Hepatitis D infectivity profile among hepatitis B infected hospitalised patients in Calcutta.

450 hospitalised cases of hepatic and non hepatic disorders and 100 normal individuals were examined for serum Hepatitis B Surface antigen and Delta Virus antigen by ELISA to find out its association with different clinical disorders. 105 patients (23.3%) and 2 control (2%) were positive for HBsAG. 60 cases with jaundice (26%) were HBsAg positive. 65% of HBsAg positive jaundiced patients had serum bilirubin level more than 2 mg per dl with a mean SGPT level of 488 iu/L. Only two cases were positive for HDV antigen among 60 HBsAg positive jaundice patients indicating a lower rate of prevalence of infection (3.3%). 62 (59%) out of 105 HBsAg positive cases did not show any history of blood transfusion or surgical interference indicating a positive HBV transmission through needle prick during investigative procedures.     

Hepatitis B infection in Sana'a City, Republic of Yemen. Prevalence among pregnant women and materno-foetal transmission.

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 130 pregnant women, chosen randomly from those admitted to the labour ward of Al-Thawra general hospital in Sana'a City, Republic of Yemen. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women and estimate the maternofoetal transmission. The prevalence of HBsAg among studied women was 15.4%, however, 6.9% showed inconclusive positive results. The materno-foetal transmission was documented in 50% of positive HBsAg women. Hepatitis B infection among studied women was usually acquired after 20 years of age. Logistic regression model with stepwise forward selection, demonstrated that maternal age, past history of blood transfusion and abortions were contributing factors for +ve HBsAg maternal status, while parity and past history of abortions were contributing factors in materno-foetal transmission.     

Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwanese government employees

This study evaluated the roles of multiple factors in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with emphasis on the modification of various individual characteristics on the risk associated with percutaneous exposure to blood. Serum samples taken from 4869 men in Taiwan within a cohort study were tested for HCV antibody. The overall positive rate of anti-HCV was 1.6%. In a logistic regression, factors positively associated with anti-HCV positivity were previous blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28: 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.26-12.45), a history of surgery (OR = 2.06: 95% CI = 1 23-3.46), and lower educational levels (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.14-3.32). The anti-HCV positive rate was significantly lower in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers than in non-carriers (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.37-0.95). Ageing, lower educational levels, O blood group, and Taiwanese ethnicity enhanced the likelihood of HCV infection through blood transfusion/surgery, whereasHBsAg status, cigarette smoking, and habitual alcohol drinking reduced it.     

Hepatitis B in Wisconsin male prisoners: considerations for serologic screening and vaccination.

To develop a protocol for prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in Wisconsin prisons, we interviewed 619 male prisoners at incarceration to obtain information on hepatitis B risk factors. We defined previous infections by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Logistic regression was used to develop a model of relative risk (RR) of HBV infection. Use of illicit intravenous (IV) drugs was the most important risk factor because of a high prevalence of IV drug use and an RR which ranged from 2.93-7.47. Other important risk factors were: prior hepatitis or jaundice (RR = 6.28), race (RR = 2.54 for Blacks, RR = 3.28 for Latinos), transfusion (RR = 3.00), and age. Previous imprisonment was not an independent risk factor for HBV, hence selective serologic screening and vaccination of prisoners are justified rather than mass screening and vaccination. Based upon prevalence of hepatitis B markers in subgroups, it is necessary to screen prisoners with prior hepatitis or jaundice, prior transfusion, and users of IV drugs. The identification of HBsAg carriers by such screening could prevent infection of "household" contacts. Users of IV drugs who are susceptible to HBV infection should be vaccinated. The remaining prisoners constitute a low-risk group for HBV infection and do not require serologic screening or vaccination.     

Increase in susceptibility of young adults to hepatitis B infection in the Republic of Yemen

Susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among 987 young adult male blood donors in 2 major Yemeni cities was investigated. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 10.8% (107/987) of donors and 284 (28.8%) had evidence of ongoing or past HBV infection. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) only was detected in 34 (3.4%) donors. Thus, 67.8% (669/987) of donors had no detectable HBV-markers indicating susceptibility to infection. The proportion of HBV-susceptible donors decreased from 70.9% (249/351) in donors aged < 25 years to 69.4% (334/481) in those aged 25-34 years and 55.5% (86/155) in donors aged > 34 years (P = 0.002). The high proportion of susceptible young adults in a community with a high HBsAg carrier rate could be the result of changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in Yemen. Consideration should therefore be given to immunizing young adults as an adjunct to the current expanded infant immunization programme.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B in an indigent, multi-ethnic community clinic prenatal population

Perinatal infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from an infected asymptomatic woman to her offspring is now a preventable disease. A chart review was undertaken to document the prevalence of asymptomatic HBV infection in a high-risk, predominantly minority, indigent, and immigrant family practice clinic population and to evaluate the frequency of accepted known risk factors for those subjects with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening tests. Records for 464 pregnant women entering the prenatal program between January 1, 1983, and April 30, 1987, were reviewed. Twenty-three (5.3%) were found positive for the HBsAG, all were asymptomatic. Results of a logistic regression on multiple risk factors for HBV infection revealed that ethnicity was the sole predictor of a positive HBsAg screening test, with 13% of the Asian patients and 1% of the Latino subjects positive for HBsAg. Other historical factors such as previous sexually transmitted disease and past history of transfusion were not predictive. These results reaffirm that a screening program for asymptomatic HBV infection in selected prenatal populations can identify a significant number of infants at risk for risk for perinatal infection.     

Hepatitis A, B, and delta infection in Ethiopia: a serologic survey with demographic data

A total of 500 individuals from five different regions of Ethiopia were studied. Demographic and clinical data were recorded and serologic tests were carried out to detect antigen and antibody markers of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, and the delta agent. Data on the economic status, number of rooms per household, number of persons per household, type of water supply, and mode of excreta disposal revealed that the majority of the population surveyed lived with economic hardship, overcrowding and poor hygiene. Only 36 persons gave a past history of jaundice. The mean carrier rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 6.2%, the mean overall hepatitis B virus marker prevalence was 42%, and in those over 14 years of age it was 76%. Among those who were positive for HBsAg, there was a tendency for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to decrease and the corresponding antibody (anti-HBe) to increase with advancing age. No woman more than 15 years of age had demonstrable hepatitis B e antigen in serum. Antibody to hepatitis A virus was detected in 84%. Three positive individuals were found to have antibody to the delta agent.     

学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗预防效果的分析研究

目的:探讨学前儿童乙肝疫苗免疫接种的群防效果,找出薄弱环节,有针对性地指导乙肝预防工作。方法:抽取儿童静脉血2.5 m l,采用ELISA法对乙肝5项标志物进行检测。结果:15 879名儿童中,抗-HBs阳性儿童10 476例,阳性率65.97%;1997~2004年抗-HBs阳性率逐年上升;男、女抗-HBs阳性率分别为65.94%、66.01%,无显著差异;随年龄增长抗-HBs阳性率呈下降趋势,并呈1~2岁、4~5岁组双高峰现象。15 879名儿童中,HBsAg阳性儿童166例,阳性率为1.05%;8年来HBsAg阳性率呈下降趋势。结论:8年来,我市预防儿童HBV感染工作成效显著,儿童乙肝疫苗免疫接种对预防HBV感染至关重要;我们要加强宣传,进一步提高基础免疫接种率,重视乙肝疫苗的加强接种。     

深圳市居民乙型肝炎病毒感染危险因素分析

目的 了解广东省深圳市居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染现状,分析HBV感染的相关危险因素.方法 于2010年在深圳市采用多阶段系统随机抽样方法抽取10个社区、1000户家庭,进行入户个案调查乙肝感染相关危险因素,并采集血样.用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测乙肝血清标志物:乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc).结果 HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率分别为6.68%(252/3771)、71.92%(2712/3771)、37.39%(1564/3771)和45.98%(1734/3771);≤15岁人群乙肝疫苗接种率为93.62%(1752/1872),>15岁人群接种率为79.48%(1509/1899),差异有统计学意义(χ²=160.89,P<0.01);接种乙肝疫苗者与未接种者的HBV感染率分别为32.45%(1508/3261)和87.24%(445/510),差异有统计学意义(χ²=552.72,P<0.01);HBsAg阳性率与HBV感染率均随年龄上升有增加的趋势;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家中有乙肝患者、内窥镜史、手术史及有偿献血史是深圳市居民乙肝感染的危险因素.结论 深圳市乙肝感染情况低于全国平均水平;乙肝感染具有家庭聚集性;医疗卫生因素对乙肝感染的影响较大.     

An epidemiological study with risk analysis of liver diseases in the general population living in a methyl mercury polluted area.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine the actual prevalence of liver disease and to investigate the contribution of various risk factors to liver disease among the population in a methyl mercury polluted area. DESIGN--The study was a population based cross sectional mass screening survey. A case-control study was designed to estimate the role of various risk factors for liver diseases. SETTING--The study was confined to a small rural town 10 km north of Minamata City. SUBJECTS--1406 persons aged 50 to 69 years were examined (78.3% of the total population of this age in the locality). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Measurements of liver disease were made on the basis of haematological, physical, and ultrasonographic examinations. Data on liver risk factors were collected by questionnaire, and by measurement of body height, weight (obesity), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The prevalence rate of liver tumour was 0.5% in males, liver cirrhosis was found in 0.5% of males and 0.1% of females, and hepatitis was seen in 5.4% of males and 1.0% of females. Frequency rates of risk factors for liver disease among subjects with obesity were significantly higher in the female patient group, and the frequency rate among subjects with alcoholic drinking habits was significantly higher in the male patient group. The odds ratio of past history of blood transfusion showed the highest value among other related factors (7.73) and the attributable risk for this was very high (87.1%); HBsAg was next in rank (odds ratio 3.04; attributable risk 67.1%). CONCLUSIONS--The prevalence of liver disease in this methyl mercury polluted area was not increased, contrary to what was expected based on the standard mortality ratios. The main risk factors for liver disease in this area appear to be alcoholic drinking habits and a history of blood transfusion.     

肇庆市居民乙肝病毒感染现状及危险因素调查

目的 了解广东省肇庆市居民乙型病毒性肝炎(以下简称乙肝)病毒感染现状及相关危险因素,为相关部门制定和完善免疫规划策略提供科学依据。方法 于2014年6-11月采用分层整群随机抽样方法在肇庆市8个区(县)抽取11个街道居委会和29个乡镇村委会共1716名1~59岁常住居民进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果 肇庆市1716名1~59岁居民HBsAg阳性率为8.74%,抗-HBs阳性率为72.09%,抗-HBc阳性率为69.23%;不同特征居民比较,不同性别居民HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc阳性率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),不同年龄居民HBsAg和抗-HBc阳性率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),不同地区居民HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);肇庆市1716名居民中,与乙肝表面抗原阳性者长期一起生活者占7.11%,与家人共用牙刷者占1.28%,与家人共用过剃须刀者占0.58%,有拔牙、补牙或洗牙等口腔治疗史者占21.50%,有过有偿献血史者占3.44%,有输血史者占1.05%,有手术治疗史者占2.97%,有内窥镜诊疗史者占1.81%,有针灸治疗史者占1.28%,曾与他人共用注射器者占0.06%,曾去理发店修面、修体毛或刮胡须者占17.89%,曾去洗浴场所修脚者占5.07%,曾去美容院做过创伤性美容者占2.86%。结论 肇庆市居民乙肝病毒感染率较高,存在家庭内、医疗性和日常生活感染乙肝病毒的危险性。     

The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Canadian north

Hepatitis B virus infections are common in the Eskimo (Inuit) populations of the world. In this study, serologic markers of hepatitis B infection were measured in 172 inhabitants (78%) of an isolated Canadian Inuit settlement. Evidence of hepatitis B infection was found in 22% of residents. The prevalence increased with age, being uncommon under the age of 20 (7%), yet present in the majority of inhabitants over the age of 40 (64%). Sera from four individuals (2.3%) were hepatitis B surface antigen- (HBsAg) positive. All four HBsAg carriers were negative for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and DNA polymerase, but positive for antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe). These data suggest that hepatitis B infection has become relatively uncommon in the inhabitants of this community born during the past 20-30 years. The apparent decline in prevalence did not appear to be related to recent demographic or socioeconomic changes in the area.     

成都市区健康体检人群乙型肝炎病毒血清学标志检测结果分析

目的分析成都市区健康体检人群中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）血清学标志（HBVm）阳性结果、分布情况及可能的影响因素，增强人们对HBV感染的认知能力，合理干预，提高人们对乙型肝炎的自觉免疫意识。方法对2007—07—01／2008—06—30在四川省人民医院健康体检中心体检的108685名成都市区人群进行乙肝病毒表面抗原（HB-sAg）、乙肝病毒表面抗体（HBsAb）、乙肝病毒e抗原（HBeAg）、乙肝病毒e抗体（HBeAb）、乙肝病毒核心抗体（HB—cAb）及肝功能进行检测，同时调查HBV感染过去史、家族史、乙肝疫苗预防接种史。结果HBVm阴性31063人，占28．58％；HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb均阳性者4637人，阳性率4．27％；HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb均阳性者5250人，阳性率4．83％；HBsAg、HBcAb均阳性者527人，阳性率0．48％；单纯HBsAb阳性51228人，阳性率47．13％；HB—sAb、HBeAb、HBcAb均阳性者1921人，阳性率1．77％；HBsAb、HBcAb均阳性者13200人，阳性率12．15％；其他（HBeAb、HBcAb阳性、单纯HBeAb、单纯HBcAb阳性）共859人，阳性率0．79％；肝功异常（单项转氨酶和／或两项转氨酶增高）共计896人，异常率为0．82％；乙肝疫苗预防接种33779人；接种率31．08％。结论成都市区乙肝表面抗原携带总人数或阳性率与全国水平接近，而乙肝疫苗接种率较低。加强乙肝保健知识健康教育，强化乙肝疫苗接种是进一步降低乙型肝炎病毒感染率的最有效的手段。     

Hepatitis B and C virus infections in Turkish children with cancer

In this study, we tested 137 Turkish children with cancer (51 with acute leukemia, 48 with lymphoma, 38 with solid tumors) while they were undergoing chemotherapy, and a control group of 45 for evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The control group included children with other disease who had applied to the outpatient clinic during the study period and had no history of jaundice or transfusion. Sixty-five (47.4%) patients with cancer and 7 (20%) children in the control group were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (p < 0.01). HBV DNA was detected in 59 (43.1%) patients and in 9 (20%) controls (p < 0.01). HCV specific antibody (anti-HCV) was detected in 8 (5.8%) patients and in 1 (2.2%) control (p > 0.05). Eight patients (5.8%) had circulating HCV RNA, but none had in the control group (p = 0.09). Ten (13.9%) of the 72 patients who were negative for HBsAg had circulating HBV DNA, and 7 (5.4%) of the 129 patients who were negative for anti-HCV had circulating HCV RNA. We concluded that HBV and HCV infections are common among Turkish children with cancer. In countries where HBV infection is widespread among the general population as in Turkey, children with cancer are under greater risk for HBV infection.     

12 863例患者输血前感染性指标检测的临床意义

目的 探讨患者输血前接受感染性指标检测的临床意义.方法 对2002年12月～2006年12月对12 863例患者输血前血液用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙肝病毒抗体(抗 -HCV)、艾滋病病毒抗体(抗-HIV)和梅毒试验(TRUST)检测分析.结果 HBsAg阳性率12.59%,抗-HCV阳性率1.90%,抗-HIV阳性率0.02%,TRUST阳性率0.80%.结论 对患者输血前进行感染性指标检测对于血液传播性疾病的预防和减少因输血后感染引起的医疗纠纷的发生有着十分重要的作用,对患者、医院及供血单位均有保护意义.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B in selected Alaskan Eskimo villages

Sera collected in 1973-1975 from 3053 residents of 12 selected Alaskan Eskimo villages were tested for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Overall, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in 6.4% of those tested. Evidence of hepatitis B infection (positive for HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs] varied considerably by village, from 4.6% to 69.9%, and increased with advancing age. The proportion with HBsAg was significantly higher in those under the age of 13 years, and the male/female ratio varied from 0.9 to 1.5 to 1.5 in the prepubertal, postpubertal-premenopausal, and postmenopausal age groups, respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in HBsAg-positive persons decreased with advancing age, and conversely, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) increased with age. Hepatitis B infection was found to be sporadically distributed, with great village-to-village variation and further variation by household within most villages. The high HBsAg and HBeAg seropositivity observed in children suggests that children are both more recently infected with hepatitis B and are more involved in hepatitis B transmission in these villages.     

Hepatitis B and C virus infections among patients with gingivitis and adult periodontitis: seroprevalence and public health importance

The aim of the present case control study was to identify seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections among one hundred cases with periodontal disease (71% gingivitis and 29% adult periodontitis) and one hundred controls with healthy gingiva matdhed for age and sex. Moreover, it aimed to detect hepatitis markers in saliva samples corresponding to the positive sera. Different risk factors associated with hepatitis infection and detectability rate of hepatitis markers were also studied. METHODOLOGY: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to detect the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc), e antigen (eAg) and antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti HCV) both in serum and saliva samples. HCV RNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Oral examination was performed for assessment of simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI), probing pocket depth and loss of fibre attachment. RESULTS: cases with periodontal disease showed higher percentages of hepatitis exposure (hepex; anti HCV and/or anti HBc) and significantly higher anti HCV seropositivity than the controls (26% and 13% versus 22% and 8%, respectively). No difference in HBsAg carrier rate nor in anti HBc seropositivity was elicited. Furthermore, cases with periodontal disease showed higher detectability rate of HBsAg, anti HBc, anti HCV or both anti HCV and/or anti HBc in whole unstimulated saliva than the controls (100% vs 66.7%, 50% vs 23.5%, 23.1% vs 0.0% and 42.3% vs 18.2%, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression delineated two significant factors associated with the risk of hepatitis exposure, the first predictor was the rural residence and the second one was the history of blood transfusion (OR=3.10, 2.94, respectively). Periodontal disease, severity of bleeding and bad oral hygiene were associated with the risk of hepatitis infection and with the detectability of hepatitis markers in the whole saliva.     

蓬莱市农村人群乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝病毒感染相关性

目的分析评价乙肝疫苗免疫接种对蓬莱市农村居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染变化的影响。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,对蓬莱市农村1～59岁常住人口共629人进行乙肝血清流行病学调查和乙肝疫苗接种率调查,采用ELISA法检测HB-sAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc等乙肝标志物。结果 629名调查对象HBV感染率为22.26%,HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为2.70%、62.32%、18.44%。乙肝疫苗接种率由1992年以前出生人群的18.89%提高到2002-2006年出生人群的100.00%,HBV感染率由42.11%降为1.31%;有乙肝免疫史的人群HBV感染率和HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率均低于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,抗-HBs阳性率明显高于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,乙肝疫苗保护率为85.63%。结论从1992年使用乙肝疫苗以来,不仅有效的减少了乙肝病毒携带状态,且乙肝疫苗保护率达到较好的效果,进一步说明接种乙肝疫苗可有效防止乙肝病毒的感染。     

3 960例术前四项检查的结果分析与讨论

目的探讨近两年艾滋病、丙肝、梅毒、乙肝的感染率和感染趋势,为开展术前四项检测的重要性提供理论依据。方法对3960例需手术或输血前的病人运用ELISA法测定血清中HIV-Ab、HCV-Ab、HBsAg、TP-Ab。结果2005年艾滋病、丙肝、梅毒的感染率显著高于2004年(P<0.05);乙肝的感染率在2004年、2005年无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论开展术前四项检查十分必要。     

Prevalence of infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) among carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen in Amazonas State, Brazil

Serum samples were non-randomly obtained from apparently healthy inhabitants of 5 villages in the Amazonas State, Brazil. Sera were tested by enzyme immunoassay for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and, if this was found, for antibody to hepatitis delta virus (HDV). Of 574 people tested, 96 (16.7%) were reactive for HBsAg and 33 of these (34.4%) for anti-HDV. The results were analysed according to sex, age and history of jaundice and showed a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV infections in these asymptomatic persons, mainly in young people. The rates of prevalence observed in Amazonas for both HBV and HDV are perhaps among the highest in the world, demonstrating that these viruses are endemic in this region of Brazil.