生长抑制蛋白家族成员5(ING5)在人乳腺癌细胞的核质转运与不良临床病理特征的相关性分析

目的探究生长抑制蛋白家族成员5(ING5)在人乳腺癌细胞的核质转运及其ING5在细胞核和胞质高表达与不良临床病理特征的相关性。方法收集乳腺癌260例、淋巴结转移性乳腺肿瘤55例、乳腺纤维腺瘤61例、乳腺腺瘤病110例及癌旁乳腺组织91例。制作组织芯片,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测其ING5在细胞核和细胞质中表达情况,并分析核、质ING5蛋白与不良临床病理特征的相关性。结果乳腺癌旁组织细胞核ING5蛋白表达明显高于乳腺纤维腺瘤、乳腺腺瘤病和乳腺癌组织,腺瘤病组织细胞核ING5表达高于乳腺癌组织,乳腺癌组织细胞核ING5表达高于淋巴结转移癌细胞;癌旁乳腺组织细胞质ING5表达高于乳腺纤维腺瘤、乳腺腺瘤病和乳腺癌组织。提示ING5蛋白在人乳腺癌细胞存在核质转运。细胞核ING5高表达与远处转移呈负相关,与P53表达呈正相关,而细胞质ING5高表达与肿瘤直径和雌激素受体(ER)表达呈正相关,三阴乳腺癌(TNBC)细胞质ING5表达比非三阴乳腺癌(non-TNBC)低。结论 ING5蛋白在乳腺癌细胞存在核质转运,且细胞核ING5蛋白高表达与一些不良临床病理行为特征呈负相关。     

中期和晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞形态结构的体视学分析

用体视学方法对中期、晚期乳腺单纯癌（各20例）的细胞、细胞核、核仁的17个形态参数进行测试分析,发现癌中期组、癌晚期组、正常组之间相互比较,核面密度、核比表面,核平均体积、核平均截面积,核平均周长、核仁平均周长等6个参数有显著和高度显著差异,提示了癌症病人到了晚期细胞核被膜面积明显减小,核体积膨胀更厉害,核仁平均周长都明显减小,晚期癌症病人的预后更差。     

兔抗STAT5抗体的制备及其在乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的：制备并纯化兔抗小鼠脾信号转导和转录激活因子5(STAT5)的抗体，分析其在乳腺癌细胞以及良恶性乳腺组织中的表达。方法：应用重组小鼠STAT5蛋白，常规免疫雄性新西兰兔制备抗STAT5抗体，并用盐析法和离子交换层析技术进行纯化。用免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测抗STAT5抗体的纯度和特异性，以及乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和MDA-MB-231中STAT5蛋白的表达；用免疫组化SP法检测STAT5在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织中的表达。结果：以重组小鼠STAT5蛋白免疫新西兰兔6wk后，用间接ELISA法检测静脉血中STAT5抗体的效价为1：204800(A450=1．07)。将STAT5经SDS-PAGE分离，可见1条相对分子质量(Mr)为90000～95000的蛋白带，与文献[3]的报道相符。用抗STAT5血清做Western blot分析显示，在Mr为90000～95000处也有1条明显的带，证明是抗STAT5的特异性抗体。将人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和MDA-MB-23的细胞浆和细胞核蛋白，与所制备的抗STAT5抗体均可起反应。人乳腺组织切片用抗STAT5抗体做免疫组化染色显示，在正常乳腺组织细胞浆中可见棕黄色颗粒，而在乳腺癌组织的细胞浆和细胞核中可见棕黄色颗粒。结论：制备了高效价、特异性的兔抗STAT5抗体。用该抗体检测证实，STAT5只在正常乳腺组织的细胞浆中表达，而在乳腺癌细胞STAT5的细胞浆和细胞核中均有表达，提示发生乳腺癌后，STAT5可由细胞浆易位人细胞核中表达。可作为乳腺癌临床诊断的参考指标。     

乳腺增生病组织学分类及其与乳腺癌关系的研究

以纤维组织增生为指标将乳腺增生病分成小叶增生、纤维腺病和纤维硬化三个组织类型，每型又有单纯性或复合性病变，后者含导管上皮细胞不典型增生等。增生病变的进展与年龄增长相关。纤维硬化型患者年龄与癌周伴乳腺增生病的患者年龄相近。三种类型的增生病增殖细胞核抗原阳性表达水平逐步递增；纤维硬化型增殖细胞核抗原阳性表达与癌平行。纤维硬化型导管和不典型增生的导管管周肌上皮和基底膜扭曲、断裂、不完整绕管的改变提示在临床上应密切随访。     

细胞核形态和DNA指数分析在星形细胞瘤分级诊断中的应用

目的 探索自动图像分析系统在胶质瘤分级诊断中的应用。方法 采用自行设计组装的MIPS-I型自动图像分析系统对3个级别星形细胞瘤的细胞核形态和DNA指数(倍体)同时进行原位定量测定。结果 在星形细胞瘤分级诊断中，5项反映核形态的参数诊断正确率为56．3％；代表核DNA改变的7项参数诊断正确率为70．8％；综合应用12项参数诊断正确率为75％。结论 细胞核形态和DNA指数分析可作为星形细胞瘤分级诊断的参考指标之一。     

乳腺肿瘤超声图像特征参数量化研究进展

乳腺肿瘤超声图像的特征量化分析对判别肿瘤的良、恶性具有重要价值。本文总结了良性和恶性乳腺肿瘤在超声图像上的特点，将乳腺良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤鉴别特征在形状、边缘、边界、朝向、回声特点几个方面的量化方法和量化参数进行了较为全面的梳理，并对量化特征与肿瘤良、恶性之间的关系进行了分析。     

乳腺癌AgNOR和Ki67的细胞动力学研究

应用胶质银染色及免疫组织化学技术对90例乳腺良、恶性病变细胞核内核仁组成区相关蛋白(Ag-NOR)的颗粒数目、大小、形状、分布和肿瘤增生相关抗原(Ki67)表达进行观察,探讨二者的联系。为乳腺良、恶病变的鉴别提供理论依据。收集我院乳腺良、恶性病变手术切除标本90例,均经病理诊断证实。其中正常乳腺组织10例,纤维腺     

抗β-连环蛋白抗体的制备及其在乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的制备和纯化兔抗小鼠β-catenin抗体,分析其在乳腺癌细胞和乳腺良、恶性组织中的表达。方法应用重组小鼠β-catenin蛋白,常规免疫雄性新西兰兔制备抗β-catenin抗体,并用盐析法和离子交换层析技术进行纯化,用免疫印迹法(Westernblot)检测β-catenin抗体的纯度和特异性以及乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和T-47D中β-catenin蛋白的表达。用免疫组织化学SP法检测β-catenin在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织中的不同表达。结果用重组小鼠β-catenin蛋白免疫新西兰兔6周后,应用间接ELISA法检测静脉血中β-catenin抗体效价为1：204800(A450nm=1．01)。将β-catenin经SDS-PAGE分离,可见1条相对分子质量(Mr)为92000的蛋白条带,与文献报道相符。用抗β-catenin血清做Westernblot分析显示,在Mr为92000处有1条明显的区带,证明是抗β-catenin特异性抗体。从人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和T-47D提取全细胞蛋白,经用所制备的β-catenin抗体反应,均观察到β-catenin蛋白的表达。人乳腺组织切片经抗β-catenin抗体免疫组化染色,在正常乳腺组织细胞膜中可见棕黄色颗粒,而在乳腺癌组织的细胞浆或细胞核中可见棕黄色颗粒。结论制备了高效价、特异性的兔抗β-catenin抗体。用该抗体检测证实,正常乳腺组织β-catenin表达在细胞膜中,而乳腺癌组织β-catenin则在细胞浆或细胞核中表达,提示乳腺癌发生后β-catenin由细胞膜易位入细胞浆或细胞核中表达,这有助于乳腺癌的临床早期诊断。     

甲状腺乳头状瘤细胞核形态及DNA含量的意义(摘要)

甲状腺乳头状瘤细胞核形态及ＤＮＡ含量的意义（摘要）刘嵘卢于源张桂芬孙智才魏国红（北京军区第２５４医院病理科，天津３００１４２）应用ＤＮＡ图像分析仪检测了５１例甲状腺乳头状癌、乳头状腺瘤及乳头状增生细胞核ＤＮＡ含量和形态学参数。其结果显示，乳头状癌组与...     

中期和晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞器形态参数的逐步判别分析

用体视学方法测出20例中期和20例晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞及正常细胞线粒体，溶酶体的16个形态参数，再用逐步判别分析法剔选指标，建立判别函数。结果筛选出细胞器的形态参数为：线粒体的外膜面密度，内膜面密度，嵴膜比表面，面数密度以及溶酶体的单膜面密度，结果表明线粒体的外膜面密度等5个形态参数也许能作为区别不同期乳腺单纯癌的最佳指标。     

形态定量分析及DNA含量测定在乳腺增生性疾病与乳腺癌鉴别的应用

目的　探讨形态定量分析及DNA含量测定在乳腺增生性病变与乳腺癌的鉴别诊断中的实用价值。方法　应用HE和Feulgen染色法对乳腺腺病 4 0例、乳腺癌 5 0例进行染色后 ,采用MPILAS 5 0 0多媒体病理彩色图文分析系统选择胞核面积 ,胞核周长 ,胞核直径 ,胞核体积 (包括胞核S 体积和胞核L 体积 ) ,形状因子 ,胞核圆形度 ,胞核圆球度、C 异形指数共 9项参数和DNA指数 (DI值 )进行测量 ,所获数据采用U检验进行分析。结果　乳腺增生与乳腺癌两组间细胞形态定量测定的 9项参数差异显著 (C 异形指数P <0 0 5 ,其余 8项参数均为 P <0 0 1 )。结论　细胞形态定量测定和DNA含量测定在乳腺增生性病变与乳腺癌的鉴别诊断中具有实际应用价值     

Transneuronal labelling of nerve cells in the CNS of female rat from the mammary gland by viral tracing technique.

Using the viral transneuronal tracing technique, the cell groups in the CNS transneuronally connected with the female mammary gland were detected. Lactating and non-lactating female rats were infected with pseudorabies virus injected into the mammary gland. The other group of animals was subjected to virus injection into the skin of the back. Four days after virus injection, infected neurons detected by immunocytochemistry, were present in the dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to inoculation and in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. In addition, a few labelled cells could be detected in the dorsal horn and in the central autonomic nucleus (lamina X) of the spinal cord. At this survival time several brain stem nuclei including the A5 noradrenergic cell group, the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus), the A1/C1 noradrenergic and adrenergic cell group, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and the locus coeruleus contained virus-infected neurons. In some animals, additional cell groups, among others the periaqueductal gray and the red nucleus displayed labelling. In the diencephalon, a significant number of virus-infected neurons could be detected in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In most cases, virus-labelled neurons were present also in the lateral hypothalamus, in the retrochiasmatic area, and in the anterior hypothalamus. In the telencephalon, in some animals a few virus-infected neurons could be found in the preoptic area, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the central amygdala, and in the somatosensory cortex. At the longer (5 days) survival time each cell group mentioned displayed immunopositive neurons, and the number of infected cells increased. The pattern of labelling was similar in animals subjected to virus inoculation into the mammary gland and into the skin. The distribution and density of labelling was similar in lactating and non-lactating rats.The present findings provide the first morphological data on the localization of CNS structures connected with the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic motor system innervating the mammary gland. It may be assumed that the structures found virus-infected belong to the neuronal circuitry involved in the control of the sympathetic motor innervation of the mammary gland.     

禁止交配下调成年雌性大鼠乳腺组织雌二醇水平及雌激素受体α的表达

目的 研究禁止交配对成年雌性大鼠乳腺组织雌二醇(E2)水平、雌激素受体α(ERα)表达的影响.方法 12只成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(交配组)和禁止交配组,实验第61天终止实验后在间情期采集标本,光镜下观察各组大鼠乳腺组织结构,透射电镜下观察乳腺组织超微结构;采用放射免疫法检测外周血及乳腺组织E2浓度;采用免疫组织化学染色和Western blotting技术检测乳腺组织ERα的表达变化. 结果禁止交配60d后,成年雌性大鼠乳腺组织E2水平下降,与对照组比较P<0.05;同时乳腺组织上皮细胞、基质细胞细胞核ERα表达下调,与对照组比较P<0.05;光镜、电镜下各组大鼠乳腺组织未见明显异常. 结论禁止交配可下调雌性大鼠乳腺组织E2水平和ERα的表达.     

Structure-activity relationships in the induction of mammary gland neoplasia in male rats with substituted aminopyrazoles.

In toxicity studies with a potential antipsychotic agent, N-(4-[2-fluorobenzoyl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-([3- (2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]amino)-acetamide(Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2) (FP-1), mammary gland neoplasia in male rats was induced within 13 weeks. Tumor induction by the parent compound (FP-1) and structural analogs was also explored. Rats were given 50 mg/kg/day of FP-1 or the diethyl glycine analog, FP-2. Other experimental groups received the FP nucleus, a benzoylpyrazolylacetamide, or the FP side chains alone or administered concurrently with the nucleus. Most animals survived the 13 weeks without significant clinical effects. Clinically detectable, gross subcutaneous mammary nodules developed only in rats given FP-1 or the FP nucleus coadministered with the FP-1 side chain. Additional mammary gland neoplasms were found at necropsy or on histopathologic examination of mammary glands from rats receiving FP-1, FP-2, and the FP nucleus. The neoplastic effect was not influenced by the structure of the side chains. Since these substituted aminopyrazoles are novel chemicals, the mechanism for this neoplastic effect is not yet clearly established; however, the proliferating effect resides in the nucleus of this series of compounds and is likely related to alteration of DNA in target mammary tissue.     

Ultrastructural identification of Ia positive dendritic cells in the lactating rat mammary gland

Summary Dendritic cells which express Ia antigen have been demonstrated for the first time in the lactating rat mammary gland. Ultrastructurally, the dendritic cells appear as electron-lucent pale cells interspersed among the epithelial cells of the alveoli, forming a cell population distinct from classical macrophages. They show morphological resemblance to the dendritic cells of lymphoid organs as well as the Langerhans cells of skin. The Ia antigen has been localised by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry on the cell membrane and endocytotic vesicles and tubules. Ia positive cells are also seen in the stroma of the mammary gland. It is proposed that the dendritic cells of the mammary gland belong to the lineage of epidermal Langerhans cells and lymphoid dendritic cells, subserving an immunological role in the lactating breast.     

羊乳腺炎乳腺导管及腺泡铸型

目的 揭示金黄色葡萄球菌感染对泌乳期羊的乳腺导管及腺泡的三维立体构造的影响。 方法 选取3头产后母羊并建立羊乳腺炎模型,在羊左侧乳腺注射浓度为10¹² CFU/L的金黄色葡萄球菌1 ml,右侧乳腺作为对照,注入1 ml生理盐水,羊的左侧乳腺在攻菌12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h后,观察其临床症状。使用奶牛隐性乳房炎快速诊断技术（BMT）确认乳腺炎模型构造成功,取下乳腺后运用导管铸型技术获得羊乳腺导管、腺泡的铸型标本,利用扫描电子显微镜技术,检测乳腺小导管及腺泡的微观结构。 结果 铸型标本结果显示,以输乳管为第1级,最多可达14级分支,导管分支间未见吻合现象,各级分支导管与上一级导管主轴延长线的夹角＜90°。经扫描电子显微镜观察发现,正常乳腺导管末梢小导管管壁光滑,末端多呈膨大球状,腺泡直径（79.03±14.91）μm,金黄色葡萄球菌感染的乳腺导管表面有凹陷,末端大部分腺泡萎缩,腺泡直径（42.89±17.17）μm。 结论 金黄色葡萄球菌感染能破坏乳腺腺泡的正常结构。     

Identification of the scaramanga gene implicates Neuregulin3 in mammary gland specification

The mouse scaramanga (ska) mutation impairs mammary gland development such that both abrogation and stimulation of gland formation occurs. We used positional cloning to narrow the interval containing scaramanga (ska) to a 75.6-kb interval containing the distal part of the Neuregulin3 (Nrg3) gene. Within this region the only sequence difference between ska and wild-type mice is in a microsatellite repeat within intron 7. This alteration correlates with variations in Nrg3 expression profiles both at the whole embryo level and locally in the presumptive mammary region in ska mice. Localized expression of Nrg3 and its receptor, Erbb4, in the presumptive mammary region around the future bud site prior to morphological appearance of buds and the expression of bud epithelial markers further support an inductive role. Finally, Neuregulin3 (Nrg3)-soaked beads can induce expression of the early bud marker Lef1 in mouse embryo explant cultures, and epithelial bud formation can be observed histologically, suggesting that initiation of mammary bud development occurs. Taken together, these results indicate that a Neuregulin signaling pathway is involved in specification of mammary gland morphogenesis and support the long-held view that mesenchymal signal(s) are responsible for mammary gland inductive/initiating events.     

Development of mammary tumors in rats after parenteral administration of niobium-95

Summary Eleven per cent of female albino rats died within 164 days with phenomena of subacute and chronic radiation sickness as a result of niobium-95 administration (MC/gm). Solitary and multiple mammary gland neoformations of different morphological structure have occurred in 38.8 per cent of the survived animals (mastopathies, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, sarcomas). Adenomas, and especially adenocarcinomas were transplantable. Beginning from the 350th day the mammary gland tumors were not infrequently associated with ovarian tumors, and after the 450th day-with tumors of hypophysis. This points to the dyshormonal origin of the radiation mammary gland tumors.Research Directed by Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, N. A Kraevskii (Presented by Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, A. V. Lebedinskii) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp 102–106, November, 1961     

Adenocystic cancer of the breast (clinico-morphologic characteristics)

Examination of two adenocystic carcinomas of the mammary gland has revealed main criteria for the morphological diagnosis of this malignant tumor. This is characterized by the presence of cribrose structures that are formed by multiple pseudocysts filled with amorphous substance. Clusters of small, monomorphic, cubic cells with round or oval nuclei form abundant islets at whose expense a characteristic sieveform pattern develops. The myoepithelial cells are frequently detected in the tumor. A favorable prognosis is seen in adenocystic carcinoma of the mammary gland. The two patients are alive having no signs of disease progression in their 9- and 51-month follow-up, respectively.