The Effect of Reduction of Maintenance Treatment on Circadian Variation in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Values in Asthmatic Children

ABSTRACT. We investigated in well controlled asthmatic children whether it is possible to predict by measuring daytime forced expiratory volume in one second, the decline in nocturnal peak expiratory flow rate values after withdrawal of maintenance medication. Forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate were measured in the outpatient clinic, on the last day with medication. Peak expiratory flow rates were then measured every four hours on days 4, 5 and 6 without medication. Seventeen children showed an amplitude in circadian peak expiratory flow rate values of more than 20% (group I) and nine children showed an amplitude of 20% or less on the three study days (group II). Mean values ± SEM were 34.7±2.1% and 10.5±1.5%, respectively. Forced expiratory volume in one second values were comparable in both groups. Daytime peak expiratory flow rate values before and after withdrawal, remained on the same level in both groups. In group I peak expiratory flow rate values of 24.00 and 08.00 hours on day 6 were significantly lower ( p <0.05) than on day 4. The results indicate that history and daytime pulmonary function measurements alone, are insufficient to assess the clinical situation and suggest that a decrease in early morning peak expiratory flow rate value (08.00 hours) is an early sign of deterioration of the disease state, after reduction of medication.     

儿童右肺中叶综合征的肺功能变化及其意义

目的：探讨右肺中叶综合征患儿治疗前后的肺功能变化及其临床意义。方法：将30例儿童右肺中叶综合征住院患儿分成两组,≤4岁组患儿20例选用2600型肺功能仪,>4岁组患儿10例选用MIR型肺功能仪,分别在治疗前和治疗后做肺功能测定,比较其治疗前后的肺功能参数的变化。2600型肺功能仪测定的主要参数取75%潮气量与最高呼气流速之比(25/PF)和潮气量与最高潮气呼气流速之比(%V-PF)2个参数来反映0~4岁组患儿的肺功能变化,MIR型肺功能仪测定的主要参数取最大肺活量(FVC)、1秒率(FEV1)和最高呼气流速(PEF)共3个参数来反映>4岁组患儿的肺功能变化。结果：≤4岁组治疗前肺功能参数的测定值分别为25/PF=0.42±0.08,%V-PF=0.28±0.03;治疗后的肺功能参数的测定值为25/PF=0.58±0.12,%V-PF=0.39±0.06。两者治疗前后比较差异有显著性,t=4.21,3.82;均P<0.05。>4岁组治疗前肺功能参数的测定值分别为FVC=1.75±0.32,FEV1=1.36±0.52, PEF=2.56±0.78;治疗后的肺功能参数的测定值分别为FVC=2.37±0.78,FEV1=2.08±0.65, PEF=3.68±0.80。治疗前后比较,分别t=3.05, 2.98,3.12;均P<0.05。结论：右肺中叶综合征患儿治疗前后的肺功能变化是明显的,治疗后肺功能可恢复正常。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（8）：669-671］     

Adverse pulmonary responses to aspirin and acetaminophen in chronic childhood asthma

Because aspirin (ASA) is often reported to have an adverse effect on pulmonary function in children with chronic asthma, acetaminophen is commonly used as an ASA substitute in these children. To study acetaminophen effects on pulmonary functions, double-blind, oral challenges of ASA (600 mg), acetaminophen (600 mg), or lactose were administered on separate days to 25 chronic asthmatics, ten boys and 15 girls, ranging in age from 8 to 18 years (mean age +/- 1 SD: 12.5 +/- 2.8 years). No patient had a past history of adverse reactions to either drug. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and flow volume curves were measured at base line and 1/2, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after ingestion of drug or placebo. Persistent decreases from base line FEV1 (greater than 20%) or FEF25-75 (greater than 30%) occurred in four ASA- and two acetaminophen-challenged patients. One ASA-sensitive patient was placebo intolerant; another reacted to acetaminophen. The acetaminophen responses were of less intensity than the ASA responses. Analysis of group mean pulmonary function responses to ASA, acetaminophen, and lactose showed no significant difference among the three agents at any time. Aspirin should be used cautiously in asthmatic children. Acetaminophen appears to be an adequate, although not completely, innocuous ASA substitute.     

肺炎支原体肺炎婴幼儿肺功能的变化

目的 探讨肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）婴幼儿肺功能的变化特点。方法 选取2014年1月至2018年6月诊断为MPP的0~36月龄住院患儿196例为研究对象,同期非肺炎支原体感染引起的0~36月龄肺炎患儿208例为对照（非MPP组）。回顾性分析患儿临床资料,比较两组患儿入院次日和出院当日肺功能结果,并随访MPP患儿出院后2周和出院后4周的肺功能。结果 与非MPP组相比,MPP组入院次日和出院当日肺功能检测显示,达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE）、吸呼比及呼出75%潮气量时呼气流量显著下降（P < 0.05）;潮气峰流量与呼出75%潮气量时呼气流量比、呼吸频率、有效气道阻力和公斤功能残气量均显著升高（P < 0.05）。与肺功能参数正常参考值比较,MPP和非MPP两组患儿入院次日VPTEF/VE和TPTEF/TE均有所下降;出院当日MPP组患儿VPTEF/VE和TPTEF/TE仍有所下降,而非MPP组患儿已达正常水平。与出院当日比较,MPP组患儿出院后2周及4周VPTEF/VE和TPTEF/TE均升高（P < 0.05）,但出院后4周时TPTEF/TE仍未达到正常水平。结论 急性期MPP和非MPP婴幼儿均存在阻塞性通气功能障碍,而MPP患儿的小气道阻塞更加严重,且改善缓慢,恢复期仍存在一定程度气流受限。     

深圳地区学龄前儿童用力肺活量测定的可行性及正常预计值公式

目的探讨学龄前儿童用力肺活量测定的可行性,并建立儿童常规用力肺活量的正常参考值。方法对深圳地区3~6岁正常儿童343例(男性184例,女性159例),采用意大利COSMED公司生产的COSMED流量传感仪,参考美国胸科协会可接受曲线标准,测定用力肺活量(FVC)、0.5 s用力呼气容积(FEV0.5)、0.75 s用力呼气容积(FEV0.75)、1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、0.5s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV0.5/FVC)、0.75 s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV0.75/FVC)、1 s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、最大呼气中段流量(FEF25%~75%)、最高呼气流量(PEF)、最高吸气流量(PIF)、呼气时间(FET100%)等11个指标,并对各实测指标作多元逐步线性回归及曲线回归,得出回归方程式。比较本方程与国外Nystad方程对指定身高、体重、年龄的儿童的差异。结果所有儿童测试的总成功率为81.3%,其中3~岁、4~岁、5~岁、6~岁各年龄段测试的成功率分别为69.9%、70.8%、92.3%、91.6%;217例(77.7%)可以完成至少2条可接受的曲线。FVC、FEV0.5、FEV0.75、FEV1、FEF25%~75%、PEF、PIF在各年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);大多数肺功能指标与身高、体重和年龄均呈密切正相关,男性儿童的大多数肺功能指标与身高的关系最为密切,而女性儿童的大多数肺功能指标则与年龄的关系最为密切。所有儿童的呼气时间为(1.61±0.52)s(x-±s),5百分位数为0.9 s,受试儿童中有18例(6.5%)呼气时间<1 s。建立了各肺功能指标的多元回归方程。结论利用儿童心理特点,通过形象比喻、竞赛游戏的方法进行用力肺活量的测定在中国的学龄前儿童中也是可行的。男性儿童肺功能指标受身高变化影响大于体重和年龄变化;女性儿童肺功能指标受年龄变化影响大于身高和体重变化;首次建立了中国深圳地区学龄前儿童用力肺活量正常值及其回归方程式。     

广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能测定结果的探讨

目的 探讨广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能状况。方法 将120名1～3岁健康幼儿分成1～2岁组和～3岁组。用美国森迪公司2600型婴幼儿肺功能仪测定肺功能值，包括用潮气流速-容量(TBFV)环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线检测出的潮气量(TV)和反映大、小气道功能的指标；利用被动流速容量技术测定呼吸系统静态顺应性(Crs)、总气道阻力(Rrs)；用开放式氮冲洗法测定功能残气量(FRC)。结果 1～3岁健康幼儿各项肺功能测定值男、女间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。1～2岁组和～3岁组呼吸频率差异无统计学意义（27 vs 26，t＝1.512，P＞0.01）。～3岁组TV水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.123 vs 0.091，t＝8.587，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.009 1 vs 0.008 6，t＝1.959，P＞0.01）。～3岁组潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.159 vs 0.135，t＝3.787，P<0.01）。所测定的TBFV环是不典型椭圆形。呼气时间/总呼吸时间（Ti/Tt）、到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼出气量/潮气量（%V-PF）、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速（25/PF）和潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI）等指标，两组间差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05），而1～2岁组潮气呼气峰流速/潮气量（PF/Ve）水平显著高于～3岁组（1.257 vs 1.095，t＝2.098，P<0.05）。1～2岁组Rrs水平显著高于～3岁组（2.697 vs 2.071，t＝3.761，P<0.01）；～3岁组Crs水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.352 vs 0.254，t＝4.297，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.026 vs 0.024，t＝1.051，P＞0.01）；～3岁组FRC水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.271 vs 0.211，t＝8.468，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.019 8 vs 0.019 8，t＝0.000，P＞0.01）。由此可见，TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF随年龄增大而增大，尤与体重密切相关，两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝，而反映大、小气道功能的所有指标相对稳定。结论 用TBFV环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线可反映大、小气道功能情况，其各项指标相对稳定，可作为观察呼吸系统疾患时肺功能变化情况较理想的指标。健康幼儿TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF与体重呈正相关，符合幼儿生长发育的规律,1～3岁幼儿体重发育较明显。     

The importance of spirometry in the assessment of childhood asthma.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the pulmonary function of children with asthma at the time of a routine follow-up visit when they were judged to be clinically well. DESIGN--Pulmonary function tests were performed on children with a previous diagnosis of asthma. None had had any symptoms for at least 6 weeks. All had normal Wright peak flow rates and normal findings at physical examination. SETTING--General pediatric and pediatric pulmonary clinic at a municipal hospital in the Bronx, NY. PATIENTS--Sixty-five children with asthma who fit the above criteria. All were able to perform spirometry adequately. Their mean (+/- SD) age was 11 +/- 3 years, and their median age was 10 years. SELECTION PROCEDURES--All clinic patients were screened as possible participants. The 65 patients were deemed eligible, and were willing and able to perform spirometry. INTERVENTIONS--None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS--The group's mean (+/- SD) forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio was 80% +/- 8%, and their mean mid-maximal expiratory flow was 66% +/- 23% of the predicted value. Of the 65 patients, 11 (17%) had forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratios of less than 72%, and 35 (54%) had a mid-maximal expiratory flow of less than 65% of the predicted value. CONCLUSION--Failure to perform spirometry in children with asthma results in underdiagnosis of airflow obstruction. This may result in obstruction persisting into adulthood and/or progression to hyperinflation.     

Wheezing in infants with cystic fibrosis: clinical course, pulmonary function, and survival analysis.

Wheezing is a common finding in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of wheezing in infants with CF and to compare the clinical outcome of those who wheezed in infancy with that of those who did not. The study cohort included 229 CF patients born between 1965 and 1979 with CF diagnosed before 2 years of age. Fifty-seven (25%) had physician-documented wheezing during the first 2 years of life. Wheezing had resolved by the age of 2 years in 50% of the patients and by the age of 4 years in 75%. Although wheezing seemed to be linked to a family history of allergy and asthma, the frequency of the delta F508 mutation was similar to that of the non-wheezers. There was no significant difference in survival at the age of 13 years between the two groups. At the age of 7 years, patients who had wheezed had significantly lower forced expiratory flow rate at mid-expiratory phase (85 +/- 34% predicted) compared with those with no wheezing history (101 +/- 34% predicted). At the age of 13 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second values was lower in the wheezing group (69 +/- 24% predicted vs 78 +/- 21% predicted), as was forced expiratory flow rate at mid-expiratory phase (56 +/- 33% predicted vs 69 +/- 30% predicted). In conclusion, although wheezing in infants with CF seems to have diminished with age, pulmonary function abnormalities were more evident at 7 and 13 years of age in the group that wheezed than in the group that did not.     

肥胖对哮喘儿童治疗效果及肺功能的影响

目的 探讨肥胖对哮喘患儿规范化吸入疗法疗效及肺功能的影响。方法 129 例哮喘患儿分为正常体重哮喘组(n=64)和哮喘伴肥胖组(n=65),比较两组患儿接受规范化吸入治疗1 年后的肺功能和哮喘控制情况,其中肺功能采用第1 秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(FEV1%)、用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC%)、呼气峰流速(PEF)、用力呼气25% 流速(PEF₂₅)、用力呼气50% 流速(PEF₅₀)表示。另选取68 例健康儿童作为健康对照组。结果 治疗前3 组间肺功能各指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中健康对照组肺功能测定值最优,哮喘伴肥胖组测定值最差。治疗1 年后正常体重哮喘组FEV1%、FVC% 的改善均明显优于哮喘伴肥胖组(P<0.01),但两组间PEF、PEF₂₅、PEF₅₀ 的改善差异无统计学意义 。治疗1 年后,正常体重哮喘组哮喘完全控制率、部分控制率、未控制率分别为72%、19%、9%; 哮喘伴肥胖组完全控制率、部分控制率、未控制率分别为28%、51%、22%,正常体重哮喘组哮喘控制率优于哮喘伴肥胖组(P<0.01)。结论 哮喘伴肥胖患儿治疗后大气道功能改善及哮喘控制状况较正常体重哮喘患儿差。     

Lung function changes in teenage carpet weavers

Lung function was measured with a Microlab 3500 Spirometer in 17 teenage carpet weavers, their 17 non weaving sisters and 13 age/sex matched controls in a carpet making community in Gwalior in late 2001. All subjects were asymptomatic. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and mid-expiratory flow rate (MEF) were expressed as percentages of expected values for the subjects age and height using prediction equations for healthy North-Indian girls (FVC% FEV1% and MEF%). There was no significant difference in FVC% FEV1% or FEV1/FVC ratio between the 3 groups but weavers had a significantly lower mean MEF% than their sisters (p< 0.01 by paired "t" test) and the age-matched control group (p< 0.002 by "t" test). The reduction in MEF% was correlated with duration of employment (Spearmans correlation = 0.5 with p < 0.05).     

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目的探讨学龄前儿童用力肺活量测定的质量控制标准。方法2004年4～9月,对深圳地区3～7岁正常儿童343例(男184例,女159例),采用意大利COSMED公司生产的COSMED流量传感仪,参考美国胸科协会可接受曲线标准,通过测定用力肺活量(FVC)、0.5s用力呼气容积(FEV0.5)、0.75s用力呼气容积(FEV0.75)、1s用力呼气容积(FEV1)以及0.5s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV0.5/FVC)、0.75s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV0.75/FVC)、1s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、外推容量(VBE)、外推容量占用力肺活量比值(VBE/FVC)、呼气时间(FET100%)及最佳2次的FVC、FEV0.75、FEV0.5、FEV1变异等指标,分析学龄前儿童用力肺活量测定的质量控制标准。结果279名(81.3%)儿童能够成功完成测试。平均VBE为(42.71±13.61)mL,95百分位数为64mL,最大为72mL;VBE/FVC为(3.93±1.34)%,95百分位数为6.36%,最大为9.26%;52例(18.6%)VBE/FVC>5%;年龄越小的儿童其VBE/FVC越高;VBE/FVC与身高呈负相关(P<0.05)。儿童平均呼气时间为(1.61±0.52)s,5百分位数为0.9s,18例(6.5%)呼气时间<1s。儿童最佳2次的FVC、FEV1、FEV0.75、FEV0.5变异均<0.2L;约63.1%儿童最佳2次的FEV0.75的变异<5%;约66.2%最佳2次的FEV1变异<5%,各变异<0.1L的百分比为90%～93%。结论建议对于中国学龄前儿童用力肺活量的质控标准为:曲线起始以VBE为标准,VBE/FVC<6.5%或VBE<65mL,取最大值;曲线终止以呼气时间≥0.9s,且呼气相时间容积曲线显示呼气容量出现平台,持续时间≥1s为标准;FEV0.5及FEV0.75需在报告中报告;曲线的重复性标准为最佳2次FVC及FEV0.75的变异<10%或<0.1L(取最大值)。     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿1岁和2岁时体积描记肺功能的随访研究

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良 (BPD)早产儿的远期肺功能。 方法 以2012年1月至2013年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿病房住院的胎龄≤ 32周、出生体重≤ 1 500 g的BPD早产儿为BPD组,以同期住院非BPD早产儿按1∶1匹配为对照组,于纠正年龄1岁和2岁时召回随访,行体积描记（体描）肺功能检测,分析早产儿BPD及不同严重度BPD在纠正年龄1岁和2岁时肺功能状况。 结果 149例BPD早产儿和与之匹配的149例非BPD早产儿进入文本分析,1岁和2岁时召回随访,BPD组37例（轻中度22例,重度15例）和25例（轻中度15例,重度10例）,非BPD组33例和10例。在纠正年龄1岁及2岁时,BPD组公斤体重残气量（FRCp/kg）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE）、肺内剩余25%潮气量时潮气呼气流速（TEF25）显著低于非BPD组,公斤体重有效气道阻力（Reff/kg）显著高于非BPD组。在纠正年龄1岁时,重度BPD亚组FRCp/kg 、TPTEF/TE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组, Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组;在纠正年龄2岁时,重度BPD亚组VPTEF/VE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组,Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组。 结论 BPD早产儿存在功能残气量降低及小气道阻塞,以重度BPD患儿更为明显。     

小于胎龄儿婴儿期肺功能初步探讨

目的 比较小于胎龄儿（SGA）和适于胎龄儿（AGA）婴儿期肺功能的差异。方法 2010 年 7 月至 2013 年 7 月在深圳市儿童医院NICU住院的胎龄<36周、无明显影响肺功能疾病的SGA为SGA组;出生体重与SGA组匹配的AGA为AGA组。两组均于纠正胎龄12月龄随访时行潮气呼吸和功能残气量检测,比较两组肺功能参数的差异。多元线性回归分析SGA组影响小气道功能的因素。结果 SGA 组 20 例（男 12 例,女 8 例）,AGA 组 30 例（男 17 例,女 13 例）进入分析。两组在出生体重和身长,机械通气天数等基线数据差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;SGA 组胎龄和用氧天数高于 AGA 组,SGA组随访时体重和身长均低于 AGA 组（P＜0.05）。①在纠正胎龄12 月龄随访时两组呼吸频率、潮气量、每公斤潮气量、分钟通气量和功能残气量的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 呼气达峰时间、呼气达峰容积、呼气达峰时间比、呼气达峰容积比,75%、50%和25%潮气量时呼气流速,SGA 组均低于 AGA 组（P＜0.05）。②两组NICU出院至肺功能检测期间下呼吸道感染≥3次的比例,SGA组为90%（18/20）,AGA组为50%（15/30）,差异有统计学意义。③多元线性回归显示,SGA组25%潮气量时呼气流速与检测肺功能随访时身长、体重呈正相关,与吸氧天数呈负相关。结论 SGA 婴儿期肺容积参数与出生体重相近的AGA相近,但气道阻力高于AGA,可能与SGA生后肺发育迟缓相关。     

Asthma and lung function 20 years after wheezing in infancy: results from a prospective follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome until adulthood after wheezing in infancy, compared with pneumonia in infancy and with controls. DESIGN: An 18- to-20-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Pediatric department at a university hospital, providing primary hospital care for a defined population.Patients Fifty-four children hospitalized for bronchiolitis and 34 for pneumonia at younger than 2 years, and 45 controls with no early-life wheezing or hospitalization, were studied at median age 19 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A questionnaire on asthma symptoms and medication, physical examination, flow volume spirometry (FVS), methacholine inhalation challenge (MIC), home peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring, and skin prick testing (SPT) to common inhalant allergens. The 2 asthma definitions were physician-diagnosed asthma and previously diagnosed asthma with recent asthmatic symptoms (physician-diagnosed asthma included). RESULTS: By the 2 definitions, asthma was present in 30% (odds ratio [OR], 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-10.10) and in 41% (OR 1.38; 95% CI, 0.37-5.21) in the bronchiolitis group, in 15% (OR, 5.50; 95% CI, 1.87-16.14) and in 24% (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 0.59-7.22) in the pneumonia group, and in 11% in the control group. After bronchiolitis, the FVS values were forced vital capacity (FVC), 108% (SD, 13%) of predicted; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, 98% (SD, 12%); forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by FVC, 91% (SD, 7.6%); midexpiratory flow at 50% of the FVC, 74% (SD, 19%); and midexpiratory flow at 25% of the FVC, 74% (SD, 22%). Bronchial reactivity by MIC was present in 25 (48%) of 52 subjects in the bronchiolitis group, in 13 (42%) of 31 in the pneumonia group, and in 14 (32%) of 44 in the control group. The prevalence of atopy (positive SPTs) was 48% to 63% in the 3 groups. In a logistic regression adjusted for atopy and smoking, infantile bronchiolitis was an independent risk factor for asthma by both definitions. CONCLUSION: The increased risk for asthma persists until adulthood after bronchiolitis in infancy.     

哮喘和咳嗽变异性哮喘儿童肺常规通气功能的比较

目的：比较哮喘与咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）患儿肺常规通气功能的变化。方法：选择2010年 5月至2011年5月确诊为哮喘或CVA的患儿140例,分为哮喘急性发作组（发作组,50例）、哮喘缓解组（缓解组,50例）和CVA组（40例）;同期正常健康体检儿童30例作为对照组。测定4组儿童用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气峰流速(PEF)、用力呼气25%流速(FEF25)、用力呼气50%流速(FEF50)、用力呼气75%流速(FEF75)、最大呼气中期流速(MMEF75/25)等7项肺功能指标。结果：发作组患儿各项肺功能指标如大气道指标FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25及小气道指标FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25的实际值/预计值平均水平均<80%,且以FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25等小气道指标下降为著。CVA组患儿小气道指标FEF75、MMEF75/25实际值/预计值的平均水平<80%。发作组各项肺常规通气功能指标均低于对照组;缓解组、CVA组FVC、FEV1、FEF25及 MMEF75/25实际值/预计值的平均水平低于对照组;发作组各项肺功能指标均明显低于缓解组和CVA组;CVA组与缓解组各项肺功能指标差异均无统计学意义。结论：哮喘急性发作期患儿存在大小气道功能障碍,以小气道功能障碍为主;CVA患儿以小气道功能轻微障碍为主,与哮喘缓解期相似。     

达良好控制哮喘患儿停用低剂量吸入性糖皮质激素的临床随访研究

目的 通过随访达良好控制哮喘患儿停用低剂量吸入性糖皮质激素（ICS）后哮喘急性发作情况,以及实验室指标的动态变化,以期为哮喘患儿的长期控制最佳方案提供依据。方法 根据家长意愿,将63例达到良好控制的哮喘患儿分为ICS治疗组（n=35）和停药组（n=28）,进行18个月随访,每3个月进行评估,观察哮喘急性发作情况,并动态监测两组患儿肺功能和呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）浓度,以及儿童哮喘控制测试（C-ACT）评分等指标进行分析。结果 随访第3、6、9、12个月时,FeNO在两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;但在随访第15、18个月时,停药组FeNO显著高于治疗组（P < 0.05）。6次随访时点内C-ACT在两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。随访第3、6、9、12个月时,第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比（FEV1%）、第1秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量比值（FEV1/FVC%）、最大呼气中期流速占预计值百分比（MMEF%）、最大呼气50%肺活量的瞬间流速（MEF50%）等指标在两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;但在随访第15、18个月时,治疗组MMEF%、MEF50%显著高于停药组（P < 0.05）。治疗组随访期间有3例（9%）患儿哮喘发作,停药组有8例（29%）患儿哮喘发作,停药组哮喘复发率高于治疗组（P=0.0495）。结论 持续吸入低剂量ICS可维持哮喘患儿肺功能稳定,减少哮喘发作。     

Effects of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol on isolated lung hyperinflation in symptom-free intervals in asthmatic children

To evaluate the effects of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on the isolated hyperinflation, without central airways obstruction, during asymptomatic periods in asthmatic children, 31 children, out of ca. 500, were selected for a double-blind therapy trial, according to the following criteria: Thoracic gas volume greater than 140% predicted (mean +/- 1SD: 162 +/- 16%) and/or trapped-gas greater than 15% (21 +/- 5%); airways resistance less than 140% (105 +/- 25%) and forced expiratory volume in one second greater than 75% (91 +/- 11%). On 4 consecutive mornings spirometry, bodyplethesmography and measurement of functional residual capacity by helium-dilution were performed before and 20' after inhalation of 2 ml of each of 4 solutions respectively. The children received the solution which produced the largest fall of thoracic gas volume and/or trapped-gas, 4 times/day for 4-5 weeks: 1. five children received saline; 2. 13 salbutamol, 2.5 mg; 3. 6 ipratropium, 0.250 mg; 4. 7 both drugs. Clinical aspects and lung function differed not significantly between the 4 groups. Lung function values showed no correlations with duration, clinical severity and typ of asthma. At the beginning and after 4-5 weeks of treatment lung function improved significantly in the groups 2-4, compared with pretreatment values. At study end, the improvements of thoracic gas volume, trapped-gas and airways resistance differed significantly between the groups, salbutamol + ipratropium produced altogether the best effect. With time, the effect of salbutamol + ipratropium on thoracic gas volume and trapped-gas increased and that of salbutamol on airways resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

枸橼酸咖啡因治疗对呼吸暂停早产儿早期肺功能的影响

目的探讨枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停(AOP)对患儿早期肺功能的影响。方法 40例AOP患儿随机分为氨茶碱治疗组(20例)和咖啡因治疗组(20例)。2组患儿均在生后出现呼吸暂停时在经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)辅助通气的基础上给予氨茶碱或枸橼酸咖啡因治疗,停药后行肺功能检测,比较两组之间肺功能的变化。结果治疗后咖啡因治疗组潮气量、每分通气量、达峰时间比、达峰容积比、潮气呼吸呼气峰流速及75%、50%、25%潮气量时呼吸流速均高于氨茶碱治疗组(P0.05);咖啡因治疗组用氧时间、NCPAP使用时间均低于氨茶碱治疗组(P0.01)。与氨茶碱治疗组比较,咖啡因治疗组用药7d后呼吸暂停发生频率明显减少(P0.01)。结论枸橼酸咖啡因治疗AOP可以改善患儿早期肺功能,减少呼吸暂停的发生。     

Lung function in infants with chronic pulmonary disease after severe adenoviral illness.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pulmonary function and bronchodilator responses in young children with chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) after a severe adenoviral lower respiratory tract infection. METHODS: Pulmonary function tests were performed in 13 patients (mean age, 1.32 +/- 0.8 years) with CPD and were compared with a control group of 13 healthy infants (mean age, 1.16 +/- 0.4 years). RESULTS: Respiratory rate, peak tidal expiratory flow (PTEF), PTEF/tidal volume, absolute time up to PTEF, time percentage to PTEF, volume percentage for PTEF, and compliance and resistance of the respiratory system were significantly affected in the CPD group. Similarly, maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V'maxFRC) was 56.0 +/- 42 mL/s and 373 +/- 107 mL/s in the CPD and control groups, respectively (P =.001). No within-group differences with baseline values or between-group differences were noted in response to treatment with ipratropium bromide or albuterol. CONCLUSION: Young children with CPD caused by adenovirus have pulmonary function changes characterized by severe obstruction and diminished lung distensibility not responsive to the administration of inhaled ipratropium bromide or albuterol.     

The effect of shoulder-girdle loading by a school bag on lung volumes in Chinese primary school children

BACKGROUND: Heavy loading of the spine may induce musculoskeletal problems in children. Local surveys reported frequent overloading of school bags carried by primary school children. The effect of an overweight school bag on the child's lung function has not been reported. AIMS: To investigate the effect of shoulder-girdle loading on forced expiratory lung volumes in primary school children and to compare this effect with that of an assumed kyphotic posture. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Forty-three primary school children, mean age 9.6 years underwent spirometry lung-function measurements, while adopting the following five conditions in random order: free standing; kyphotic standing; standing wearing a backpack weighing 10%, 20% and 30% of their body weight. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in FEV1 and FVC between free standing and the 10% body weight load. However, both FEV1 and FVC decreased significantly when the student adopted the kyphotic posture and when the load in the backpack was increased to 20% and 30% of body weight. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a restrictive effect on lung volumes when a school-bag load is heavier than 10% of a child's body weight. Our results also confirm the detrimental effect of a kyphotic posture on pulmonary mechanics and the necessity for health-care professionals to advocate proper postural advice to school children, teachers and parents.