柔红霉素在耐药细胞株K562/ADR内的异常分布

目的 了解化疗药物在糖蛋白（Pgp)耐药细胞株K562/ADR亚细胞结构的异常分布及其与耐药的关系。方法 采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜、荧光法和RT-PCR等方法,研究柔红霉素（DNR）在K562/ADR细胞亚细胞结构的分布及其与耐药的关系。以及维拉帕米尔（verapamil)、布雷菲尔得菌素（brefeldinA)、氯喹对细胞内DNR异常分布的影响,将3种特异染色线粒体、高尔基体、溶酶体的荧光物质Rh123、DBD-ceramide、中性红作为探针、鉴定分隔储留DNR的细胞器。结果 在K562ADR细胞中,DNR荧光主要集中在核周和周边胞浆,核内及胞浆其他部位荧光很少,这种分布方式与Rh123荧光在该细胞的分布极其相似,与DNR在敏感细胞K562/S细胞核、浆均匀分布不同,verapamil可逆转DNR在K562/ADR的异常分布,而氯喹、brefeldinA无此作用。结论 DNR在耐药细胞的异常分布参与了肿瘤细胞耐药的形成,Pgp在过程中发挥了重要作用。     

槲皮素恢复柔红霉素在白血病耐药细胞K562/ADM和HL-60/ADM中的分布

背景与目的：槲皮素是一种天然黄酮类中药成分,儿有多种生理活性,最近发现其有逆转白血病细胞耐药的作用,本研究旨在探讨槲皮素恢复柔红霉素在白血病耐药细胞的分布从而达到逆转耐药的机制：方法：通过MTT体外药敏法检测槲皮素对柔红霉素的增敏作用并确定逆转的浓度范围,作用于K562／ADM、HL-60／ADM细胞及相应敏感株K562和HL-60,借助激光共聚焦显微镜观察槲皮素怍用前后柔红霉素在亚细胞水平的分布变化：结果：20～40μmol／L槲皮素在体外能日月显提高柔红霉素对K562／ADM和HL-60／ADM的敏感性,恢复柔红霉素在亚细胞水平的分布,使其回归细胞核内,从而逆转多药耐药。结论：黄酬类中药槲皮素能够成为蒽环类药物治疗白血病中有效的化疗增敏剂。     

Circumvention of Daunorubicin Resistance by a New Tamoxifen Derivative, Toremifene, in Multidrug-resistant Cell Line

The reversing effect of toremifene, a new tamoxifen derivative, on multidrug resistance in a K562 subline and its mechanism were studied. K562 cells were cultured in serially increasing concentrations up to 1.0 μ M daunorubicin (DNR), and were found to be 28 times more resistant to DNR in comparison to the parent cells. In the resistant cell line (K562/D1-9), intracellular accumulation of DNR was less than that of the parent cell line, and P-glycoprotein was overexpressed. The resistance was reversed by addition of toremifene in a dose-dependent manner in K562/D1-9, while toremifene had no effect in K562. DNR accumulation was also reversed by toremifene in K562/D1-9, but not in K562. However, there was no significant difference of toremifene retention between K562/D1-9 and K562, and neither verapamil nor DNR increased toremifene accumulation in K562/D1-9. Moreover, toremifene and verapamil did not show an additive effect on intracellular DNR accumulation. These results suggested that the reversing mechanism of toremifene is different from that of verapamil, and this compound could be a good candidate for overcoming multidrug resistance.     

Interactions between P-glycoprotein and drugs used in the supportive care of acute myeloid leukemia patients.

Multidrug resistance due to overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) leads to reduced intracellular drug accumulation and makes the cells resistant to chemotherapy. In this study we focused on how drugs used in the supportive care of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients interfere with Pgp. The effect on intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) was studied in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and two anthracycline resistant, Pgp expressing, sublines. Each drug was used at two different concentrations: plasma peak concentration and half the plasma peak concentration. Drugs which increased the Rh 123 uptake by > 10% were included in the second part of the study where the cytotoxic effect was tested in combination with daunorubicin. In the Rhodamine assay none of the tested drugs had any significant effect on the Rh 123 efflux in the resistant cell lines. Amphotericin B, cefuroxime, erythromycin and dixyrazin had minor effects on Rh 123 uptake but showed a significant additive effect to the toxicity of daunorubicin suggesting other mechanisms of action than reversal of Pgp. In conclusion this in vitro model where Rh 123 uptake was studied in an anthracycline resistant leukemia cell line could not demonstrate any significant interactions with Pgp for the tested drugs.     

P13-K抑制剂LY294002逆转P-gP介导的白血病和胃癌细胞耐药

背景与目的：磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶／蛋白激酶B[phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase（P13-K）／proteinkinaseB（Akt）,P13-K／Aktl通路是调控细胞生存的重要信号转导通路之一。本研究旨在探讨P13-K抑制剂LY294002对P-gP过表达的人类白血病K562／DNR和胃癌SGC7901／ADR细胞多药耐药性的逆转作用。方法：将细胞分为单纯药物组和LY294002预处理组,单纯药物组分别以柔红霉素（daunorubicin,DNR）、阿霉素（adriamycin,ADR）、长春新碱（vincristine,VCR）和依托泊甙（etoposide,VP-16）处理,LY294002预处理组在加药前以LY294002进行预处理。用台盼蓝拒染法及MTT法检测药物敏感性及LY294002对细胞耐药性的影响。Westernblot检测K562／DNR和SGC7901／ADR细胞中P．gP及p-Akt的表达。流式细胞术检测细胞内药物浓度。结果：2．5μmol／LLY294002预处理显著降低DNR、ADR、VCR和VP-16对K562／DNR细胞的IC50,相对逆转效率分别为72．4％、64．9％、60．4％和52．8％。此外,LY294002部分逆转SGC7901／ADR对ADR的耐药性,相对逆转效率为31．0％。LY294002预处理可部分抑制p-Akt和P-gP的表达。随着处理时间的延长．K562／DNR、SGC7901／ADR细胞内DNR、ADR的蓄积效应有增强的趋势。结论：LY294002通过抑制P13-K／Akt信号转导通路,部分逆转P-gp介导的白血病和胃癌细胞的多药耐药。     

Difloxacin reverses multidrug-resistance in p388 adr cells via a mechanism independent of p-glycoprotein and without correcting drug transport or subcellular drug distribution

In this study, we have examined in vitro chemosensitizing activity of difloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent, in multidrug resistant murine leukemia P388/ADR cell line that overexpresses P-glycoprotein and exhibits decreased accumulation of anthracyclines and vincristine. Difloxacin, in a concentration-dependent manner, increased the sensitivity of P388/ADR cells to daunorubicin, adriamycin and vincristine without correcting the altered drug accumulation and subcellular distribution of daunorubicin. Furthermore, difloxacin had no significant effect on intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 dye, a substrate for P-glycoprotein. In addition, difloxacin increased the sensitivity of drug sensitive parental P388 cells to vincristine. Taken together these data suggest that difloxacin reverses MDR by a mechanism independent of P-glycoprotein. The chemosensitizing effect of difloxacin was observed at clinically achievable plasma concentrations. These data suggest that difloxacin is an effective chemosensitizer of multidrug resistant tumor cells and is a potential candidate for clinical use to reverse MDR.     

Altered intracellular distribution of daunorubicin in immature acute myeloid leukemia cells

We have used laser-assisted confocal microscopy to evaluate the intracellular distribution of daunorubicin (DNR) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and fresh AML cells according to their differentiation phenotype. In KG1a, KG1, TF-1 and HEL cells, which express the early differentiation marker CD34, DNR was distributed in perinuclear vesicles which could be associated with the Golgi apparatus, as suggested by the distribution of fluorescent probes specific for intracellular organelles. In contrast, U937 and HL-60 cells, which display a more mature phenotype, exhibited nuclear and diffuse cytoplasmic DNR fluorescence. DNR sequestration was not correlated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance protein expression. Furthermore, PSC833, a potent P-gp blocker, had little effect on drug sequestration in CD34⁺ AML cells. We also tested the effect of metabolic inhibitors, cytoskeleton inhibitors and carboxy-ionophores on DNR distribution in both CD34⁻ and CD34⁺ AML cells. However, only non-specific metabolic inhibitors restored nucleic/cytoplasmic distribution in CD34⁺ cells. In these cells, the intracellular distribution of doxorubicin and idarubicin was very similar to that of DNR, while the distribution of methoxymorpholinyl-doxorubicin was nuclear and diffusely cytoplasmic. In fresh AML cells, DNR was also concentrated in the perinuclear region in CD34⁺ but not in CD34⁻ cells. However, DNR sequestration was not observed in normal CD34⁺ cells. Finally, our results show that DNR is sequestered in organelles in CD34⁺ AML cells via an active mechanism which appears to be different from P-gp-mediated transport. Abnormal DNR distribution may account for the natural resistance of immature AML cells to anthracyclines. Int. J. Cancer 71:292-299, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Immunohistochemical detection of P-glycoprotein in human tumor cells with a low degree of drug resistance

We report the immunohistochemical detection of the 170-180 kDa multi-drug-resistance-related P-glycoprotein in human tumor cells with a low level of resistance. A series of human squamous lung cancer cell lines with increasing levels of resistance to doxorubicin (DOX) was developed and stained for P-glycoprotein, using the JSB-IMAb. Subline SW1573/50A with a 4- to 6-fold cross-resistance to daunorubicin (DNR) and vincristine (VCR) showed rather uniform positive staining for P-glycoprotein apparently at cytoplasmic sites. Only in cells with higher degrees of resistance (greater than 10-fold) could plasma-membrane-associated P-glycoprotein be made visible. DNR efflux was increased in SW1573/50A as compared to the parent line SW1573 (52 and 70% DNR were retained during 3 min efflux respectively). Verapamil partially reversed DNR and VCR resistance in SW1573/50A. Cells obtained from a metastasized renal cell carcinoma and cultured in vitro stained in a similar way to SW1573/50A and showed some sensitivity to verapamil modulation of VCR cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that weakly resistant cancer cells obtained from patients can be routinely detected with JSB-I on cytospins, and implicate that in such weakly resistant cells P-glycoprotein may be present, while plasma membrane expression is not yet readily detectable.     

汉防己甲素联合屈洛昔芬逆转K562/A02细胞耐药与诱导凋亡

目的探讨汉防己甲素(Tet)联合屈洛昔芬(Drol)对耐药细胞系K562/A02的逆转作用及其与诱导凋亡的关系.方法采用甲基四唑蓝法(MTT)测定柔红霉素(DNR)的细胞毒性;采用DNA凝胶电泳法观察Tet、Drol单独及联合应用对K562/A02细胞凋亡诱导作用的影响.结果 0.62 μg/ml Tet、1.94 μg/ml Drol均能增加DNR对K562/A02的细胞毒作用,其半数抑制量IC50分别为7.28±2.06 μg/ml和7.58±3.44 μg/ml,逆转倍数分别为2.94倍和2.82倍.两药联合作用明显增强,其IC50为1.66±0.41 μg/ml,逆转倍数达12.9倍.0.62 μg/ml Tet、1.94 μg/ml Drol单独及联合应用均不会诱导K562/A02细胞凋亡.结论单独应用Tet、Drol可部分逆转K562/A02细胞的耐药性,两药联用具有明显协同效应.Tet、Drol逆转耐药的机理与诱导K562/A02细胞凋亡无关.     

Intracellular distribution and pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin in anthracycline-sensitive and -resistant HL-60 cells

Anthracycline-sensitive (HL-60) and -resistant (HL-60/AR) cells, which do not overexpress the P-glycoprotein, each transport and distribute daunorubicin (DNR) into distinct intracellular locations, as visualized by digitized video fluorescence microscopy. At pH 7.4, the fluorescence of DNR in HL-60 cells appears distributed diffusely in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. In contrast, HL-60/AR cells show much less fluorescence in the nucleus and cytoplasm; most of the fluorescence localizes first to the Golgi apparatus and is then gradually shifted to the lysosomes and/or mitochondria. In pharmacokinetic studies, HL-60/AR cells exposed to different extracellular concentrations of [14C]DNR consistently accumulated less radioactive drug than the parent HL-60 cells. Incubation of HL-60/AR cells with sodium azide and deoxyglucose blocked the efflux of [14C]DNR and also prevented the shift of DNR fluorescence from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosomes/mitochondria. The efflux and the intracellular shift of DNR could also be inhibited by lowering the temperature to 18 degrees C, which stops endosomal membrane fusion. When DNR was allowed to accumulate in HL-60 or HL-60/AR cells at pH 5 there was an increase in the proportion of drug fluorescence in the membranes of both HL-60 and HL-60/AR cells; a decrease in the amount of drug retained by HL-60, but not by HL-60/AR cells; and a decrease in the cytostatic effects of DNR on both HL-60 and HL-60/AR cells. These data suggest that DNR resistance is associated with a failure of DNR to pass through membranes and to bind to cytoplasmic and nuclear structures. Instead, most of the drug is taken up by the Golgi apparatus from which it is then shifted to the lysosomes or to mitochondria, or out of the cell.     

Subcellular distribution of daunorubicin in P-glycoprotein-positive and -negative drug-resistant cell lines using laser-assisted confocal microscopy.

Four well defined multidrug-resistant cell lines and their drug-sensitive counterparts were examined for intracellular distribution of daunorubicin (DNR) by laser-assisted confocal fluorescence microscopy: P-glycoprotein-negative HL-60/AR cells, and P-glycoprotein-positive P388/ADR, KBV-1, and MCF-7/ADR cells. Both drug sensitive cell lines (HL-60/S, P388/S, KB3-1, and MCF-7/S) and drug-resistant cell lines (HL-60/AR, P388/ADR, KBV-1, and MCF-7/ADR) exposed to DNR showed a similar rapid distribution of drug from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region within the first 2 min. From 2-10 min, the drug sensitive HL-60/S, P388/S, and MCF-7/S cells redistributed drug to the nucleus and to the cytoplasm in a diffuse pattern. In contrast, drug-resistant HL-60/AR, P388/ADR, and MCF-7/ADR redistributed DNR from the perinuclear region into vesicles distinct from nuclear structures, thereby assuming a "punctate" pattern. This latter redistribution could be inhibited by glucose deprivation (indicating energy dependence), or by lowering the temperature of the medium below 18 degrees C. The differences in distribution between sensitive and resistant cells did not appear to be a function of intracellular DNR content, nor the result of drug cytotoxicity. Drug-sensitive KB3-1 and -resistant KBV-1 cells did not fully follow this pattern in that they demonstrated an intracellular DNR distribution intermediate between HL-60/S and HL-60/AR cells with both "punctate" and nuclear/cytoplasmic uptake sometimes in the same cell. These data indicate that the intracellular distribution of DNR is an important determinant of drug resistance regardless of the overexpression of P-glycoprotein. The intracellular movement of drug requires the presence of glucose and a temperature above 18 degrees C, implicating energy-dependent processes and vesicle fusion in the distribution process. This intracellular transport of DNR away from the nucleus in multidrug-resistant cells may protect putative cell targets such as DNA against drug toxicity.     

Immunocytochemical Identification and Localization of the Mr 22,000 Calcium-binding Protein (Sorcin) in an Adriamycin-resistant Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line

Monoclonal antibody against the Mr 22,000 calcium-binding protein (sorcin) from an adriamycin-resistant myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 (K562/ADM) was prepared and used as a probe to study the localization of sorcin in K562/ADM cells and the parental cell line, K562. Analysis of extracts from K562/ADM cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorescence image analysis showed that K562/ADM cells possessed abundant sorcin in the cytoplasm which was almost entirely absent from the drug-sensitive parental cell line, K562. Furthermore, immuno-electron microscopic studies revealed that sorcin was closely associated with free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, microfilament bundles and perinuclear membranes. These observations provide the first clue that the Ca-binding protein, sorcin, may play an important role in the development of the multidrug resistance phenomenon, although the relationship between sorcin and P-glycoprotein is still unknown.     

Immunocytochemical identification and localization of the Mr 22,000 calcium-binding protein (sorcin) in an adriamycin-resistant myelogenous leukemia cell line

Monoclonal antibody against the Mr 22,000 calcium-binding protein (sorcin) from an adriamycin-resistant myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 (K562/ADM) was prepared and used as a probe to study the localization of sorcin in K562/ADM cells and the parental cell line, K562. Analysis of extracts from K562/ADM cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorescence image analysis showed that K562/ADM cells possessed abundant sorcin in the cytoplasm which was almost entirely absent from the drug-sensitive parental cell line, K562. Furthermore, immuno-electron microscopic studies revealed that sorcin was closely associated with free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, microfilament bundles and perinuclear membranes. These observations provide the first clue that the Ca-binding protein, sorcin, may play an important role in the development of the multidrug resistance phenomenon, although the relationship between sorcin and P-glycoprotein is still unknown.     

短发夹RNA抑制三氧化二砷耐药的白血病K562/AS2细胞MRPI基因表达的实验研究

目的 研究短发夹RNA(shRNA)对耐三氧化二砷(As2O3)的白血病K562/AS2细胞MRPI基因表达的抑制作用.方法 设计并合成3条针对MRPI基因的shRNA序列,在脂质体的介导下转染K562/AS2细胞;用荧光实时定量PCR分析MRPI mRNA的表达水平;流式细胞术检测MRPI蛋白表达和细胞内柔红霉素蓄积量.结果 经MRPI shRNA作用24 h后,K562/AS2细胞株中MRPImRNA和蛋白表达水平明显下降,最大下调幅度分别为(79.1±0.07)%和(62.48±0.86)%(P<0.05),同时细胞内柔红霉素蓄积量显著增加(P<0.05).结论 MRPI shRNA可抑制As2O3耐药的白血病细胞株K562/AS2细胞MRPl基因的表达.     

短发夹RNA抑制三氧化二砷耐药的白血病K562／AS2细胞MRP1基因表达的实验研究

 目的　研究短发夹RNA（shRNA）对耐三氧化二砷（As2O3）的白血病K562／AS2细胞MRP1基因表达的抑制作用。方法　设计并合成3条针对MRP1基因的shRNA序列,在脂质体的介导下转染K562／AS2细胞;用荧光实时定量PCR分析MRP1 mRNA的表达水平;流式细胞术检测MRP1蛋白表达和细胞内柔红霉素蓄积量。结果　经MRP1 shRNA作用24 h后,K562／AS2细胞株中MRP1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显下降,最大下调幅度分别为（79.1±0.07）% 和（62.48±0.86）%（P＜0.05）,同时细胞内柔红霉素蓄积量显著增加（P＜0.05）。结论　MRP1 shRNA可抑制As2O3耐药的白血病细胞株K562／AS2细胞MRP1基因的表达。     

干扰素和环孢霉素A 协同逆转K562/ ADM细胞对阿霉素的耐药性

  目的 观察干扰素(α-Interleron，α-IFN)和环孢霉素A(Cyclosporine A,CsA)对白血病K562/ADM细胞耐药性的协同逆转效应。方法 以多药耐药基因／P-糖蛋白(Muhidrug resistance gene／P-glycoprotein，mdrl／P-gp)超表达的K562／ADM细胞为靶细胞，MTT比色法检测药物的细胞毒效应；流式细胞仪检测细胞P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein，P-gp)表达水平；激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内阿霉素含量变化。结果 K562／ADM细胞对阿霉素呈高度耐药性，并与柔红霉素和鬼臼乙叉甙交叉耐药，但与CsA无交叉耐药。CsA和α-IFN单独或联合应用均对K562／ADM细胞的耐药性有较强的抑制效应。流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜分析发现α-IFN和CsA单独或联合均不能下调细胞mdrl/P-gp的表达，反而应激性地刺激耐药细胞P-gp的合成增加，但可抑制P-gp的功能、增加K562／ADM细胞内阿霉素的积聚。结论 α-IFN和CsA联合可协同逆转耐药白血病细胞的耐药性，其作用机制为抑制P-gp的功能而非下调mdrl／P-gp的表达水平。     

On the relationship between the probenecid-sensitive transport of daunorubicin or calcein and the glutathione status of cells overexpressing the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)

Cells exposed to calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) in the growth medium become fluorescent following cleavage of calcein AM by cellular esterases to produce the fluorescent derivative calcein. It has previously been shown by others that multidrug resistant cells which overexpress P-glycoprotein accumulate much less fluorescent calcein than the corresponding parental cells. We have now examined the transport of calcein in multidrug resistant cells which overexpress an alternative transporter, the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Accumulation of calcein fluorescence was greatly reduced in the MRP-overexpressing human lung cancer cell lines COR-L23/R and MOR/R compared with their parental lines. Energy depletion resulted in a considerably increased accumulation in the resistant lines. Treatment of resistant cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes cellular glutathione (GSH), did not affect calcein accumulation, in marked contrast to our previous results for daunorubicin or the fluorescent probe rhodamine 123. Genistein, verapamil, cyclosporin A and oua-bain were also each able to modify, to some extent, accumulation of daunorubicin, whilst having essentially no effect on calcein accumulation. However, the organic anion transport inhibitor probenecid was able to increase accumulation of both calcein and daunorubicin in the resistant cells. Genistein and verapamil treatment preferentially reduced the GSH content of resistant cells, whilst probenecid did not. However, probenecid caused a clear decrease in release of GSH from resistant cells into the medium. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

丁酸钠诱导人慢性髓系白血病K562细胞肺耐药相关基因蛋白的表达

背景与目的：肺耐药相关蛋白(1ung resistance—related protein,LRP)的过度表达是急性白血病患者对化疗不敏感及提示不良预后的指征之一。本研究探讨丁酸钠(sodium butyrate,NaB)对人慢性髓系白血病K562细胞LRP表达的诱导作用,并初步探讨LRP对细胞内阿霉素(adriamycin,ADM)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin,DNR)浓度的影响。方法：以K562细胞为体外模型,采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)检测NaB作用前后K562细胞LRPmRNA的水平;采用流式细胞仪结合间接免疫荧光检测比较：NaB处理前后K562细胞LRP蛋白表达的变化。分别以流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜检测NaB处理前后：K562细胞内DNR的蓄积和细胞内ADM分布的变化。结果：经2mmol／L NaB处理后较之处理前：①K562细胞的LRP mRMA水平明显增加;②LRP蛋白表达由阴性转为阳性,阳性细胞百分率由1．65%,上升到35．8l％;③经NaB处理后K562细胞内DNR的蓄积明显减少,细胞内DNR平均荧光较处理前减少了68．36%;④ADM在细胞核内分布明显减少,在细胞浆内分布明显增多。结论：NaB可诱导K562细胞LRPm RNA水平和蛋白表达的增加,LRP表达可造成细胞内DNR蓄积减少和ADR由细胞核向细胞浆转移。     

Establishment of a human leukemia subline resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and showing non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance.

We have previously reported that K562/ADM, a typical P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug-resistant cell line, is cross-resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and non-TPA type tumor promoters. To elucidate the mechanism of cross-resistance to tumor promoters in K562/ADM, we have established a K562 subline resistant to TPA-induced growth inhibition by exposing K562 cells to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 24 hr followed by continuous exposure to TPA. A K562 subline resistant to the TPA-induced growth inhibition, termed K562/TPA, was selected by a limiting dilution technique. K562/TPA was more than 500-fold resistant to TPA compared with parental K562 cells. K562/TPA showed cross-resistance to etoposide, teniposide, adriamycin (ADM), vincristine, vindesine and 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)] methyl-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, but showed collateral sensitivity to cisplatin. Although K562/ADM was not cross-resistant to 3'-deamino-3'-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycarminomycin (MX2), an anthracycline derivative, K562/TPA was cross-resistant to MX2. By Northern blot analysis, K562/TPA did not express MDR-1. Accumulation of ADM by K562/TPA was no lower than that of K562 although that of K562/ADM was 5-fold lower than K562. We examined the subcellular distribution of ADM by fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence of ADM was located in the nucleus of K562 and mainly in the cytoplasm of K562/TPA and K562/ADM. The distribution of ADM in K562/TPA, however, was different from that in K562/ADM. These results suggested that K562/TPA had a non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug-resistance phenotype and that the mechanism of drug-resistance in this cell line might be explained by an alteration in the intracellular drug distribution.     

Examination by laser scanning confocal fluorescence imaging microscopy of the subcellular localisation of anthracyclines in parent and multidrug resistant cell lines.

This study highlights the usefulness of laser scanning confocal microscopy in the examination of subcellular disposition of anthracyclines in tumour cell lines. The distribution of anthracycline compounds has been studied in two pairs of parental and multidrug resistant (MDR) cell lines. For the parental EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cell line EMT6/P treated with doxorubicin (DOX) the anthracycline fluorescence was shown to be predominantly nuclear but with some particulate cytoplasmic fluorescence and very low levels of plasma membrane staining. In the same experiments much fainter fluorescence was seen for the EMT6/AR1.0 MDR subline which hyperexpresses P-glycoprotein. The loss of nuclear fluorescence was comparatively greater than loss of cytoplasmic fluorescence. For the human large cell lung cancer line COR-L23/P cellular DOX disposition was markedly nuclear with nuclear membrane staining and diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence. For the MDR line COR-L23/R, which lacks P-glycoprotein expression, DOX fluorescence was reduced in the nucleus compared with the parental line, but an intense area of perinuclear staining was seen consistent with localisation to the Golgi apparatus. The morpholinyl-substituted analogue MR-DOX achieved very similar subcellular distribution in both parental and MDR lines, consistent with its retention of activity in the latter. The presence of verapamil during anthracycline exposure increased the intensity of fluorescence in the MDR lines, particularly in the nucleus. Relatively little effect was seen in the parental lines. Confocal microscopy provides high resolution images of the subcellular distribution of anthracyclines in parent and MDR cell lines. Differences in drug disposition in various cell lines may provide insights into the mechanism of multidrug resistance and suggest strategies for its therapeutic circumvention.