients (ratio 1: 38013) developed a progressive radicular syndrome with sensorimotor defict and radiologically verified disc herniation and had to be referred for surgery. Side effects and complications of cervical and lumbar spine manipulation are rare. Taking in to account the yearly number of manipulations performed by a single physician in Switzerland and the rate of complications, it can be calculated that a physician practicing manual medicine will encoutner one complication due to manipulation of the cervical spine in 47 years and one complication due to lumbar spine manipulation in 38 years of practice. However, it is important that a careful clinical assessment is carried out to avoid complications due to manipulation carried out on the basis of inappropriate indications. Furthermore, the decision as to which technique is indicated for any particular functional disorder of the spine should be made on the basis of rational criteria resting on a knowledge of clinical biomechanics, functional anatomy and neurophysiology. The authors recommend a prospective morbidity study to be carried out among physicians, chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists, taking into account the different indications and therapeutic techniques in relation to complications.     

骨盆骨折的治疗进展

对于骨盆骨折的治疗 ,传统方法以卧硬板床 ,股骨髁上持续骨牵引 ,骨盆兜等保守治疗为主 ,常常引起下肢不等长 ,骶髋痛 ,步态失常等而严重影响生活质量 ,同时长期卧床易引发肺部感染、褥疮、应激性溃疡、泌尿系统结石等并发症而危及生命。下面就骨盆骨折的治疗进展作一综述。1     

Oddi括约肌肌电活动实验模型的建立

目的建立研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的动物模型和实验方法。方法将双极金属钩状电极通过浆膜层置入Oddi括约肌，记录不同条件干预下家兔的Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号，调整电生理实验参数并经放大、滤波及计算机处理后，对其大小、波形、幅度进行分析。结果不同条件干预下的家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动在波形、频率、幅度等方面均有明显的不同，具有明显的规律性。重复实验可得到相似的结果。结论使用双极金属钩状电极配以合理的电生理实验参数调整可以稳定地采集到在体的家兔Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号。这为今后广泛、深入地研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动搭建了一个技术平台。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7–, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20–, MUC2–). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

主动脉窦瘤破裂外科治疗的临床研究

目的　探讨主动脉窦瘤破裂局部病理改变及其合并主动脉瓣关闭不全的手术方法。方法　 3 6例主动脉窦瘤破裂 (RASV)合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AI) 15例、室间隔缺损 (VSD) 2 6例。补片修补 3 5例 ,其中合并VSD的均以一片法修补 ,合并AI的主动脉瓣置换 (AVR) 6例 ,主动脉瓣成形 4例。手术取材作病理检查 5例。结果　本组 3 6例中手术死亡 2例 ( 5 .6% )。存活的 3 4例病人均经门诊复查或通信随访 0 .3～ 18年 ,其中 2例死亡。病理检查见RASV合并VSD的瘤壁为纤维素样坏死或玻璃样变性。结论　主动脉窦壁纤维素样或玻璃样变性可能是其形成的病理基础。合并主动脉瓣关闭不全时应探查其病变程度 ,酌情一期矫正 ,瓣膜损伤明显时宜行主动脉瓣置换 ,对主动脉瓣环细小的病例 ,可借修补VSD和RASV的补片扩大主动脉瓣环。     

鼻尖、鼻翼缺损修复方法的探讨

１９５７年以来共收治鼻尖、鼻翼缺损１１９例，据情分别采用以下四种方法修复：①全层皮片移植２７例；②游离耳廓复合组织片移植３６例；③鼻唇沟皮瓣移转１２例；④上臂内侧皮管移植４４例，效果较为满意。我们在文章中就选用的原则、手术方法及注意事项等进行了探讨     

食管穿孔83例分析

８３例不同原因引起的食管穿孔，保守治疗５７例；手术２６例，行单纯食管修补术２０例、开胸行纵隔和／或胸腔引流２例、切除贲门肿物行胃食管吻合１例、颈部食管外置２例（其中１例并行二期结肠代食管手术）、１例开胸取异物形成食管瘘后，行二期修补瘘术。全组死亡８例，其中死于纵隔胸腔感染和主动脉破裂出血各４例。总治愈率８５％。并指出异物假牙造成食管穿孔的重要性，对严重的腐蚀性食管灼伤应早期行食管镜检，并针对食管穿孔部位、种类、间隔期、纵隔与胸腔的感染程度及病人具体情况采取相应的治疗措施。     

手部深度烧伤的临床治疗分析

目的 总结手部深度烧伤的临床治疗经验. 方法 46例54只深度烧伤手,其中深Ⅱ度烧伤30例33只手,Ⅲ度烧伤16例21只手.根据伤情不同,早期选择不同手术方式修复创面,术后早期进行功能锻炼. 结果 54只手的修复方式:中厚皮片移植33只手,异体脱细胞真皮与自体薄皮片复合移植12只手,腹部带蒂皮瓣1只手,前臂骨问背动脉逆行皮瓣3只手,股前外侧皮瓣5只手.治疗后,51只手移植皮片、皮瓣均成活,仅3只手移植皮片后有局灶性坏死,创面得到有效覆盖.按关节活动范围( range of motion,ROM)评定,本组优31只手(57.4％),良17只手(31.5％),中4只手(7.4％),差2只手(3.7％). 结论 手部深度烧伤后,选择合适术式,早期手术修复创面及功能锻炼,可取得很好的疗效.