食管癌术后早期全肠内营养支持对肝功能的影响

目的探讨食管癌患者术后实施早期肠内营养对肝功能是否具有保护作用。方法120例食管癌根治术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)与肠外营养组(PN组),每组60例。EN组术后24小时以内管喂肠内营养液能全力,PN组给予等氮、等热卡的肠外营养,总热量为105～126kJ/(kg.d),营养支持共7天。分别于术前,术后3、8天查血生化指标变化。结果术后第3天,两组患者的白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白等营养指标均下降,术后第8天有所恢复,EN组前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平明显高于PN组(P<0.05)。术后第3天,两组患者的总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、间接胆红素都升高(IB),术后第8天,EN组TB、DB、IB降至术前水平,而PN组继续升高,明显高于EN组(P<0.05)。两组患者的丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶于术后第3、8天均持续升高,但PN组较EN组升高更明显(P<0.05)。结论食管癌术后早期肠内营养可促进肝脏合成蛋白,减轻术后肝功能损害,有利于术后胆红素代谢。     

Enteral and parenteral nutrition distinctively modulate intestinal permeability and T cell function in vitro

Background  Nutritional support is an established element of therapy for various indications. However, its impact on the mucosal barrier function is not well understood. Aim of the study  We investigated the influence of EN and PN on intestinal epithelial cells and peripheral blood (PBMC) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC), all of which are involved in the mucosal defense against bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. Methods  Integrity of epithelial cells was measured as transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of confluent Caco-2 monolayers in the presence of 1% EN, PN and a parenteral amino acid mixture (AM). To determine wound healing capacities, an established migration model with IEC-6 cells was used. Furthermore, we investigated apoptosis, cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion of Caco-2, HT29 and of stimulated PBMC and LPMC cultured with or without 1 and 5% EN, AM or PN. Results  We demonstrated that EN, AM and PN promoted the integrity of the epithelial monolayer and reconstituted epithelial cell continuity TGF-β-dependently and -independently. Interestingly, only PN induced apoptosis and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. The activation status of PBMC was significantly reduced by EN and AM. Specifically, EN leads to an increased apoptosis rate, inhibited cell cycle progression and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Both EN and PN reduced the activation status and the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions  Our study provides evidence that by promoting wound healing and regulating T cell function, EN, AM, and PN potently interact with the intestinal barrier and immune system, thus justifying its use in diseases accompanied by impaired mucosal barrier function. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

^13C-美沙西丁呼气试验定量评估非酒精性脂肪肝肝贮备功能

目的探讨^13C-美沙西丁呼气试验定量评估非酒精性脂肪肝肝细胞损害程度的方法及意义。方法雄性Wistar大鼠24只随机分为对照组（普通饮食）和模型组（高脂饮食）,分别于8和12周末对两组大鼠进行^13C-美沙西丁呼气试验检测,观察呼气峰值（DOB）、达峰时间（T）、达峰高度和60min累积呼气量（CUM_60min）各参数的动态变化;处死动物,测门静脉、腹主动脉血中内毒素（ET）水平;取肝标本做HE染色,观察其病理变化。结果8周模型组呼气试验参数与同期对照组比较无统计学意义;12周模型组DOB、CUM_60min和达峰高度与同期对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,T较对照组前移,但差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。呼气试验结果与肝脏HE染色病变一致。8周、12周模型组门静脉ET水平较同期对照组明显上升,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。腹主动脉与相应门静脉ET水平比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。门静脉ET水平与DOB、呼气试验丰度和CUM_60min呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论^13C-关沙西丁呼气试验有可能成为一种非酒精性脂肪肝肝细胞功能的无创性评价方法。     

Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

While the history of nutrition support dates to the ancient world, modern home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) has been available since the 1960s. Home enteral nutrition is primarily for patients in whom there is a reduction in oral intake below the amount needed to maintain nutrition or hydration (i.e., oral failure), whereas home parenteral nutrition is used for patients when oral-enteral nutrition is temporarily or permanently impossible or absorption insufficient to maintain nutrition or hydration (i.e., intestinal failure). The development of home delivery of these therapies has revolutionized the field of clinical nutrition. The use of HPEN appears to be increasing on a global scale, and because of this, it is important for healthcare providers to understand all that HPEN entails to provide safe, efficacious, and cost-effective support to the HPEN patient. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the indications, patient requirements, monitoring, complications, and overall process of managing these therapies at home. Whereas some of the information in this article may be applicable to the pediatric patient, the focus is on the adult population.     

A Comparison of Postoperative Early Enteral Nutrition with Delayed Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

We examined esophageal cancer patients who received enteral nutrition (EN) to evaluate the validity of early EN compared to delayed EN, and to determine the appropriate time to start EN. A total of 208 esophagectomy patients who received EN postoperatively were divided into three groups (Group 1, 2 and 3) based on whether they received EN within 48 h, 48 h–72 h or more than 72 h, respectively. The postoperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOH), days for first fecal passage, cost of hospitalization, and the difference in serum albumin values between pre-operation and post-operation were all recorded. The statistical analyses were performed using the t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi square test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Group 1 had the lowest thoracic drainage volume, the earliest first fecal passage, and the lowest LOH and hospitalization expenses of the three groups. The incidence of pneumonia was by far the highest in Group 3 (p = 0.019). Finally, all the postoperative outcomes of nutritional conditions were the worst by a significant margin in Group 3. It is therefore safe and valid to start early enteral nutrition within 48 h for postoperative esophageal cancer patients.     

Influence of Age and Type of Underlying Disease on Complications Related to Home Enteral Nutrition

Background: No data about the influence of age and underlying diseases on home enteral nutrition (HEN)–related complications are reported in the literature. Herein, we retrospectively investigated this issue by analyzing HEN‐related complications in a cohort of consecutive patients grouped according to the underlying disease and age. Material and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 101 patients referring to our team in 2007–2010 to obtain patients’ demographic data, age, nutrition status, duration of HEN treatment, and type of HEN‐related complications. They were divided in cancer and neurologic patients and subgrouped on the basis of their age. HEN‐related complications were expressed as complication rates. Results: Patients with neurological diseases suffered a significantly higher number of complications as compared with cancer patients (P = .04). Age did not significantly influence complication rates. The mechanical complications were the most frequent. The majority of HEN‐related complications were resolved at home. Conclusion: Our data strongly suggest that HEN‐related complications are influenced by underlying diseases and not by age. In neurologic patients, dementia, loss of autonomy, and the different therapies administered by PEG probably play an important role in increasing the number of HEN‐related complications as compared with cancer patients. The most frequent complications can be managed at home, reducing the costs of hospitalizations and discomfort for the patient.     

肠内营养支持对老年呼吸衰竭患者呼吸功能的影响

近 2 0年来 ,西方主要工业化国家在心脑血管病病死率大幅度下降的同时 ,慢性呼吸系统疾病却在明显增多 ,在我国的病因统计中 (1 994年 ) [1 ] ,呼吸系病也是城乡居民病残和病死的重大疾病 ,且随着人口老龄化的出现 ,老年患者呼吸衰竭 (呼衰 )的发病率逐年增加 ,因此老年呼衰患者的有效治疗成为大家逐渐关注的问题。我科对 2 0例老年呼衰患者在临床治疗的同时给予肠内营养支持 ,取得一定疗效。1　对　象　与　方　法1 .1　对象　　患者为我院内科危重病房监护室病人 ,全部病例均符合呼衰诊断标准 [2 ] ,其中实验组 2 0例 (男1 3 ,女 7) ,年龄…     

静脉谷氨酰胺双肽强化的肠内营养对肝脏移植术后患者临床结局的影响:前瞻性、随机对照临床研究

目的评价静脉谷氨酰胺双肽强化的肠内营养对肝脏移植患者临床结局的改善。方法2002年12月~2004年3月华西医院肝脏移植中心接受首次肝脏移植的患者按随机表进入研究组或对照组,两组患者分别接受静脉谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养治疗和等氮等热卡肠外营养治疗。所有患者均知情同意,研究方案经医院伦理委员会批准。记录术后死亡例数、感染例数、住院时间及费用。结果符合全部纳入标准的30例患者进入研究,研究组和对照组各15例,对照组和研究组各有2例患者未完成研究。对照组4例死亡,研究组无死亡,两组死亡率的差异无显著性,但死亡风险倾向于对照组(P=0.096)。对照组10例感染,研究组6例感染,差异有倾向性(P=0.103)。研究组术后住院时间为(22.7±12.0)天,对照组为(34.8±10.6)天,差值为(-21.6±8.8)天,差异有显著性(P=0.011)。研究组的术后住院费用(148534±38220)元,显著少于对照组(230281±85146)元,差值为(-81747±25885)元,差异有显著性(P=0.006)。结论静脉谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养与标准肠外营养比较,能减少住院时间,降低术后住院费用,有降低术后感染的倾向性。谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养可能是一种有效的肝移植术后营养治疗方案。     

Strategies to Manage Gastrointestinal Symptoms Complicating Enteral Feeding

Diarrhea and abdominal distension are common complications associated with enteral feeding. Often the cause is unknown, the enteral formula is blamed and changes to the mode of delivery or formula are instituted. However, the evidence base for many strategies used is limited. Altering the osmolality and temperature of the formula and/or the rate of infusion are commonly practiced but evidence for their benefit is largely anecdotal. Preventing microbial contamination of the feed is important and clear guidelines exist to achieve this. The formulation itself can be modified. While the addition of fiber is well supported theoretically, outcome data are less convincing. Avoidance of osmotically active, poorly absorbed short‐chain carbohydrates in the formula (often used as the major carbohydrate source) is a new tactic to minimize diarrhea. It has compelling theoretical support, but requires further investigation. A methodical clinical approach to gastrointestinal complications of enteral feeding is warranted and an algorithm for management is proposed.     

肠内营养制剂辅助术前肠道准备效果的临床观察

目的探讨结、直肠癌患者术前使用肠内营养制剂辅助肠道准备替代传统肠道准备方法的可行性和效果。方法结、直肠癌择期手术病人42例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组21例。实验组(营养制剂组)于术前3天开始口服整蛋白纤维型肠内营养混悬液作术前肠道准备,对照组(传统方法组)术前采用传统的半流食—流食—禁食补液方法进行肠道准备工作。比较两组手术前晚清洁洗肠的次数,肠道清洁度,以及肠道准备期间腹胀、腹痛、恶心、呕吐、乏力、虚脱等不良反应的发生情况;分别记录并比较肠道准备前后的体重、血总淋巴细胞记数(LYM)、血红蛋白(HB)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)及前白蛋白(PA)水平。结果两组肠道清洁度无显著差异。实验组手术前晚清洁洗肠(5.67±0.97)次,明显少于对照组的(7.62±1.66)次(P<0.01);不良反应的发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组肠道准备后的LYM、PA分别为(1785.81±401.48)×106/L和(170.76±16.32)mg/L,均高于对照组[(1529.29±290.80)×106/L和(158.24±18.56)mg/L,P<0.05],且较肠道准备前有所升高[(1548.95±346.58)×106/L和(153.86±17.67)mg/L,P<0.05];而体重、HB、TP、ALB与对照组比较无显著性差异。结论结、直肠癌患者以肠内营养制剂辅助术前肠道准备的效果优于传统方法,能够有效地改善患者的营养状况,减少不良反应的发生。     

早期肠内营养联合微生态制剂对慢加急性肝功能衰竭病人营养状态和预后的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)联合微生态制剂辅助治疗乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝功能衰竭(HBV-ACLF)病人的治疗效果. 方法:采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选取HBV-ACLF病人58例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组29例.两组病人均于入住ICU治疗24 ～48 h,经鼻胃营养管持续输注EN液进行营养支持.治疗组病人在此基础上使用微生态制剂(地衣芽胞杆菌活菌胶囊2粒和乳果糖20 ml,每天2次),连用14 d.比较两组病人治疗前后血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、总胆固醇(TC)、总胆红素(TBil)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)和内毒素(ET)等的变化,并观察随访12周生存率. 结果:两组病人治疗前ALB、PA、TC、TBil、ALT、PTA、ET比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗后TBIL、ALT、ET均较治疗前明显减低,ALB、PA、TC较治疗前明显升高,且以治疗组变化更加显著(P＜0.05).治疗组病人肝功能衰竭中期12周生存率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组肝功能衰竭晚期12周生存率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论:EEN联合微生态制剂治疗HBV-ACLF可有效地改善病人的营养状态,促进胃肠功能恢复,减轻内毒素血症,增加12周生存率.     

肠内外营养在妊娠剧吐治疗中的应用

妊娠剧吐不利于母亲和胎儿的健康,提供足够的营养支持是治疗的主要措施。本文简要介绍近年肠内外营养在妊娠剧吐治疗中的应用情况,旨在为正确选择何种营养途径提供新的思路。     

早期肠内营养对胃胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内营养(EEN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃、胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:胃、胰腺肿瘤病人96例,分为EEN组52例、PN组24例和对照组(常规补液)20例.术后24 h开始给予肠内或肠外营养,检测术前和术后第9 d营养以及免疫指标,观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EEN组和PN组术后体重、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而EEN组和PN组之间差异无显著性意义;EEN组和PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EEN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EEN可明显改善胃、胰腺肿瘤术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

肠内营养在克罗恩病治疗中的应用

目的探讨肠内营养在克罗恩病（CD）治疗中的作用。方法随机选取39例综合确诊的CD患者，依据是否行肠内营养治疗分为肠内营养组（n=31）和对照组（n=8），记录其临床表现、实验室检查结果和CD活动指数（CDAI）。结果（1）临床表现：肠内营养治疗2周和4周后，肠内营养组在发热、腹部包块、腹泻和肠外表现等临床症状方面，以及活动性病变人数和需肠外营养支持的人数方面，均较治疗前和对照组有明显好转（P〈0．05）；在肠梗阻、腹痛和便血等临床症状上也较治疗前明显好转（P〈0．05）；患者体重亦较治疗前明显增加（P〈0．05），而对照组却较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．05）。（2）实验室检查：肠内营养治疗2周和4周后，肠内营养组在γ球蛋白、α2球蛋白、CRP和ESR等方面均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．05）；在H曲和血白蛋白方面较治疗前明显增加（P〈0．05），而对照组却较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05）。（3）CDAI：肠内营养治疗2周和4周后，肠内营养组和对照组的CDAI均较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05），但肠内营养组CDAI下降的幅度较对照组大。（4）皮质激素使用方面：肠内营养组和对照组无统计学上的显著差异（P均〉0．05），肠内营养组15例在观察期内均开始激素减量。结论肠内营养是CD患者充分有效的营养支持方式，有助于CD活动期病情的改善，可以作为激素的替代治疗选择。对于疾病的治疗具有重大意义。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病肠内营养管理与护理

目的探讨肠内营养支持及护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者营养状况与肺功能的影响。方法将60例老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者随机分成对照组和观察组。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上加用肠内营养支持和护理干预,观察干预前后8周体质量、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围、血清白蛋白及肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积、用力肺活量、血气分析变化。结果 8周后对照组与试验组PH、PaO2差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;PaCO2差异显著,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与对照组相比,实验组肺功能明显增强、营养状况明显增加,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组死亡率（10%）明显高于观察组（3.33%）（P〈0.05）,对照组存活者平均住院29.50天,明显多于观察组存活者平均住院天数（23天,P〈0.05）。结论肠内营养支持管理与护理干预可明显改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者的营养状况,增强肺功能,促进疾病恢复。     

Effects of Enteral Immunonutrition on the Maintenance of Gut Barrier Function and Immune Function in Pigs With Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Background: This study evaluated the effects of enteral immunonutrition (EIN) supplemented with glutamine, arginine, and probiotics on gut barrier function and immune function in pigs with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods: The model was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate and trypsin via the pancreatic duct. After induction of SAP, 18 pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups, in which either parenteral nutrition (PN), control enteral nutrition (CEN), or EIN was applied for 8 days. Serum and pancreatic fluid amylase concentration was determined. Intestinal permeability (lactulose to mannitol ratio) was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and plasma endotoxin was quantified by the chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate technique. Samples of venous blood and organs were cultured using standard techniques. Pancreatitis severity and villi of ileum were scored according to histopathologic grading. Plasma T‐lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and immunoglobulins (Igs) were determined via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: There were no significant differences in serum and pancreatic fluid amylases concentrations or in pancreatitis severity between any 2 of the 3 groups. Compared with PN and CEN, EIN significantly decreased intestinal permeability, plasma endotoxin concentration, and the incidence and magnitudes of bacterial translocation, but increased ileal mucosal thickness, villous height, crypt depth, and percentage of normal intestinal villi. Significant differences were found in CD3⁺, CD4⁺ lymphocyte subsets, the ratio of CD4⁺: CD8⁺ lymphocyte subsets, and serum IgA and IgG, but not IgM, between any 2 of the 3 groups. Conclusions: EIN maintained gut barrier function and immune function in pigs with SAP.