重型脑弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨重型脑弥漫性轴索损伤的发病机制、临床特点、诊断、治疗和预后。方法 回顾性分析200例重型脑弥漫性轴索损伤患者的临床资料。结果 伤后6个月根据格拉斯哥预后分级：恢复良好30例（15％）、中残30例（15％）、重残38例（19％）、植物生存12例（6％）、死亡90例（45％）。结论 重型脑弥漫性轴索损伤是重型颅脑损伤患者死亡的主要原因，致残率高；意识障碍是其典型临床表现。其诊断MRI检壹优于CT；大部分采取保守治疗。格拉斯哥昏迷评分越低，患者昏迷持续时间越长，预后越差。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床特性与诊断治疗

目的 探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的临床特征与诊断、治疗。方法 分析68例DAI患者的临床表现和影像学特点，并探讨伤后持续昏迷的时间与DAI的诊断、治疗关系。结果 致伤原因主要为交通事故伤55例（81％），多次暴力致伤比较常见，CT发现出血灶者55例。恢复良好17例，轻残12例，中残9例，重残11例，植物生存3例，死亡16例（23．5％）。结论 脑外伤后持续昏迷时间超过6h，临床表现严重，而CT扫描无明显占位病灶者，即可诊断为DAI。一般不需要手术治疗，保守治疗主要采取综合治疗措施。     

创伤性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床特征和影响预后的诸因素

本文对照分析了一组ＧＣＳ≤８分的重型脑损伤患者，其中ＤＡＩ３２例，对照组４０例。结果：ＤＡＩ的死亡率为４４．４％、重残率为９．５％，大于对照组。提示ＤＡＩ是重型脑外伤死亡和致残的主要原因；伤后意识障碍程度和持续时间、瞳孔变化、脑受压程度、出血灶的部位是影响预后的四大因素；ＨＢＯ是有效的辅助治疗方法之一。     

急性脑梗死并发脑心综合征临床分析

目的探讨脑心综合征（BHS）在急性脑梗死中的发病率及临床特点。方法对133例急性脑梗死患者进行心电图动态观察，并对其临床资料进行分析。结果急性脑梗死并发脑心综合征的发生率达46．6％；格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）〉8分中者发生37例（39．8％），GCS评分≤8分者中发生25例（62．5％）；发生脑心综合征概率由高到低脑梗死部位依次是小脑、丘脑、基底节。结论脑心综合征发生率，与脑梗死的部位以及GCS评分有关，采取早期心脏保护干预措施对急性脑血管病预后有一定意义。     

外伤性颅内血肿合并脑疝128例临床分析

笔者通过对128例外伤性颅内血肿合并脑疝的救治，分析报告如下。临床资料128例中，男98例，女3O例；年龄4～26岁，平均37．2岁。致伤原因：交通事故伤86例，打击伤14例，摔伤10例，其它伤18例。血肿类型：单纯硬膜外血肿24例（18．8％），硬膜外血肿加硬膜下血肿及脑挫裂伤11例（86％），单纯硬膜下血肿14例（10．9％），硬膜下血肿伴脑挫裂伤58例（45．3％），脑内血肿伴脑挫裂伤17例（13．3％），脑内血肿伴脑室内出血4例（3．l％）。GCS计分：3～5分78例，死亡64例；6～8分50例，死亡19例。瞳孔改变：本组病人手术前一侧瞳孔散大者52例…     

脑出血并发消化道出血116例临床分析

目的 探讨脑出血并发消化道出血的发病机制、预后及治疗措施。方法 对我院2000年1月至2005年6月收治的641例脑出血并发消化道出血的116例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 116例患者有61例死亡。其中基底节区出血49例，死亡21例（42．9％）；脑干出血18例，死亡14例（77．8％）；脑叶出血16例，死亡5例（31．3％）；丘脑出血12例，死亡9例（75％）；脑室出血6例，死亡4例（66．7％）；小脑出血8例，死亡3例（37．5％）；混合出血7例，死亡5例（71．4％）。出血量小于30ml29例，死亡4例（13-8％）；30—50ml61例，死亡34例（55．7％）；51—80ml17例，死亡15例（88．2％）；大于80ml9例，死亡8例（88．9％）。结论 脑出血并消化道出血患者预后差，病死率高，死亡率与出血部位、出血量及年龄有关。在内科保守治疗的基础上有适应证的患者配以微创血肿清除术，明显地降低了死亡率。     

弥漫性轴索损伤74例临床分析

目的探讨弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）的发病机制、临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析74例DAI病人的临床资料。结果按GOS评分：治愈23例（31．1％）,中残27例（36．5％）,重残或植物生存16例（21．6％）,死亡8例（10．8％）。结论弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断要结合临床表现和动态影像学检查,GCS评分、昏迷时间、瞳孔变化、出血灶部位是判断预后的重要指标,早期正确诊断和有效综合治疗是改善病人预后的关键。     

颅脑损伤CT图像计分与临床GCS评分的相关性研究

目的探讨颅脑损伤的CT图像计分与临床GCS评分的相关性。方法采用150例颅脑损伤患者为研究对象，行头颅层厚8mm、层距8mmCT连续平扫，测量CT图像计分及依据临床GCS标准进行GCS评分。结果依CT图像计分将颅脑损害分为轻型（≤5分）占43．3％（65例），中型（6-10分）占31．5％（47例），重型（≥11分）占25．3％（38例）；依据GCS标准进行颅脑损伤评分为轻型（13-15分）占40．7％（65例），中型（9-12分）占33．3％（50例），重型（3-8分）占26％（39例）。颅脑损伤两种评分之间差异无统计学意义（P〈0．005）。结论颅脑损伤CT图像计分与临床GCS评分存在较好的一致性。CT图像计分能为颅脑损伤的临床病情评价及判断预后提供重要的客观依据。     

体感诱发电位和脑干听觉诱发电位联合瞬目反射在脑干梗死预后评估中的价值

目的评价体感诱发电位（BAEP）、脑干听觉诱发电位（SEP）联合瞬目反射（BR）对脑干梗死预后评估中的作用。方法64例梗死患者,根据格拉斯哥Glasgow（GCS）评分,分为重症组（GCS≤8分）和非重症组（GCS〉8分）。根据CANT分级标准将脑干BAEP及SEP分为I、II、III3级,将BR分为正常者和异常者,分别比较重症组与非重组诱发电位的表现,并比较不同级别诱发电位与预后的关系。结果重症组死亡患者所占比例42．86％,明显高于非重症组的19．44％。BAEP、SEP表现为Ⅲ级者死亡率分别为57．69％、58．82％,明显高于I、II、III级患者;BR异常者死亡率48．38％,明显高于BR正常者。结论BAEP、SEP、BR能评价脑干梗死患者的脑功能,并能预测预后。     

颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的原因及处理

目的探讨颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的原因和相应的处理措施。方法对我科自2000年1月-2006年1月41例颅脑损伤开颅术中并发急性脑膨出的原因及所采取的处理措施进行回顾性分析。结果41例中死亡17例（41．46％）；重残5例（12.20％）；中残8例（19．51％），恢复良好11例（26．83％）。结论迟发性血肿、急性弥漫性脑肿胀、复合性损伤、脑血管调节功能受损及手术操作不当是术中急性脑膨出的主要原因。术中彻底及时地清除迟发性血肿（邻近或远隔部位），缓慢降低颅内压，控制收缩压，过度换气，必要时双侧大骨瓣减压，术后气管切开，亚低温治疗是降低病残率及死亡率的有效措施。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.