肝外胆管癌106例临床分析

胆管癌的治疗是目前胆道外科面临的难题。本文报道中山医科大学第一附属医院肝胆外科自1986～1990年收治的106例肝外胆管癌。全组切除率18.9%。高位胆管癌占51%,手术切除率14.8%。本组胆管癌淋巴结转移率为40.9%,以中段多见。肝转移31.9%,以上段多见。全组64例病理分析,高分化型占55.2%,低分化型占44.8%,其它占9.4%。文章分析了胆管癌部位、淋巴结转移、癌细胞分化程度,不同手术方式对手术切除率和预后的影响。     

自展不锈钢支架在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的应用

肝门部胆管癌早期诊断困难，手术切除率低多采用外引流的方法，存在引流不畅。逆行感染，生活不便等缺点。作者自行选材制成“Ｚ”形不锈钢自展支架，对４例无法手术切除的肝门部胆管癌病人行胆道支架放置术，术后短期随访效果良好。文章对胆道支架的种类放置途径及优缺点，手术操作注意事项、技巧、并发症等问题进行了讨论。认为自制的不锈钢自展支架支困人格便宜，效果满意，是可供选择的方法之一；但由于本组病例少，尚需进一步积     

肝门部胆管癌52例分析

探讨肝门部胆管癌早期诊断方法和手术方式对患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理确诊的肝门部胆管癌５２例临床特征，手术方式和随访结果。结果 本组手术切全２８全我院总手术切除５３．８％，其中根治性切除１９例，姑息性切除９例，行胆管内，外引流术２４例。     

肝门部胆管癌的术前胆道引流

肝门部胆管癌是指位于肝总管和左右肝管的胆管上皮癌，又称Klatskin瘤。手术切除是患者获得长期生存的惟一方法。许多患者确诊时存在明显的梗阻性黄疸（以下简称梗黄），对机体产生的损害包括：（1）胆汁不能正常进入肠道所致营养不良和内毒素血症；（2）胆汁淤积所致高胆红素血症和胆道感染。这些变化引起机体一系列病理生理学改变，导致肝肾功能损害、凝血机能障碍、胃黏膜损伤、免疫功能低下等全身损害。手术后易发生出血、肝肾功能衰竭、腹腔感染、胆漏等并发症，病死率高。术前胆道引流（preoperative biliary drainage，PBD）可改善患者的肝功能和全身状况，提高对手术的耐受。     

肝门部胆管癌的计划性肝切除

肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma)是原发于左右肝管及肝总管黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,又称高位胆管癌、上段胆管癌或Klatskin肿瘤,2009年AJCC第7版的TNM分期[1]将其归为肝门周围胆管癌或近侧胆管癌.肝门部胆管癌仍然是胆管癌的最常见类型,占胆管癌的50%～70%.由于肝门部胆管癌容易向胆管周围侵犯,甚至累及肝门部血管和肝实质,这给我们的外科根治性切除带来了更多的困难和挑战.     

46例肝门部胆管癌临床诊治分析

目的总结肝门部胆管癌的外科诊断治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995～2005年十年来收治的46例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果46例中按改良的Bismuth—Corlette法分型：Ⅰ型13例;Ⅱ型15例;Ⅲ型11例;Ⅳ型7例。实验室检查中总胆红素平均为352．3μmol／L;直接胆红素平均为211．6μmol／L;1-谷氨酰转移酶平均为217．1U／L。治疗方法：根治性骨骼化切除术12例,联合左半肝切除术3例．联合右半肝切除术2例,肝移植术1例,胆肠吻合内引流术5例,胆道置管外引流术3例．内镜逆行胆管引流术6例,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术14例。结论肝门部胆管癌的诊断可结合临床表现、参考肝功能等实验室检查及综合使用影像学检查。在治疗上对于能切除者可行根治性骨骼化切除、扩大切除或行肝移植术：对于不能手术切除者可行胆道内或外引流,以防治梗阻性胆管炎、维持胆道通畅及减轻肝功能损害、延长生存时间为目的。     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断

肝门部胆管癌（Hilar bile duct carcinoma)是指累及胆囊管开口以上1／3的肝外胆管并常扩展至肝管汇合和一侧或双侧肝管的癌，自1954年Browns完成第1例手术切除，到1965年美国耶鲁大学内科医生Klastkin对13例手术结果进行7总结，并指出此类肿瘤局限生长而远处转移少，早期诊断困难，根治性切除率低，姑息性切除或引流可有效延长生命。这些最初的认识都符合实际并不在不断深化和积累中，随着临床上认识和警惕性的提高及影像学检查手段的进步，肝门部胆管癌的报道呈增多的趋势，但其术前诊断困难，根治性切除率低，预后差，仍期待着人们进一步探索和研究。     

肝门部胆管癌112例外科治疗

目的 比较不同外科治疗方法对肝门部胆管癌生存率的影响，并探讨与预后相关的因素。方法回顾性分析1984年1月至2005年2月间收治的112例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果15例行根治性切除术，其1、2、3年的生存率分别为86．7％、53．3％、20．0％。35例行非根治性切除术，其1、2、3年的生存率分别为45.7％、8.5％、2．9％。40例行姑息性手术引流，其6、12、18个月的生存率分别为57．5％、20.0％、2．5％。22例行ERCP＋支架治疗，其6个月的生存率为59．1％（无超过1年者）。术后生存期与是否行根治性手术、切缘残癌情况、肿瘤分期、组织类型、淋巴结转移情况有关，有淋巴结转移时“就近转移”较常见。结论根治性切除加淋巴结清扫可获得较长的生存期。准确的术前评估，选择合适的手术方式，努力提高手术切除率是外科治疗的关键。     

Follicular lymphoma of the extrahepatic bile duct mimicking cholangiocarcinoma

We report a case of a 33-year old man who presented with symptoms and signs of an acute biliary tract obstruction with jaundice and abdominal pain. Diagnostic imaging studies revealed a biliary stricture of the hepatic confluence, and a mass at the hepatic hilum which obstructed the extrahepatic bile duct from the outside. At laparotomy, there was 3-cm-size nodule at the hilum which presented with a rubbery consistency. We performed extrahepatic bile duct resection and right and left hepaticojejunostomy. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed follicular lymphoma, which consisted of medium cleaved follicle-like cells, grade 1 of 3 according to the revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms proposed by International Lymphoma Study Group. Postoperative follow-up of more than 1 year has been completely uneventful, without any symptoms or signs of disease recurrence. This is the second case report of follicular lymphoma of the extrahepatic bile duct.     

Early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct

This study attempts to define early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct through a study of 11 patients whose carcinomatous invasion did not extend to the outer layer of the bile duct. The patients were divided into the following 3 groups, namely; a mucosa group comprised of 3 patients, a fibromuscular layer group comprised of 5 patients, and an adventitia group comprised of 3 patients. None of the patients had any lymphnode metastases. Histological characteristics were determined according to infiltrative growth (INF alpha, beta, gamma), lymphatic invasion (ly), venous invasion (v) and perineural invasion (pn). In the mucosa group, INF alpha was observed in 2 patients, while ly, v, and pn factors were all negative. In the fibromuscular layer group, INF beta was seen in 3 patients, ly was positive in 2 patients, while v, and pn factors were negative in all patients. In the adventitia group, INF gamma was found in 2 patients, and ly, v, and pn factors were positive in all patients except for 1 in whom v was negative. Death from recurrence occurred in all the adventitia group patients and in 1 other patient. Early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct could therefore be defined at present, as being carcinoma confined to within the mucosa and fibromuscular layer.     

Early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct

This study attempts to define early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct through a study of 11 patients whose carcinomatous invasion did not extend to the outer layer of the bile duct. The patients were divided into the following 3 groups, namely; a mucosa group comprised of 3 patients, a fibromuscular layer group comprised of 5 patients, and an adventitia group comprised of 3 patients. None of the patients had any lymphnode metastases. Histological characteristics were determined according to infiltrative growth (INFα, β, γ), lymphatic invasion (ly), venous invasion (v) and perineural invasion (pn). In the mucosa group, INFα was observed in 2 patients, while ly, v, and pn factors were all negative. In the fibromuscular layer group, INFβ was seen in 3 patients, ly was positive in 2 patients, while v, and pn factors were negative in all patients. In the adventitia group, INFγ was found in 2 patients, and ly, v, and pn factors were positive in all patients except for 1 in whom v was negative. Death from recurrence occurred in all the adventitia group patients and in 1 other patient. Early carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct could therefore be defined at present, as being carcinoma confined to within the mucosa and fibromuscular layer.     

Operative results of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

To determine the benefits of surgical treatment for patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct, data on 100 patients with this disease who had been surgically treated in our clinic during the past 18 years were evaluated. These patients were grouped into three, i.e., upper, middle and lower bile duct groups. Patients with periampullary tumor were excluded from this study. Surgical procedures consisted of resection of the tumor, including hepatic resection and dissection of the regional lymph nodes, and a bypass operation of the extra- or intrahepatic bile duct. Resectability rates of the tumor were 21.6% in upper, 82.4% in middle, and 50% in lower bile duct groups. Average survival times of patients who had a resection of the tumor were 30.3 months in the upper bile duct group, 35.9 months in middle (the longest, 13 years and 3 months) and 22.5 months in lower bile duct group. Survival rates of overall patients with resection of tumors were 64.5% at one year, 29.0% at 3 years, and 12.9% at 5 years after surgery, respectively. The middle bile duct group showed the most favorable operative results of all the groups, an extended resection of the tumor should be carried out to obtain for a longer survival.     

The management of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

A series of 63 patients with primary bile duct carcinomas seen at the UCLA Hospital since 1955 have been analyzed and divided into four groups, depending upon the site of the tumor in the extrahepatic ductal system. More than half of the tumors occurred in the upper one-third, while the other half was about equally divided between those occurring in the middle and lower thirds of the extrahepatic duct system. Three wide-spread intraluminal papillary tumors have been placed in a special category. The difficulties of establishing a correct diagnosis at the time of operation are again demonstrated in this series. The most commonly used palliative procedure has been the insertion of a tube into the duct that passes above and below the tumor through the site of obstruction. The tumors are generally small, well-localized, and frequently slow-growing. Tumors in the lower one-third of the duct may be treated by radical en bloc resection (pancreaticoduodenectomy) and offer the best prognosis, both for long-term palliation and cure. More than half of the tumors in this series were located at or near the confluence of the hepatic ducts, and resection of the tumor was attempted in only six of 34 cases. It is possible that, were procedures available that would permit a more extensive en bloc resection of tumors in the middle and upper thirds of the duct system, the period of palliation might be extended and more “cures” obtained. Detailed anatomical studies of the hepatic ducts, arteries, and portal veins at the hilus support the concept of combining extended hepatic resection with tumor excision and including segments of the hepatic blood supply in selected patients with tumors in the upper one-third of the duct. Operative procedures for resection of the right and left lobes have been proposed. One such operation has been performed; in a second patient, hepatic lobectomy and tumor excision were performed without interruption of the blood supply to the remaining lobe. Presented at the 73rd annual meeting of Japan Surgical Society in Kyoto on April 2, 1973. Supported in part by the James G. Greims Trust Fund and a April 2, 1900 Sabbatical Fellowship^* from the Blalock Foundation.     

Surgical treatment for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct

Eighty-six patients with primary extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma operated on in the Second Department of Surgery at Nagasaki University Hospital during a recent 13.5-year period were reviewed. The patients were divided into five groups depending upon the site of the tumor. The operative mortality, resectability, postoperative survival period, and five-year survival rate in each group were studied. The lower third group had the highest resectability, lowest operative mortality and longest post operative survival period. The hepatic duct, the upper third and the extended groups, however, showed extremely poor results. The pathological features of these three groups are discussed here and an operative procedure for resection of the tumor is proposed. We emphasize that the development of methods of early diagnosis is necessary, and recommend aggressive surgical treatment for tumors of the hepatic duct, upper third, and extended groups.     

Surgical treatment for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct

Eighty-six patients with primary extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma operated on in the Second Department of Surgery at Nagasaki University Hospital during a recent 13.5-year period were reviewed. The patients were divided into five groups depending upon the site of the tumor. The operative mortality, resectability, postoperative survival period, and five-year survival rate in each group were studied. The lower third group had the highest resectability, lowest operative mortality and longest post operative survival period. The hepatic duct, the upper third and the extended groups, however, showed extremely poor results. The pathological features of these three groups are discussed here and an operative procedure for resection of the tumor is proposed. We emphasize that the development of methods of early diagnosis is necessary, and recommend aggressive surgical treatment for tumors of the hepatic duct, upper third, and extended groups.     

肝外胆管癌的手术治疗效果分析

目的探讨肝外胆管癌的外科治疗。方法回顾分析我院外科手术收治的61例肝外胆管癌临床资料。结果其中胆管中段癌28例、胆管下段癌33例。胆管中段癌根治性切除率为64.29%,手术并发症14.28%,5年生存率38.89%;胆管下段癌根治性切除率为75.76%,手术并发症36%,5年生存率24%,两组间均无统计学差异。结论肝外胆管癌缺乏有效的早期诊断方法,手术仍是治疗肝外胆管癌的首选方法,胆管中段癌和胆管下段癌不需要区别讨论。     

Carcinosarcoma of the extrahepatic bile duct

A rare case of a carcinosarcoma of the extrahepatic bile duct demonstrating interesting features is described. A 75-year-old woman with a history of choledocholithotomy presented with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a thickened choledochal wall, with calcification. Percutaneous transhepatic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed a round filling defect accompanied by an irregular obstruction in the common bile duct. Carcinosarcoma was diagnosed from a protruding lesion in the common bile duct obtained by intraoperative frozen sectioning, and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Histological examination by light microscopy showed a transition between the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components and positive immunoreactivity for epithelial markers in the sarcomatous component. The patient died of a local recurrence 2 years after the surgery. Polypoid growth and ossification in the tumor could be representative features of carcinosarcoma of the extrahepatic bile duct.