快速演变的急性硬膜外血肿二例

例1男,44岁.因头部外伤半小时入院,伤时有短暂昏迷史.就诊时神志清,头颅CT示左颞微量硬膜外血肿,蛛网膜下腔出血,左颞骨骨折.约4 h后病人昏迷,左侧瞳孔4.5 mm,右侧瞳孔2.0 mm.头颅CT示左颞顶及后颅窝巨大硬膜外血肿,量约120 ml.急诊行后颅窝及左颞顶开颅血肿清除术,见左侧横窦及上矢状窦中部均有出血,清除血肿,横窦处保留骨桥,悬吊上矢状窦及横窦处硬脑膜以止血.     

急性硬膜下血肿快速消失一例

患者 女，69岁，因摔伤致昏迷1h入院。查体：浅昏迷状，GCS评分7分。双侧瞳孔等大形圆，直径约0．2cm，对光反射灵敏，右眼球向左凝视，左眼球居中。额纹对称，口角无偏斜，悬雍垂居中。刺痛可见左侧肢体活动好，右侧肢体活动少。腹壁反射存在，右侧巴氏征阳性。头颅CT：左额颞部硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑中线轻度右偏。入院诊断为：中型颅脑损伤：（1）额颞部硬膜下血肿（左侧）；（2）蛛网膜下腔出血。入院后给予甘露醇、速尿、氨甲环酸、吸氧等。19h后复查CT提示左侧硬膜下血肿消失。     

左大脑中动脉外伤性动脉瘤破裂出血致死亡1例

1 临床资料男,7岁,因从3 m高树上坠地后昏迷3 h入院。体格检查:浅昏迷,瞳孔等大、等圆,光反应灵敏,颈抵抗。X-线检查示左跟骨骨折;头颅CT示左额颞少量硬膜下血肿,左外侧裂区少量积血,脑挫裂伤不明显。1 d后清醒。第10天复查头颅CT,示原硬膜下血肿及外侧裂区积血消失。第14天晚2∶00护士发现患儿呈深昏迷,叹息样呼吸,双侧瞳孔散大。头颅CT示左额颞部巨大硬膜下血肿,脑疝形成。即行左额颞标准大骨瓣开颅术。术中见左外侧裂膝部大脑中动脉血管壁上有一0.1 cm ×0.2 cm瘘口,呈搏动性喷血。诊断为左大脑中动脉外伤性假性动脉瘤破裂出血。依…     

双侧大脑半球慢性硬膜下血肿2例报告

例1 女,48岁,护士,1986年4月18日入院。3个月前与他人争吵时被踢倒,有左胫骨平台骨折。伤后病人渐出现双额颞部头痛,有时伴呕吐。无精神症状及肢体活动障碍。在当地拟“高颅压”给脱水治疗,症状不能控制转来我院。检查:神清,对答切题,心肺腹(-),神经系统(-),头颅CT扫描,见双侧大脑半球近依极处新月形低密度病变,双侧脑室受压,中线结构未见明显移位,蛛网膜下腔沟消失。诊断为双侧大脑半球慢性硬膜下血肿,于同年4月24日在局麻下行双侧顶部钻单孔冲洗术清除血肿,术中见血肿包膜形成,左侧100ml,右侧80ml,均为酱油样液体,无血凝块。术后6天拆线、切口愈合、腰穿压力及脑脊液正常。50天后头颅CT复查:二侧血肿     

硬膜外血肿术后伴发甲亢危象及低钠血症1例

1临床资料患者男性,37岁,于2001年8月19日车祸致伤头部,当即昏迷,大小便失禁,右外耳道流血,头颅CT示右颞部硬膜外血肿,量约50ml,左额叶挫裂伤,右颞骨骨折。查体:神志浅昏迷,呼之不应,对疼痛能定位,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直经3mm,对光反射灵敏,右外耳道活动性出血,颈软无抵抗,左侧肢体肌力0级,右侧肢体肌力正常。入院后急诊在全麻下行硬膜外血肿清除术。12年前有甲亢手术史。术后第一天,患者神志朦胧,生命体征平稳,拔除硬膜外引流管;第二天神志浅昏迷,呼之不应,咽喉部痰多,行气管切开术;复查CT示硬膜外血肿完全消失,左侧颞额叶、右侧额叶有脑挫…     

酷似急性硬膜下血肿的蛛网膜下腔出血2例

病例1：男性，19岁，战士。摔擒训练后因突发头痛呕吐，继而昏迷半小时急诊入院，无头部外伤史。查体：中度昏迷，格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale，GCS)6分，头部无伤痕，双侧瞳孔等大，光反射迟钝，眼球向上凝视，刺激后可见肢体活动，病理征(-)，脑膜刺激征( )。发病2h头颅CT：左侧额、顶、颞部硬膜下见新月状高密度出血影，中线向右移位     

慢性硬膜下血肿术后并发低颅压综合征1例

我科收治1例慢性硬膜下血肿术后并低颅压综合征，现报告如下。1病历报告患者，女，万岁，右侧肢体活动不灵十余天。查体：神清、表情淡漠，反应迟钝、右侧肢体肌力IV”，双侧膝反射（m），余（－）。头颅CT示：左额、颈、顶混杂密度影，中线右移约Icm，脑受压明显，顶叶压迫至原来的1／3。诊断为左侧慢性硬膜下血肿。局麻下行左额项钻孔冲洗引流术，左额顶各作一小切口钻孔，切开硬膜，发现黑褐色血液喷出，用尿管插入血肿胜，生理盐水反复冲洗直至冲洗液清亮，顶部钻孔内留置尿管、缝合切口，手术顺利。术后未见引流物，复查附、血肿腔较…     

入院时清醒的右颞叶局灶性脑挫裂伤死亡一例报告

病历摘要 患者女,58岁.因"车祸致头部外伤1h"于2012年6月18日23:05急诊入院.受伤时左颞枕部着力,伤后无昏迷史.既往体健.入院查体:嗜睡,GCS 14分.左侧颞顶可触及一4 cm×4 cm头皮血肿.双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径3 mm,直接、间接光反射灵敏.双侧肢体肌力Ⅴ级,肌张力正常,双侧巴氏征(-).颈软无抵抗,脑膜刺激征(-).头颅CT显示右颞叶脑挫裂伤,右额颞薄层硬膜下血肿,右外侧裂蛛网膜下腔出血,环池、第三脑室显示欠清,中线居中,血肿量约7 ml(图1).入院化验检查:血常规、生化、凝血等基本正常.入院诊断:轻型闭合性颅脑伤(1)右颞叶局灶性脑挫裂伤.(2)右额颞薄层硬膜下血肿.(3)蛛网膜下腔出血.(4)左颞顶头皮血肿.     

外伤性Labbè静脉损伤三例

例1男,38岁。高处坠落伤及头部30min入院。昏迷状态,GCS 7分。双瞳孔等大,右肢瘫,双巴彬氏征阳性。右颞顶头皮挫伤伴血肿。头CT：左额颞顶区硬膜下血肿,层厚＞1．0cm,中线右移＞0．5cm,脑室受压变形。急诊行左侧标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,术中见Labbé静脉于桥段大部断裂,仍有活动出血。予电凝断端并切断。术后2d神志清醒,无语言、运用及肢体功能障碍。1周后复查CT未见静脉     

外伤后急性硬膜外血肿、迟发性硬膜下血肿、迟发性尿崩、外伤后脑积水一例

患者男，31岁。因施工中坠落致头部外伤伴昏迷10h入院。入院时头颅CT示：左额顶部硬膜外血肿伴中线向右移位，枕骨粉碎性骨折，蛛网膜下腔出血。查体：神志呈浅昏迷，GCS评分8分，双眼瞳孔等大等圆，对光反射迟钝，后枕部有一约4cm大小头皮血肿。四肢肌张力增高，双侧巴彬斯基征（＋）。入院诊断：重型颅脑损伤、左额顶部急性硬膜外血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、枕骨粉碎性骨折、头皮下血肿。在全麻插管下行左额顶部硬膜外血肿清除术，经过顺利。术后第2天神志清楚，复查CT示：左额顶部硬膜外血肿已手术清除。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.