双氢青蒿素治疗对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞上清液TNF—α和NO水平的影响

目的 研究双氢青蒿素治疗对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠泡巨噬细胞上清液TNF－α和NO水平的。方法 以醋酸可的松皮下注射Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型。用60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠后杀鼠取,用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞,用LPS刺激培养72h,同时庙有感染组和正常对照。用TNF－α和NO试剂盒分别检测培养上清液TNF－α和NO活性。结果 感染组和治疗组TNF－α和NO水平均高于正常对照,治疗组TNF－α和NO水平则低于感染组。结论 卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌高水平的TNF－α和NO,胆双氢青蒿素治疗后PCR大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生TNF－α和NO水平降低。     

双氢青蒿素对患卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞上清液IL-1水平的影响

为研究双氢青蒿素对患卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,PCP）大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液IL－1水平的影响，以醋酸可的松皮下注射Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型，用60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠，杀鼠取肺，用胶原酶消化法分离大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞，用LPS刺激培养72h，同时设有感染对照组和正常对照，用IL－1β试剂盒分别检测血清和培养上清液IL－1β的水平，结果显示感染组和治疗组大鼠IL－1β水平显著高于正常对照，治疗组大鼠IL－1β水平则低于感染组，说明卡氏肺孢子虫感染可能引起大鼠肺泡巨噬发泌高水平IL－1，经双氢青蒿素治疗PCP后大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生IL－1水平降低。     

双氢青蒿素治疗对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠脾细胞上清液一氧化氮水平的影响

目的研究双氢青蒿素治疗对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCD)大鼠脾细胞上清液一氧化氮(N0)水平的影响。方法以醋酸可的松皮下注射Wistar大鼠，建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型，用60mg／kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠，杀鼠取肺，胶原酶消化法分离脾细胞，脂多糖(LPS)刺激培养72h，用NO试剂盒检测大鼠脾细胞上清液NO活性，同时设有感染组和正常对照组。结果感染组和治疗组大鼠NO水平高于正常对照组，治疗组NO水平低于感染组。结论卡氏肺孢子虫(PC)感染可能引起大鼠脾细胞分泌高水平NO，发挥杀伤PC作用，同时加重宿主组织炎症反应，抑制宿主的免疫应答；经双氢青蒿素治疗后，PCP大鼠脾细胞分泌NO降低，组织炎症反应减轻，使宿主的免疫应答接近正常状态。     

双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠脾细胞凋亡的影响

目的　检测双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)大鼠脾细胞凋亡的影响。方法　以醋酸可的松皮下注射Wis tar大鼠建立PCP动物模型 ,用 60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠 ,杀鼠取肺 ,用胶原酶消化法分离其脾细胞 ,用PI和TUNEL染色法检测其凋亡 ,同时设有感染组和正常大鼠对照组。结果　感染组和治疗组大鼠脾细胞凋亡率显著高于正常对照组 ,治疗组大鼠脾细胞凋亡率明显低于感染组。结论　卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠脾细胞发生凋亡 ,而双氢青蒿素治疗后PCP大鼠脾细胞凋亡降低     

卡氏肺孢子虫虫体负荷与肺损伤的关系研究

为研究卡氏肺孢子虫 (Pneumocystis carinii,PC)虫体负荷与肺损伤的关系 ,采用清洁级 Sprague- Dawley(SD)大鼠 (5 0只 )每周两次皮下注射醋酸可的松 ,连续 8～ 12 wk,建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)模型。共计 14只大鼠 PCP诱导成功。测定支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BAL F)细胞计数及分类、总蛋白 (TP)、白蛋白 (AL B)、碱性磷酸酶(AL P)、乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)、 型胶原酶 (MMP- 2、MMP- 9)等肺损伤的活性指标。并根据病理组织观察计数虫体累及肺泡数多少 ,将 PC虫体负荷分为轻度组 (每 10 0个肺泡中被虫体累及肺泡数 <2 5 % ,A组 ,n=6 ,)和中重度组(每 10 0个肺泡中被虫体累及肺泡数≥ 2 5 % ,B组 ,n=8) ,比较 PC虫体负荷与肺损伤的关系。 6只清洁级 SD大鼠作为正常对照组 (C组 )。结果在 PC虫体负荷中重度组的 BAL F中白细胞总数 (6 .8× 10 6 /L± 1.7× 10 6 /L)较轻度组 (3.8× 10 6 /L± 1.2× 10 6 /L)明显增加 ,但分类差异不明显。中重度组 BAL F中 AL B为 (892 .7± 46 8.9) μg/ml,较轻度组的 (2 6 2 .2± 16 9.3) μg/ml明显为高 (P<0 .0 1) ;正常对照组仅为 (2 6 .3± 2 1.0 ) μg/ml。中重度组 TP为(175 5 .6± 70 5 .6 ) μg/m l、L DH为 (2 5 .8± 5 .5 ) U/dl,显著高于轻度组 [TP(783.5± 5 5 3.0 )     

经双氢青蒿素治疗后卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠的肺部病理学变化

目的　研究经双氢青蒿素治疗后卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)大鼠肺部病理学变化。方法　以地塞米松磷酸钠皮下注射Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型 ,用 6 0mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠 ,杀鼠取肺 ,用光镜和电镜观察肺部病理学变化 ,同时设有感染对照组和正常对照组。结果　肺印片中卡氏肺孢子虫 (Pc)包囊数目显著减少 ,肺组织炎症明显减轻 ,Pc滋养体表膜和核膜破裂 ,胞质中出现大量空泡和高电子密度颗粒 ,Pc包囊中也出现空泡 ,囊内小体变性坏死。结论　双氢青蒿素可杀死Pc滋养体和包囊 ,从而减轻肺组织的炎症反应。     

大蒜素治疗大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的研究

目的　研究大蒜素对大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的治疗效果。　方法　地塞米松连续肌肉注射Wistar大鼠8周,建立大鼠PCP动物模型。用大蒜素治疗实验大鼠,同时设复方新诺明治疗对照组和PCP模型空白对照组。通过各组大鼠肺重、肺重/体重比值、肺印片中每100个油镜视野肺孢子虫包囊均数等指标考核疗效。　结果　大蒜素治疗组大鼠平均肺重为1.73±0.17、肺重/体重比值为0.84±0.12,显著低于PCP模型对照组的 2.31±0.35、1.25±0.35(P<0.01)。肺印片中包虫数较PCP模型对照组减少62.9% ,其与复方新诺明治疗对照组接近。　结论　大蒜素对实验大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎有明显的治疗作用,治疗效果接近复方新诺明。     

双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫超微结构的影响

目的　观察双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫超微结构的影响。方法　以醋酸可的松皮下注射 Wistar大鼠 6周 ,诱导建立肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型 ,用双氢青蒿素治疗大鼠 ,并用电镜观察大鼠肺切片中肺孢子虫超微结构。结果　双氢青蒿素可使肺孢子虫滋养体胞浆及包囊内出现空泡 ,线粒体肿胀、核膜破裂、内质网肿胀 ,囊内小体溶解破坏等超微结构改变。结论　双氢青蒿素主要对卡氏肺孢子虫膜系结构产生破坏作用     

蒿甲醚用于卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠的治疗及其对IL-6影响的研究

目的 从病理学和细胞因子角度探讨蒿甲醚对大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（Pneumocystiscarinii Pneumonia POP）的治疗效果和作用机理。方法 给SD大鼠皮下注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型，治疗组给予蒿甲醚治疗。ELISA双抗夹心法分别检测血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液中1L-6水平。结果 与感染对照组比较，蒿甲醚治疗组症状显著改善、肺印片中卡氏肺孢子虫包囊数目显著减少、肺组织炎症明显减轻、血清和肺泡灌洗液中IL-6水平明显下降。结论 蒿甲醚具有一定抗大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎作用，能够降低PCP大鼠IL-6。     

大鼠实验性卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎中IL-2,IL-6的变化

目的 建立大鼠实验性卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的模型,观察血清和肺泡灌洗液中IL-2和IL-6的变化.方法 给SD大鼠皮下注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型,酶免法检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-2和IL-6含量及血清中IL-6含量;放免法检测血清中IL-2含量.结果 感染组大鼠血清和肺泡灌洗液中IL-2和IL-6含量均显著高于正常对照组.结论 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清和肺泡灌洗液中IL-2和IL-6升高.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.