间歇有氧运动训练上调SIRT3改善衰老心肌线粒体功能

目的 探讨间歇有氧运动训练（AIT）对调节SIRT3介导的抗氧化酶系统改善老年小鼠心肌线粒体功能的影响。方法 采用C57小鼠（20月龄）20只,随机分为AIT组和非运动组,每组10只。以成年野生型C57小鼠非运动组(4月龄,10只)为对照组。建立间歇有氧运动训练12周小鼠模型,跑台训练由3部分构成:10 min热身运动,7 min间歇训练（4 min高强度和3 min低强度训练）及1 min冷却。每日训练1 h,每周训练5 d,训练时间为12周。应用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测心肌线粒体抗氧化酶相关蛋白的表达。结果 AIT显著上调衰老心肌中线粒体去乙酰化酶sirtuin-3（SIRT3）表达水平,提高AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK)的磷酸化水平(P<0.05);AIT可改善老年组小鼠心肌线粒体抗氧化酶(MnSOD、Catalase)的活性,有效减少衰老心肌脂质过氧化损伤(P<0.05);AIT训练显著提高衰老心肌线粒体生物合成能力改善了线粒体的功能(均P<0.05)。结论 有氧间歇运动训练可有效地上调衰老小鼠心肌细胞SIRT3水平,有效提高衰老小鼠心肌线粒体功能,其机制可能与激活心肌SIRT3所介导的抗氧化酶系统有关。     

Iron deficiency impairs contractility of human cardiomyocytes through decreased mitochondrial function

Aims

Iron deficiency is common in patients with heart failure and associated with a poor cardiac function and higher mortality. How iron deficiency impairs cardiac function on a cellular level in the human setting is unknown. This study aims to determine the direct effects of iron deficiency and iron repletion on human cardiomyocytes.

Methods and results

Human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes were depleted of iron by incubation with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). Mitochondrial respiration was determined by Seahorse Mito Stress test, and contractility was directly quantified using video analyses according to the BASiC method. The activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was examined using spectrophotometric enzyme assays. Four days of iron depletion resulted in an 84% decrease in ferritin (P < 0.0001) and significantly increased gene expression of transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 (both P < 0.001). Mitochondrial function was reduced in iron‐deficient cardiomyocytes, in particular ATP‐linked respiration and respiratory reserve were impaired (both P < 0.0001). Iron depletion affected mitochondrial function through reduced activity of the iron–sulfur cluster containing complexes I, II and III, but not complexes IV and V. Iron deficiency reduced cellular ATP levels by 74% (P < 0.0001) and reduced contractile force by 43% (P < 0.05). The maximum velocities during both systole and diastole were reduced by 64% and 85%, respectively (both P < 0.001). Supplementation of transferrin‐bound iron recovered functional and morphological abnormalities within 3 days.

Conclusion

Iron deficiency directly affects human cardiomyocyte function, impairing mitochondrial respiration, and reducing contractility and relaxation. Restoration of intracellular iron levels can reverse these effects.     

Cytokine-induced nitric oxide production inhibits mitochondrial energy production and impairs contractile function in rat cardiac myocytes

OBJECTIVES: The present study examined whether nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can directly inhibit aerobic energy metabolism and impair cell function in interleukin (IL)-1beta,-stimulated cardiac myocytes. BACKGROUND: Recent reports have indicated that excessive production of NO induced by cytokines can disrupt cellular energy balance through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in a variety of cells. However, it is still largely uncertain whether the NO-induced energy depletion affects myocardial contractility. METHODS: Primary cultures of rat neonatal cardiac myocytes were prepared, and NO2-/NO3- (NOx) in the culture media was measured using Griess reagent. RESULTS: Treatment with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) increased myocyte production of NOx in a time-dependent manner. The myocytes showed a concomitant significant increase in glucose consumption, a marked increase in lactate production, and a significant decrease in cellular ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate). These metabolic changes were blocked by co-incubation with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of NO synthesis. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, induced similar metabolic changes in a dose-dependent manner, but 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-bromo-cGMP), a cGMP donor, had no effect on these parameters. The activities of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur enzymes, NADH-CoQreductase and succinate-CoQreductase, but not oligomycin-sensitive ATPase, were significantly inhibited in the IL-1beta, or SNP-treated myocytes. Both IL-1beta and SNP significantly elevated maximum diastolic potential, reduced peak calcium current (I(Ca)), and lowered contractility in the myocytes. KT5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, did not block the electrophysiological and contractility effects. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that IL-1beta-induced NO production in cardiac myocytes lowers energy production and myocardial contractility through a direct attack on the mitochondria, rather than through cGMP-mediated pathways.     

Reduced mitochondrial function in obesity-associated fatty liver: SIRT3 takes on the fat

Aging is associated with various metabolic disorders that may have their origin in the liver, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Although well-characterized in models of caloric restriction, relatively little is known about the role of sirtuins and acetylation under conditions of caloric excess. Sirtuins are NAD (+)-dependent protein deacetylases that mediate adaptive responses to a variety of stresses, including calorie restriction and metabolic stress. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is localized within the mitochondrial matrix, where it regulates acetylation levels of a diverse set of metabolic enzymes. When normal mice are fed a high fat diet they demonstrate reduced SIRT3 activity, impaired mitochondrial function, and hyperacetylation of a diverse set of proteins in their livers. Furthermore, SIRT3 knockout mice have signs of accelerated aging and cancer. Understanding SIRT3?s biochemical function and regulation in the liver under conditions of caloric excess may potentially increase our understanding of the normal aging process and diseases associated with aging, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, or cancer.     

Enhanced acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity is associated with improved mitochondrial and contractile function in heart failure

AIMS: Heart failure is associated with decreased myocardial fatty acid oxidation capacity and has been likened to energy starvation. Increased fatty acid availability results in an induction of genes promoting fatty acid oxidation. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible mechanisms by which high fat feeding improved mitochondrial and contractile function in heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male Wistar rats underwent coronary artery ligation (HF) or sham surgery and were immediately fed either a normal (14% kcal fat) (SHAM, HF) or high-fat diet (60% kcal saturated fat) (SHAM+FAT, HF+FAT) for 8 weeks. Mitochondrial respiration and gene expression and enzyme activities of fatty acid-regulated mitochondrial genes and proteins were assessed. Subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria were isolated from the left ventricle. State 3 respiration using lipid substrates octanoylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine increased in the SSM of HF+FAT compared with SHAM+FAT and HF, respectively (242 +/- 21, 246 +/- 21 vs. 183 +/- 8, 181 +/- 6 and 193 +/- 17, 185 +/- 16 nAO min(-1) mg(-1)). Despite decreased medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mRNA in HF and HF+FAT, MCAD protein was not altered, and MCAD activity increased in HF+FAT (HF, 65.1 +/- 2.7 vs. HF+FAT, 81.5 +/- 5.4 nmoles min(-1) mg(-1)). Activities of short- and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase also were elevated and correlated to increased state 3 respiration. This was associated with an improvement in myocardial contractility as assessed by left ventricular +dP/dt max. CONCLUSION: Administration of a high-fat diet increased state 3 respiration and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities, but did not normalize mRNA or protein levels of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in coronary artery ligation-induced heart failure rats.     

Constitutive SIRT1 overexpression impairs mitochondria and reduces cardiac function in mice

Heart failure is associated with a change in cardiac energy metabolism. SIRT1 is a NAD⁺-dependent protein deacetylase, and important in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. To examine the role of SIRT1 in cardiac energy metabolism, we created transgenic mice overexpressing SIRT1 in a cardiac-specific manner, and investigated cardiac functional reserve, energy reserve, substrate uptake, and markers of mitochondrial function. High overexpression of SIRT1 caused dilated cardiomyopathy. Moderate overexpression of SIRT1 impaired cardiac diastolic function, but did not cause heart failure. Fatty acid uptake was decreased and the number of degenerated mitochondria was increased dependent on SIRT1 gene dosage. Markers of reactive oxygen species were decreased. Changes in morphology and reactive oxygen species were associated with the reduced expression of genes related to mitochondrial function and autophagy. In addition, the respiration of isolated mitochondria was decreased. Cardiac function was normal in transgenic mice expressing a low level of SIRT1 at baseline, but the mice developed cardiac dysfunction upon pressure overload. In summary, the constitutive overexpression of SIRT1 reduced cardiac function associated with impaired mitochondria in mice.     

SIRT3 regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress

Mitochondria play a central role in the production of reactive oxygen species as byproducts of metabolism and energy production. In order to protect cellular structures from oxidative stress-induced damage, cells have evolved elegant mechanisms for mitochondrial ROS detoxification. The mitochondrial sirtuin, SIRT3, is emerging as a pivotal regulator of oxidative stress by deacetylation of substrates involved in both ROS production and detoxification. This review will summarize recent findings on the regulation of mitochondrial ROS homeostasis by SIRT3.     

Omega-3 deficiency impairs honey bee learning

Deficiency in essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly the long-chain form of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been linked to health problems in mammals, including many mental disorders and reduced cognitive performance. Insects have very low long-chain PUFA concentrations, and the effect of omega-3 deficiency on cognition in insects has not been studied. We show a low omega-6:3 ratio of pollen collected by honey bee colonies in heterogenous landscapes and in many hand-collected pollens that we analyzed. We identified Eucalyptus as an important bee-forage plant particularly poor in omega-3 and high in the omega-6:3 ratio. We tested the effect of dietary omega-3 deficiency on olfactory and tactile associative learning of the economically highly valued honey bee. Bees fed either of two omega-3–poor diets, or Eucalyptus pollen, showed greatly reduced learning abilities in conditioned proboscis-extension assays compared with those fed omega-3–rich diets, or omega-3–rich pollen mixture. The effect on performance was not due to reduced sucrose sensitivity. Omega-3 deficiency also led to smaller hypopharyngeal glands. Bee brains contained high omega-3 concentrations, which were only slightly affected by diet, suggesting additional peripheral effects on learning. The shift from a low to high omega-6:3 ratio in the Western human diet is deemed a primary cause of many diseases and reduced mental health. A similar shift seems to be occurring in bee forage, possibly an important factor in colony declines. Our study shows the detrimental effect on cognitive performance of omega-3 deficiency in a nonmammal.Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are two families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Fatty acids (FAs) are important in structuring membrane lipids, and, because these PUFAs cannot be synthesized by higher animals, they must be acquired in the diet (1). Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (C18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA) (C18:2n-6) are the major omega-3 and omega-6 FAs, respectively. ALA is found in seeds, oils, and pollen. Some fish and other sea life also contain longer chain omega-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6n-3). Long-chain omega-3 PUFAs are major constituents of mammalian brain, and deficiency in these PUFAs, coupled with a high omega-6:3 ratio, is associated with many diseases and neurological disorders (2, 3). Because long-chain PUFAs occur in very low concentrations in insects (4), and Drosophila have been found to lack the necessary enzymes to synthesize them (5), insects have not been considered good models for studying the effect of omega-3 deficiency on cognitive performance. Nevertheless, a few studies have addressed this issue in insects, mainly in Drosophila, concluding that, although human and fly brain differ in long-chain FAs, lipids and lipid signaling are to a large extent conserved and important for the neuronal health of Drosophila (6).Bees provide crucial pollination services that support our food security, enrich our diet’s nutritional value, and are highly valued economically (7). These services are threatened worldwide by declining populations of pollinators, including the all-important honey bee. Malnutrition is emerging as one of the leading suspected culprits for declining bee populations, and for the plight of the honey bee in particular (7–10). Bees require nectar, their main carbohydrate source, and pollen, which provides proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals (11). Malnutrition may be due to low pollen quantity, quality, or diversity, a condition that is aggravated in agricultural monocultures (12–14), and in greenhouses (15). Malnourished bees have smaller hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs) (a source of queen and worker jelly) (9, 16), are more susceptible to deformed wing virus (16), are less tolerant to parasitism by Nosema ceranae (9), are more vulnerable to pesticides (17), have a compromised immune system (18), and have a shorter lifespan (19). Whereas diet quality is affected by amino acid content and composition, proteins alone cannot explain some of the effects of diet on bee health and colony functioning and deficits in additional nutritional factors: specifically, lipids are suspected (9). ALA and LA are generally considered essential fatty acids (eFAs) for most insects (20, 21), including bees (22).Pollens of different plant species vary greatly in lipid concentration and in the composition of FAs, including ALA and LA (23). In a diverse habitat, colonies tend to collect pollen from a variety of sources (24). But in disturbed habitats and extensive agricultural monocultures, the breadth of the diet is reduced (25), and bees may suffer from a deficiency of eFAs. Proper functioning of a honey bee colony relies on adequate production of young bees and on integration of many behaviors requiring sophisticated cognitive abilities.In the present study, we tested the effect of omega-3 dietary deficiency on the development of honey bee HPG and on the performance of bees in olfactory and tactile learning. Colonies were fed one of four artificial diets, two rich in omega-3 and two poor in omega-3. We found that omega-3–poor diets mainly reduced omega-3 levels in the body, and only slightly in the brain, and reduced HPG size. Omega-3 dietary deficiency greatly reduced performance in both olfactory and tactile associative learning assays. Our results show the influence of dietary omega-3 on cognitive performance in a model insect. Furthermore, we show a low omega-6:3 ratio of many wild flowers and of pollen collected by honey bee colonies, but a higher omega-6:3 ratio of some increasingly dominant cultivated plants, specifically almond and Eucalyptus. In a Petri dish experiment, olfactory associative learning of bees fed 1 wk on Eucalyptus pollen was greatly reduced. The reduction in omega-3 in modern human diet is deemed the most important global factor responsible for increased incidence of disease (2, 26). Likewise, our findings suggest that omega-3 deficits in bee nutrition, due to the limited diversity of pollen availability in transformed landscapes, may play a major role in decreased bee health and colony collapse disorder (CCD).     

内毒素对大鼠膈肌收缩功能及线粒体超微结构的影响

目的 观察内毒素(革兰阴性菌细胞壁的脂多糖成分)对大鼠膈肌收缩功能及线粒体超微结构的影响,为探索呼吸衰竭发生机制提供新思路.方法 将28只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为:(1)对照组(10只)气管内灌注生理盐水;(2)实验组气管内灌注内毒素,浓度为200 ?g/ml,剂量为0.5 ml/kg,制备急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)动物模型,再分为观察4 h(内毒素4 h组,9只)及24 h(内毒素24 h组,9只)2组.然后,取膈肌肌条,用体外电生理方法测定膈肌的最大收缩力、颤搐收缩峰值及疲劳指数.另外取膈肌标本固定后做电镜检测.采用SPSS 15.0统计软件分析数据,组间比较用单因素方差分析及q检验.计量资料以x-±s表示.结果 (1)内毒素4 h组膈肌的收缩力及颤搐收缩峰值[(3.4 ±1.9)及(0.9±0.4)N/cm2,经肌肉横截面积校正]均明显低于对照组[(6.7±4.3)及(2.2±1.7)N/cm2,F值分别为3.59、3.78,P＜0.05];内毒素24 h组膈肌的收缩力及颤搐收缩峰值[(4.1±1.2)和(1.2±0.7)N/cm2]较内毒素4 h组明显恢复.(2)膈肌的疲劳指数在内毒素4 h及24 h组(分别为0.07±0.06和0.12±0.07)均较对照组(0.26±0.14)明显下降(F=9.27,P＜0.01).(3)内毒素4 h组及24 h组电镜下显示膈肌间线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,外膜模糊、变形,部分溶解破坏等超微结构的改变.结论 内毒素可导致ALI大鼠膈肌的收缩力下降并易于疲劳,这可能是导致呼吸功能衰竭的原因之一.     

Ventricular function and contractile proteins in the infarcted overloaded rat heart.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine whether surviving myocardium in the infarcted rat heart retains the ability to respond to sustained increases in afterload. DESIGN--Cardiac mass, ventricular function, and actomyosin ATPase activity were compared in animals subjected to coronary artery ligation to produce infarction, superimposed renal artery constriction 4 weeks after infarction, and in sham operated animals. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL--Female Wistar rats obtained at 10 weeks of age (200-225 g) were used for the studies. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, infarcted hearts showed a 22% increase in heart weight and a significant reduction in peak systolic pressure and +/- dP/dt during acute volume infusion and aortic occlusion compared to sham operated hearts. Eight weeks after the initial surgical intervention, the infarct group showed significant impairment in ventricular performance compared to the sham operated group but no further decrement was observed between hearts with infarction and those with infarct and superimposed renal artery constriction for peak systolic pressure and +/- dP/dt during volume infusion and aortic occlusion. Actomyosin ATPase activity, however, was depressed and the shift to V3 myosin isoenzyme was greater in infarct and renal artery constriction compared to infarct alone. CONCLUSIONS--Left ventricular myocardium following infarction does not retain the ability to increase cardiac mass and shows depressed levels of actomyosin ATPase activity when exposed to a superimposed chronic afterload from renal artery constriction. However, cardiac function in situ is maintained.     

Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of O-GlcNAcase improves contractile function in the diabetic heart

To examine whether excessive protein O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in the dysfunction of the diabetic heart, we delivered adenovirus expressing O-GlcNAcase (Adv-GCA) into the myocardium of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Our results indicated that excessive cellular O-GlcNAcylation exists in the diabetic heart, and that in vivo GCA overexpression reduces overall cellular O-GlcNAcylation. Myocytes isolated from diabetic hearts receiving Adv-GCA exhibited improved calcium transients with a significantly shortened T(decay) (P<0.01) and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load (P<0.01). These myocytes also demonstrated improved contractility including a significant increase in +dL/dt and -dL/dt and greater fractional shortening as measured by edge detection (P<0.01). In isolated perfused hearts, developed pressure and -dP/dt were significantly improved in diabetic hearts receiving Adv-GCA (P<0.05). These hearts also exhibited a 40% increase in SERCA2a expression. Phospholamban protein expression was reduced 50%, but the phosphorylated form was increased 2-fold in the diabetic hearts receiving Adv-GCA. We conclude that excess O-GlcNAcylation in the diabetic heart contributes to cardiac dysfunction, and reducing this excess cellular O-GlcNAcylation has beneficial effects on calcium handling and diabetic cardiac function.     

Right ventricular contractile function in children with congenital heart disease

Indexes of right ventricular (RV) systolic function were evaluated in 41 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. High-fidelity tracings were used to determine RV pressure, maximal RV dP/dt and the velocity of contractile element shortening at a developed pressure of 10 mm Hg (VCE10). In 14 children with an RV systolic pressure less than 35 mm Hg, normal RV volume, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) less than 3 units X m2 and no shunts (our normal group), mean (+/- standard deviation) RV dP/dt was 437 +/- 116 mm Hg X s-1 and VCE10 was 1.15 +/- 0.33 muscle length X s-1. In patients with RV systolic hypertension due to valvular pulmonary stenosis or isolated increases in PVR, mean values for RV dP/dt and VCE10 were significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than the normal values. In patients with a ventricular septal defect, RV hypertension and normal PVR, VCE10 was normal but RV dP/dt was significantly elevated. Children with chronic RV volume overload had normal RV contractile indexes. No patient in any group had values for RV dP/dt or VCE10 that were less than normal (mean normal - 2 standard deviations). This study establishes for the first time the indexes of RV isovolumic systole in children. It also shows that RV contractile function is preserved in young patients with chronic RV pressure or volume overload who do not have overt congestive heart failure.