游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 2011年1月至8月,应用游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣一期修复3例颊癌扩大切除术造成的软组织缺损,术前应用多普勒血流探测仪测量后桡侧副动脉无变异后,根据其走行,以及术中软组织缺损的面积、形态设计皮瓣,皮瓣均越过肱骨外上髁,面积为9 cm ×5 cm～10 cm×6 cm,血管蒂长约10 cm.供区创面直接拉拢缝合.结果 3例皮瓣均成活,其中1例因局部负压过大造成血管危象,经手术探查,减轻局部负压,术后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常.术后随访6～10个月,患者均无复发,颊部外观形态及功能恢复良好,2例供区局部有麻木感,6个月后症状减轻.结论 游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣厚度适宜、血供可靠,是修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的较好方法.     

股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复上颌窦癌术后缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣在修复上颌窦术后缺损中的应用。方法采用游离股前外侧皮瓣游离移植,同期修复上颌窦术后缺损17例。结果 17例患者中,2例患者出现血管危象,1例皮瓣部分坏死,5例出现早期局部并发症。术后随访3个月至4年,10例术后头颈部外形及功能基本恢复正常,受区和供区均无严重并发症;2例带瘤生存;5例分别因局部复发、颈淋巴结转移及远处转移而死亡。结论利用吻合血管的游离股前外侧皮瓣,更易于塑形修复,并减少供区并发症的发生,是修复各种头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的良好方法。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣与改良胸大肌皮瓣在修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损中的选择与改进

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣与改良胸大肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用及效果。方法2011年11月至2016年11月湖南省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治头颈部肿瘤患者394例,男性286例,女性108例,年龄25~79岁。分别采用游离股前外侧皮瓣(306例)、改良胸大肌皮瓣(88例)修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损。采用t检验法分析不同方法修复的效果及患者生存质量,总结2种皮瓣修复的优缺点及适应证。结果本组394例,游离股前外侧皮瓣组皮瓣成活率97.1%(297/306),改良胸大肌皮瓣组成活率97.7%(86/88);手术总时间2组相近,游离股前外侧皮瓣组3~4 h,改良胸大肌皮瓣组1.5~2.5 h;术后1年,UW-QOL评分游离股前外侧皮瓣组与胸大肌皮瓣组相比,在外观、言语功能及肩部运动方面有显著优势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论头颈部肿瘤术后缺损修复中,游离股前外侧皮瓣及改良胸大肌皮瓣都具有较高的成功率,游离股前外侧皮瓣适用于复杂缺损的修复,改良胸大肌皮瓣对血管条件、全身状况不佳的患者,更具有安全性。     

游离上臂外侧皮瓣在手部皮肤缺损中的应用

目的 探讨应用游离上臂外侧皮瓣修复手部中小面积软组织缺损的方法和临床效果.方法 2007年10月-2008年4月,对14例手部皮肤缺损患者,应用游离上臂外侧皮瓣进行修复.以桡侧副血管为蒂重建皮瓣血供,以皮神经重建感觉,皮肤缺损面积为5.0 cm×4.0 cm～9.0 cm×5.5cm.血管采用端端或端侧吻合法.结果 术后皮瓣全部存活.无血管危象发生.术后随访时间为3～8个月,3例皮瓣略臃肿(2例手背皮瓣3个月后行整形手术),皮瓣外观及弹性良好,感觉恢复至S3～S4.结论 以桡侧副血管为蒂的上臂外侧皮瓣血管解剖恒定,皮肤穿支丰富,感觉重建满意,是修复手部中小面积皮肤缺损的有效方法.     

应用游离皮瓣修复头颈部大面积软组织缺损

目的 总结应用游离皮瓣修复头面颈部巨大软组织缺损的临床经验.方法 对头面颈部巨大软组织缺损应用游离皮瓣修复23例,其中股前外侧皮瓣15例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣5例,上臂外侧皮瓣3例,皮瓣切取面积范围分别为6 cm×10 cm～15 cm×22 cm、4 cm×9 cm～8 cm×16 cm和4 cm×6 cm～5 cm×9 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,1例发生动脉危象,经手术取出血栓重新吻合血管后皮瓣成活,1例发生远端表皮水疱,1例发生边缘少部分脂肪液化,均经换药治疗后愈合,术后随访3个月～10年,皮瓣外观良好.结论 应用游离皮瓣修复头颈部巨大软组织缺损临床效果良好.     

游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复洞穿性颊部缺损一例

目的报道1例应用游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复洞穿性颊部缺损的临床效果。方法 2011年2月收治1例53岁右颊中分化鳞状细胞癌男性患者,肿瘤根治及右侧颈淋巴清扫术后遗留洞穿性颊部缺损约5 cm×5 cm。设计以左侧后桡侧副动脉及其伴行静脉为蒂的上臂外侧皮瓣,并扩展至前臂上部,皮瓣切取面积约9 cm×5 cm,延长后蒂长约10 cm,皮瓣折叠后修复软组织缺损。结果患者术后创面Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣成活。术后病理提示右颈深上淋巴结转移性鳞癌,因此术后1个月接受剂量约60 Gy放射治疗。患者获随访6个月,皮瓣色泽、质地良好,口轮匝肌功能正常,患侧口角无歪斜,张口度约3 cm。左侧上臂无功能障碍,但创面周围3 cm区域仍有麻木感。结论游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣血供可靠,操作简便、安全,是一种修复洞穿性颊部软组织缺损的较好选择。     

126例晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损重建的临床研究

目的:探讨切除头颈恶性肿瘤后,给予患者多皮瓣联合重建缺损的意义.方法:选取我院收治的晚期头颈肿瘤术后进行缺损重建的患者126例,利用患者的股前外侧游离肌皮瓣联合胸大肌肌皮瓣、前臂游离肌皮瓣进行缺损重建.结果:全部患者均成功切除肿瘤,缺损采用多皮瓣联合修复效果满意.其中,由于术前进行根治性放疗,10例患者的胸大肌皮瓣边缘较难愈合,换药后,创面愈合.结论:给予晚期头颈肿瘤术后多皮瓣重建缺损,具有良好的修复效果,能够显著提高患者的生活质量.     

游离上臂皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离上臂皮瓣在修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损中的应用.方法 应用以桡侧副动脉后支为蒂的游离上臂外侧皮瓣修复口内软组织缺损5例;以尺侧上副动脉恒定穿支为蒂的游离上臂内侧穿支皮瓣修复颜面部软组织缺损3例.结果 本组8例患者皮瓣全部成活.2例皮瓣臃肿者行Ⅱ期修剪,经随访2～5年,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽与周围组织相近,器官功能和外观恢复满意.结论 游离上臂皮瓣质地薄而柔软,色泽与颌面部相近,供区无重要血管损伤,多可直接缝合,并发症少,外观效果较佳,是修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的良好选择.     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损

目的:探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法:自2007年1月～2012年1月应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损16例。男10例,女6例,年龄4～13岁,皮肤缺损范围9cm×6cm～15cm×12cm,术中皮瓣切取面积10cm×7cm～16cm×13cm,供区创面直接缝合9例,游离植皮修复7例。结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,无血运障碍,皮瓣均成活,供区植皮均成活,切口一期愈合。患儿术后获随访,随访时间3～24个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形饱满,色泽正常。结论:应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部的软组织缺损,供区损伤小,切取皮瓣面积大,血管蒂长,修复效果好,是修复儿童足部的软组织缺损优良供区。     

显微外科技术在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨头颈肿瘤术后缺损显微外科修复的临床效果.方法 根据组织缺损的部位、范围及功能要求,应用吻合血管的游离组织瓣修复头颈部组织缺损65例.供区有:游离前皮瓣50例,游离背阔肌皮瓣4例,游离腓骨肌皮瓣4例,游离腹直肌穿支皮瓣2例,游离股前外侧皮瓣2例,游离骨骼骨肌瓣2例,游离肩胛皮瓣1例;修复部位有:口腔33例,口咽部13例,下颌骨6例,颌面部8例,颈部3例,项背部2例.组织瓣大小为4 cm×4 cm～10 cm×16 cm,腓骨瓣长度4～8 cm;受区血管为面动脉35根,甲状腺上动脉30根,面静脉27根,甲状腺上静脉21根,面后静脉9根.颈内静脉3根.颈外静脉5根.结果 65例游离组织瓣术后成活63例,坏死2例,成功率96.9%.受区和供区的并发症11/65(16.9%).结论 游离组织瓣在头颈外科修复中应用安全可靠,提高了患者的生存质量.     

游离肘外侧皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨以桡侧副动脉后支供血的游离肘外侧皮瓣的设计和应用技术。方法 以肱骨外上髁后缘与三角肌止点后缘连线为轴,在肘外侧部设计包含前臂后皮神经的皮瓣,以桡侧副动静脉为蒂,蒂长可达５～８ｃｍ。临床应用游离肘外侧皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损７例。结果７例皮瓣均完全存活,效果良好,结论 肘外侧皮瓣血管蒂较长,皮瓣薄且质地佳,手术操作较方便,适合修复中等面积手部皮肤缺损。     

Utility of the lateral arm flap in head and neck reconstruction

Soft-tissue defects of the head and neck are often reconstructed with fasciocutaneous free flaps. The radial forearm flap is used most commonly, however the lateral arm flap may be the flap of choice in certain situations. Advantages include flap elevation with simultaneous tumor ablation, avoidance of intraoperative patient position changes, and primary closure of the donor site. After extirpative procedures of the head and neck region, 4 patients were reconstructed with the lateral arm flap. Flap survival was 100%, a vein graft to supplement the short pedicle length was necessary in 1 patient, all donor sites were closed primarily, and secondary procedures to reduce flap bulk were necessary in 2 patients. The lateral arm flap is an excellent alternative to the radial forearm flap and should be included in the armamentarium of the reconstructive head and neck surgeon.     

The pedicled lateral forehead flap in reconstructing oral floor defect - The last resort; case report

Introduction and importanceLocoregional flaps, particularly the pedicled lateral forehead flap, are not usually used in reconstructing oral floor defects following oncologic resection. Rather, microscopic free flaps have evolved to be the standard of care in head and neck reconstruction. However, the pedicled lateral forehead flap could be valuable in floor of the mouth reconstruction in the absence of resources or other options.Case presentationA-56 years old lady with multiple comorbidities who underwent near total glossectomy, bilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection, and right lateral mandibulotomy due to a locally advanced lingual squamous carcinoma. The last resort was the pedicled lateral forehead flap after many unsuccessful reconstructive attempts utilizing the free anterolateral flap, free radial forearm flap, and pedicled pectoralis major flap.Clinical discussionDecreased donor site morbidity and reliable anatomy are among many of the advantages that made free flaps favorable over locoregional pedicled flaps, especially in oral cavity defects coverage. Of the latter, the pedicled forehead flap, rich in vascularity and neighboring the oropharyngeal defects, could be used with different techniques and modifications. Close monitoring and patient condition optimization is required.ConclusionChoosing a particular reconstructive option should be done considering the available resources and expertise and the patient's condition. The pedicled forehead flap remains valuable when other options are inappropriate or have failed.     

A study of the use of the supraclavicular artery flap for resurfacing of head, neck, and upper torso defects

The head and neck region is an aesthetically demanding area to resurface because of its high visibility. Tissue defects in this area often require distant flaps or free flaps to achieve an aesthetically acceptable result. The use of the Supraclavicular artery flap represents an extremely versatile and useful option for the resurfacing of head, neck and upper torso defects. Furthermore, islanding the flap gives it a wide arc of rotation and the color and texture match is superior to that of free flaps harvested from distant sites. In our study, we used the flap (both unexpanded and expanded) predominantly for resurfacing neck defects resulting from the release of post-burn contractures. However, its applicability in other indications would also be similar. Except one, all our flaps survived almost completely and the post-operative morbidity was very low. We conclude that the supraclavicular artery flap not only provides a reasonably good color and texture match but also maintains the multi-directional activity in the neck region.     

15 years experience with microvascular free tissue transfert for repair of head and neck cancer defects

We present the modalities and results obtained with free flap reconstruction of head and neck cancers defects. This retrospective review of 165 free transfers performed between 1984 and 1999 included 89 radial forearm flaps (54%), 38 latissimus dorsi flaps (23%), 28 osteomyocutaneous flaps (17%), 6 omentum flaps (4%), 2 jejunum flaps, and 2 cutaneous scapular flaps. Indications were orobuccopharynx (34%), hypopharynx (24%), mandible (17%), craniofacial (15%) and skin (10%) defects. Flap failure rate was 9%. Reconstruction of a radiated site was a statistically significant indicator of flap failure. Four types of free flaps were preferred for reconstruction of head and neck cancer defects. The radial forearm flap was used as a lap flap for the orobuccopharynx, the tubuled radial forearm flap for reconstruction of the digestive tract after total pharyngolaryngectomy, the osteomyocutaneous free fibular flap for pelvimandibulectomy, especially for the anterior arch, the latissimus dorsi flap to fill craniofacial defects, and the free omentum flap for craniofacial complications after radiotherapy.     

A ten-year experience of multiple flaps in head and neck surgery: how successful are they?

Ablative surgery in the head and neck often results in defects that require free flap reconstruction. With improved ablation/reconstructive and adjuvant techniques, improved survival has led to an increase in the number of patients undergoing multiple free flap reconstruction. We retrospectively analyzed a single institution's 10-year experience (August 1993 to August 2003) in free flap reconstruction for malignant tumors of the head and neck. Five hundred eighty-two flaps in 534 patients were identified with full details regarding ablation and reconstruction with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. Of these 584 flaps, 506 were for primary reconstruction, 50 for secondary reconstruction, 12 for tertiary reconstruction, and 8 patients underwent two flaps simultaneously for extensive defects. Overall flap success was 550/584 (94%). For primary free flap surgery, success was 481/506 (95%), compared with 44/50 (88%) for a second free flap reconstruction and 9/12 (75%) for a third free flap reconstruction ( P < 0.05). Eight extensive defects were reconstructed with 16 flaps, all of which were successful. More than one free flap may be required for reconstruction of head and neck defects, although success decreases as the number of reconstructive procedures increases.     

Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of head and neck defects: preliminary results and a comparison with the radial forearm flap

BACKGROUND: The authors present their personal preliminary experience with the free anterolateral thigh flap in the reconstruction of head and neck defects and compare these first cases with the radial forearm flaps. METHODS: Seventeen patients undergoing free flap reconstruction between December 1998 and September 2001 have been selected for this retrospective study and evaluated. In fourteeen patients reconstruction was performed with a radial forearm flap. In three patients an anterolateral thigh flap was used. Six dissections on cadavers have also been performed in order to study the anatomical variations of the perforators of the lateral circumflex femoral system. RESULTS: All flaps survived, without any major vascular impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a laborious dissection of the pedicle the anterolateral thigh is a versatile flap, with a minimal morbidity of the donor area. Even if the radial forearm is overall accepted as the gold standard for head and neck reconstruction, the anterolateral thigh flap is suggested as a good and safe surgical option, especially when a large flap is requested or in female patients concerned with the cosmetic result in the forearm donor area.     

Preservation of lateral thoracic artery to improve vascular supply of distal skin without compromising pedicle length in harvesting pectoralis major myocutaneous flap.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous (PM) flap is supplied by three arterial systems. The lower chest skin of the PM flap is mainly supplied by the branches of lateral thoracic artery and internal mammary artery. The conventional harvesting technique for head and neck reconstruction utilizes single arterial supply from the pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery. The distal skin island of PM flap is therefore compromised and requires indirect blood supply by communicating vessels. In harvesting the PM flap, the pectoralis minor muscle is divided to preserve the lateral thoracic artery and its blood supply to the lateral distal skin island of PM flap without compromising the pedicle length for head and neck reconstruction. Six PM flaps were harvested for reconstruction of head and neck defects with preservation of both the pectoral artery and lateral thoracic artery. The focal pint of swing of all six flaps was at the same point just below the mid-point of clavicle for both pectoral artery and lateral thoracic artery. The flaps can reach the oral cavity, tonsil or hypopharynx without limitation and there is no flap necrosis. In conclusion, the lateral thoracic artery can be preserved without compromising the pedicle length of PM flap. It is a recommended technique to improve the blood supply to the distal skin of PM flap.     

Analytic review of 2372 free flap transfers for head and neck reconstruction following cancer resection

Microvascular free tissue transfer has gained world-wide acceptance as a means of reconstructing post-oncologic surgical defects in the head and neck region. Since 1977, the authors have introduced this reconstructive procedure to head and neck reconstruction after cancer ablation, and a total of 2372 free flaps were transferred in 2301 patients during a period of over 23 years. The most frequently used flap was the rectus abdominis flap (784 flaps: 33.1 percent), followed by the jejunum (644 flaps: 27.2 percent) and the forearm flap (384 flaps: 16.2 percent). In the reported series, total and partial flap necrosis accounted for 4.2 percent and 2.5 percent of cases, respectively. There was a significant statistical difference ( p < 0.05) in complete flap survival rate between immediate and secondary reconstruction cases. The authors believe that the above-mentioned three flaps have been a major part of the armamentarium for head and neck reconstruction because of a lower rate of flap necrosis, compared to other flaps.