选择性NMDA受体NR2B亚单位拮抗剂与神经元保护作用

多种神经系统疾病与谷氨酸过度兴奋NMDA受体有关。广谱的NMDA受体拮抗剂能影响所有NMDA受体而产生不良反应，限制了其临床运用。NMDA受体NR2B亚单位在神经系统疾病中起着重要的作用，艾芬地尔等化合物能够选择性地作用于NMDA受体NR2B亚单位，将有可能发展成为临床上安全、有效的神经元保护剂。     

大鼠吗啡精神依赖时伏核和前额叶皮质中NR2A、NR2B表达的变化

目的:建立条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型,检测吗啡精神依赖大鼠伏核和前额叶皮质N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDA受体)调节亚基NR2A、NR2B表达的变化。方法:使用盐酸吗啡建立大鼠CPP。CPP形成后,每组大鼠5只灌注固定后进行免疫组织化学形态学检测,3只断头处死取伏核和前额叶皮质,并提取细胞膜蛋白进行Western blot定量检测。结果:吗啡诱导大鼠形成CPP时,前额叶皮质和伏核中NR2B有明显变化,免疫组织化学结果显示NR2B阳性细胞数明显增高(前额叶皮质P<0.05,伏核P<0.01)。Western blot结果显示NR2B蛋白表达量明显上调(前额叶皮质P<0.05,伏核P<0.01),而NR2A则无明显改变。结论:使用吗啡建立的大鼠CPP模型中,NMDA受体调节亚基NR2B在与奖赏作用密切相关脑区伏核和前额叶皮质中均有明显变化,而NR2A则无明显改变,表明NMDA受体中NR2B调节亚基在吗啡精神依赖形成中发挥着重要作用。     

急性阿片耐受大鼠脊髓NMDA受体NR2A及NR2B亚基表达的改变

目的：了解大鼠短期多次应用芬太尼能否发生急性阿片耐受以及急性阿片耐受大鼠脊髓NMDA受体NR2A和NR2B亚基表达的改变。方法：24只体重为200-220g的雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=8）：对照组（C）,生理盐水组（S）及芬太尼组（F）。F组大鼠给予皮下注射芬太尼30μg/kg,共4次,每两次注射之间间隔15min,S组大鼠以生理盐水代替芬太尼,C组大鼠未给药。给药前及给药结束后每30min以Von-Frey仪测定各组大鼠的机械刺激缩足阈值（paw withdrawal threshold,PWT）。当F组大鼠的PWT恢复到给药前基础水平时,各组大鼠均给予腹腔注射吗啡5mg/kg。随后仍每30min测定各组大鼠的PWT,直至F组大鼠的PWT再次回到基础水平。对各组大鼠不同时间点的PWT进行组内和组间比较。另24只体重为2000-220g的雄性SD大鼠分组及给药方法同前（分为C^＊、S^＊及F^＊组）,当F＊组大鼠的PWT首次恢复到基础值时,不给予吗啡,处死各组大鼠,取脊髓,以Western blotting方法测定NMDA受体NR2A及NR2B亚基的蛋白表达水平。结果：连续4次皮下注射芬太尼（F组）后大鼠首先表现为PWT较基础值显著升高,随后PWT降低到基础值以下,然后逐渐恢复至基础值水平,此时皮下注射吗啡后,吗啡的镇痛效果显著低于其他两组大鼠（S组,C组）。F^＊组大鼠脊髓的NR2B亚基表达水平显著高于C^＊组及S^＊组,各组大鼠脊髓的NR2A亚基表达水平的差异无统计学意义。结论：短期应用芬太尼可导致大鼠发生急性阿片耐受。急性阿片耐受大鼠的脊髓NMDA受体NR2B亚基表达水平显著升高,NR2A亚基表达水平无明显变化。     

金荞麦总黄酮下调NR2B表达改善IBS大鼠痛觉过敏

目的观察金荞麦总黄酮(Fag)对IBS样结肠刺激大鼠模型(CI模型)内脏敏感性的改善作用和对模型脊髓后角和海马内NMDA受体亚基NR2A、NR2B的影响。方法采用结肠刺激新生期乳大鼠法来制作IBS样CI模型。CI大鼠成年后给予口服Fag 2周,并用腹壁撤退反射(AWR)评分评价给药后CI大鼠内脏高敏感性的变化,用免疫组化法和蛋白印迹法进一步观察其脊髓后角和海马内NMDA受体亚基NR2A、NR2B的变化。结果和对照组比,CI组AWR评分明显增高,而高剂量Fag明显降低CI组的AWR评分。对照组脊髓后角、海马均可见NR2A、NR2B亚基表达,但CI组只有NR2B亚基表达增强,且高剂量Fag可降低其表达,NR2A亚基表达在各组变化不大。结论 Fag通过下调致敏中枢上脊髓后角和海马的NR2B表达对IBS样CI大鼠的痛觉过敏有改善作用。     

NMDA受体NR2A,NR2B亚基对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马CA1区神经细胞损伤的作用

目的 观察N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDA)NR2A,NR2B亚基对脑缺血-再灌注后海马CA1区神经细胞存活的不同影响.方法 采用Pulsinelli-Brierley四动脉阻塞(4-VO)大鼠全脑缺血模型,缺血前连续3天脑室注射NR2A,NR2B反义寡核苷酸(AS ODN)后缺血15 min,复灌5 d,石蜡切片,以焦油紫染色,图像分析测定单位面积内焦油紫染色细胞面积总和,与缺血组及错义寡核仟酸组(MS ODN)进行形态学分析.结果 NR2A、NR2B反义寡核苷酸对脑缺血再灌注后海马 CA1神经细胞均有明显保护作用,以NR2A AS ODN保护作用更明显,与缺血组比较约有50%细胞仃活(P＜0.05).结论 NR2A,NR2B亚基的含量降低对脑缺血再灌注后海马神经细胞有明显保护作用.     

N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸受体2B 亚基在抑郁症形成机制中作用的研究进展

抑郁症是一种精神科常见的疾病。它的临床特征以心境低落,快感缺失,负性思维和精力减退为核心,严重的可使患者的社会功能、职业功能下降,并给患者家庭、社会带来沉重的经济负担。目前抑郁症的确切发病机制尚不明确,但大部分学者认为边缘系统异常可能是抑郁症发病的主要原因,其中海马作为边缘系统的重要组成部分,在抑郁形成中发挥重要作用。NMDA受体是广泛分布于中枢神经系统的离子型谷氨酸受体,主要由NR1、NR2（A、B、C和D）和NR3（A和B）3种亚型组成,在神经元可塑性,情绪调节过程中发挥着重要作用［1］,其NR2B亚基主要分布于前脑区如海马和纹状体,与情绪调节密切相关［2］。在强迫游泳实验制备的抑郁模型中,大鼠海马中含有NR2 B亚基的NMDA受体（ NR2 B ）表达水平明显升高,而NR2 A水平未见明显改变,而给予NMDA受体拮抗剂氯胺酮可以降低NR2 B水平改善抑郁症状;同样在大鼠抑郁模型中,有研究发现在给予氯胺酮以及NR2 B受体特异性拮抗剂后,大鼠抑郁症状明显改善［3］。这些研究均提示NR2 B尤其是海马NR2 B的表达变化在抑郁形成过程中发挥重要作用,因此本文拟对NR2 B在抑郁形成中的作用研究进展作一综述。     

NMDA受体亚单位NR2B拮抗剂和神经退行性疾病

NMDA受体过度激活在多种神经退行性疾病的发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用。虽然NMDA受体拮抗剂在动物模型取得了明显的治疗效果,但严重的副反应限制了这类化合物的临床应用;而NMDA受体NR2B亚单位分布相对集中,选择性NR2B拮抗剂有望成为更安全、有效、副作用低的一类新型药物。该文就近年来国内外NR2B拮抗剂在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展作一综述。     

伏核区长时程增强需要包含NR2A和NR2B的NMDA受体

N－甲基－D－天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体在谷氨酸能突触传递效率的几种长时程变化中起着至关重要的作用.伏核(NAc)是脑中NR2B高表达及依赖NMDA产生长时程增强(LTP)的区域.     

NMDA受体NR2B亚基在药物依赖过程中的作用

谷氨酸是哺乳动物中枢神经系统中重要的兴奋性神经递质，在突触传递和神经元可塑性方面具有非常重要的作用。其受体可分为代谢型和离子型两大类，离子型受体主要有：仅一氨基羟甲基异嗯唑丙酸（AMPA）、海人藻酸（kainic acid，KA）及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（N—methyl—D—aspartate，NMDA）。NMDA受体是一种配体门控型阳离子通道，由基本亚基NR1和至少一个NR2调节亚基组成异聚体。编码NR1的基因只有一种：但可通过mRNA剪接产生多种变异体；编码NR2的基因有4种，即NR2A、NR2B、NR2C和NR2D。NMDA受体的功能特性主要由组成异聚体的NR2亚基的特异性决定。     

小鼠NMDA受体NR2B亚基短发夹RNA干扰真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的设计并构建小鼠N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体2B亚基(NR2B)短发卡RNA干扰真核表达载体并鉴定。方法根据NMDA受体NR2B mRNA编码序列设计并合成针对NR2B的特异性RNA干涉片段,将其克隆入pYr-1.1质粒载体,构建NR2B短发夹RNA(shRNA)真核表达载体pYr-1.1-GRIN2B-shRNA,并对其进行酶切和测序鉴定。结果酶切和测序结果均证明NMDA受体NR2B shRNA已经插入质粒载体pYr-1.1。结论 NMDA受体NR2B shRNA真核表达载体pYr-1.1-GRIN2B-shRNA构建成功。     

姜黄素对缺血/再灌注大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡及NR2A、NR2B表达的影响

目的观察不同剂量姜黄素对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注后海马神经细胞凋亡及N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单位NR2A、NR2B表达的影响。方法采用SD大鼠四血管阻断模型,动物随机分为5组:假手术组(SH组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、姜黄素30、100、300mg·kg-1组(Cur30、100、300组),每组根据再灌注不同时间点(2h、6h、1d、3d、7d)又分5个亚组。HE染色观察海马神经细胞形态;TUNEL法检测海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡;免疫组化检测NR2A、NR2B蛋白在海马CA1区及CA3/DG区的表达。结果I/R组凋亡细胞多于SH组及Cur100组,Cur300组凋亡细胞多于Cur100组。姜黄素处理各组及SH组各时间点CA1区、CA3/DG区NR2A的表达均高于I/R组(P<0.05)。SH组及Cur100组CA1、CA3/DG区各时间点NR2B表达低于I/R组(P<0.05)。结论姜黄素减少缺血性神经细胞凋亡的发生可能与增加NR2A、降低NR2B蛋白表达有关;100mg·kg-1姜黄素抗凋亡作用最佳。     

Excitotoxicity in vitro by NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors

Excitotoxicity, exacerbating acute brain damage from brain trauma or stroke, is mediated in part by excessive Ca(2+)-influx from prolonged NMDA receptor activation. However, the contribution to excitotoxicity by each of the main NMDAR subtypes in glutamatergic forebrain neurons, the NR2A- and NR2B-types, has remained enigmatic. Here, we investigated this issue by use of pharmacological and genetic tools in cultured cortical neurons. In wild-type neurons the contribution of the NMDA receptor subtypes to excitotoxicity changed with the age of the cultures. The blockade of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors prevented NMDA-mediated toxicity in young cultures after 14days in vitro (DIV14), but both subtypes triggered excitotoxicity in older (DIV21) cultures. Notably, blocking either of the two subtypes failed to prevent NMDA-elicited cell death, indicating that the remaining subtype triggers cell demise. Intriguingly, a neuroprotective aspect of the NR2A subtype became apparent at submaximal NMDA concentration only at DIV21. The NR2A subtype mediated NMDA toxicity as well as partial protection only if it carried a functional C-terminal domain. Upon deletion of this domain in the NR2A subtype, excitotoxicity was mediated entirely via the NR2B subtype, both at DIV14 and DIV21. Our findings predict that successful therapeutic intervention in stroke based on currently available NMDA receptor subtype-selective blockers is unlikely.     

选择性N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体NR2B亚型阻滞剂的研究进展

选择性N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体NR2B亚型阻滞剂近年来受到了越来越多的关注。目前，已报道的NR2B亚型阻滞剂的结构类型绝大多数仍为艾芬地尔发展而来的哌啶衍生物，另外还有酰胺、脒、氨基喹啉等结构类型；NR2B亚型阻滞剂在神经元保护、镇痛、抗药物依赖、抗帕金森病等方面表现了潜力。现根据不同结构类型综述NR2B亚型阻滞剂的结构及药理活性，并探讨其毒副作用较低的可能原因和临床应用潜力。     

Differential roles of NR2A and NR2B subtypes in NMDA receptor-dependent protein synthesis in dendrites

Protein synthesis in dendrites is critical for long-term synaptic plasticity. Previous studies have identified an essential role of NMDA receptors in control of activity-dependent dendritic protein synthesis, but the contribution of NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, the two predominant subtypes of NMDA receptors in the forebrain, has not been determined. Using a pharmacological approach, we investigated the role of NR2A and NR2B subtypes in the regulation of NMDA-induced dendritic translation of a GFP reporter mRNA controlled by CaMKII untranslated regions (UTRs). We found that ifenprodil and Ro25-6981, two specific inhibitors of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, did not affect dendritic GFP synthesis induced by NMDA. In contrast, NVP-AAM077, an antagonist that preferentially blocks the NR2A subtype, completely abolished NMDA-induced GFP synthesis in dendrites. Our results together suggest that NR2A but not NR2B subtypes are indispensable for NMDA receptor-dependent dendritic protein synthesis.     

NR2B containing NMDA receptor dependent windup of single spinal neurons

Windup, the frequency dependent build-up of spinal neuronal responses, is implicated in the development of central sensitization of nociceptive pathways. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been shown to be involved in these processes but the role of various receptor subtypes at the spinal level is not fully understood. In our experiments, we compared the inhibitory effect of MK-801 (a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, 0.01-3 mg/kg i.v.) and CI-1041 (an NR2B subunit specific NMDA receptor antagonist, 0.3-10 mg/kg i.v.) on the formation of dorsal horn neuronal windup in spinalized rats, in vivo. Both types of antagonist blocked windup considerably at doses not affecting the normal synaptic transmission. These results are in agreement with the well-documented effectivity of NR2B subtype selective NMDA receptor antagonists in chronic pain models and give the first direct evidence that spinal mechanisms are involved in this effect.     

Conditioning-strength dependent involvement of NMDA NR2B subtype receptor in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala in acquisition of auditory fear memory

It is known that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) is essential for fear memory formation. NMDA NR2B and NR2A subtype receptors exhibit difference in electrophysiological and signaling properties. However, it is unclear whether these two subtype receptors have different roles in fear memory formation. Here, we provide evidence, using pharmacological blockade and genetic interference, that NR2B is involved in acquisition of auditory fear memory in a conditioning-strength dependent way. Pre-conditioning intra-BLA infusion of the NR2B selective antagonist ifenprodil or Ro25-6981 impaired 48-h auditory fear memory (AFM) induced by five but not one CS-US pairing protocol, while similar treatment with the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 disrupted memory for both protocols. Consistently, genetic over-expression of NR2B C-terminal in the BLA, which interferes with the C-terminal mediated intracellular signaling, produced a severe deficit in 48-h AFM for five but not one CS-US pairing protocol, whereas over-expression of NR2A C-terminal impaired memory for both protocols. Furthermore, pre-conditioning infusion of ifenprodil down-regulated the elevated phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by five CS-US pairing protocol. Thus, the involvement of BLA NR2B in AFM acquisition depends on conditioning strength.     

Ethanol-related behaviors in mice lacking the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit

Rationale The ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptor is composed of NR1 and NR2 (NR2A-D) subunits. While there is compelling evidence that NMDA receptors modulate behavioral effects of ethanol, there is little understanding of how the subunit composition of the NMDA receptor mediates these effects.Objectives In the current study, we assessed the relative roles of NMDA subunits via phenotypic assessment of ethanol-related behaviors in NR2A knockout (KO) mice.Results Results demonstrated that NR2A KO and heterozygous mice failed to show evidence of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference. As compared to wild-type (WT) controls, KO mice showed impaired motor coordination at baseline and, in some instances, following ethanol treatment on the accelerating rotarod, balance beam, and wire-hang tests. By contrast, open field locomotor-stimulant, sedative/hypnotic, and hypothermic responses to ethanol were not different between genotypes, nor was voluntary ethanol consumption and preference in a two-bottle choice paradigm. Blood ethanol concentrations were lower in KO than WT mice following intraperitoneal ethanol injection.Conclusions Results suggest that the loss of NR2A subunit-containing NMDA receptors impairs the ability to form or express learned reward-related responses to ethanol and causes deficits in motor coordination. However, the loss of NR2A does not alter other measures of acute ethanol intoxication or ethanol consumption, possibly implicating other NMDA subunits in these effects. These data provide novel insight into the role of NMDA receptors in modulating the behavioral effects of ethanol.Research supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Program.