肾移植术后神经系统并发症11例临床诊治

目的:提高肾移植术后神经系统并发症的诊治水平。方法:回顾性收集2004年11月-12月我院实施肾移植的358例病例,对术后出现神经系统并发症的11例患者进行临床分析。结果:11例患者中,并发脑病5例、癫痫发作3例、周围神经病变2例、中枢神经系统感染1例。6例合并有移植肾功能延迟恢复,2例死于重症肺部感染,1例因癫痫持续状态死亡。结论:肾移植术后神经系统并发症少见但严重,原因较复杂,包括药物、感染、肿瘤、脑血管病变、代谢异常、电解质紊乱等。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺部感染

目的探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺部感染患者的临床表现及救治措施率。方法对8例肾移植术后合并巨细胞病毒（CMV）肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例肾移植术后CMV肺部感染均在术后3～4个月出现,其中3例合并其他病原体感染（细菌和真菌）。4例痊愈,4例死亡。结论肾移植术后合并CMV肺部感染早期表现隐匿,病原体抗体检测是其重要检查手段,及时治疗是提高治愈率的关键。     

肾移植术后结核病诊治18例

肾移植术后机会性感染的多样性、临床表现的相似性以及混合性感染使得肾移植术后结核感染诊断困难.抗结核药物与免疫抑制剂的相互作用,及其肝毒性也使肾移植术后的抗结核治疗更加复杂,笔者对我院肾移植术后18例患结核病患者诊治体会分析如下.     

3例肾移植患者带状疱疹感染的治疗体会

３例肾移植患者带状疱疹感染的治疗体会昆明市延安医院泌尿科（６５００５１）周勉，张鹤云疱疹病毒（ＨＶＳ）感染是肾移植术后主要并发症之一。感染后不仅可能影响肾功能，促发排斥，且可导致其它器官，组织的感染、严重者甚至危及生命。我院肾移植术后疱疹病毒感染用阿...     

肾移植术后肺部感染的药物治疗

肺部感染是肾移植术后常见并发症,救治不利时可危及生命。治疗的关键在于根据不同时期、不同菌群感染正确选择和应用抗菌药物。本文对抗菌药物在肾移植术后肺部感染的应用进行综述,以期为疾病的预防及治疗提供参考。     

肾移植术后合并重型肝炎临床探讨

目的:探讨肾移植术后重型肝炎病因、治疗及预防。方法:对330例肾移植患者所发生的8例肾移植术后重型肝炎患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:6例患者为慢性重型肝炎,2例患者为急性重型肝炎。病毒学检测均有乙肝病毒感染且病毒处于复制状态,8例均于移植术前感染,经积极治疗后,6例患者死亡,好转2例。结论:重型肝炎是肾移植术后严重的并发症之一,主要病因为乙型肝炎病毒及免疫抑制剂的毒性,术后密切监测肝功能及环孢素A(CsA)浓度、HBVDNA的滴度,早期发现、早期治疗,加强预防,提高人肾存活率     

肾移植术后重症肺炎的诊治

肾移植术已成为当今治疗晚期肾功能衰竭的重要手段，术后患者存活率不断提高，但肺部感染是肾移植术后最严重的并发症，亦是造成肾移植受者死亡的主要原因。我院2002年7月至2004年4月治疗肾移植术后重症肺炎22例，其中17例救治成功，5例死亡，诊治体会总结报告如下。     

肾移植术后的肺部并发症

在过去的十年中，肾移植术后患者及移植肾的存活率均有了显著提高。肾移植术后可能出现多种肺部并发症，而早期诊断和及时治疗对存活有极重要的意义。肾移植术后的肺部并发症可分为感染性和非感染性两大类。一、非感染性肺部并发症肾移植术后并发症中非感染性并发症约占30％～4     

肾移植术后肺部感染23例影响因素分析

目的：探讨肾移植术后肺部感染的临床特点及预防对策。方法对我院98例肾移植患者进行随访,对其中发生肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果98例患者中发生肺部感染23例（23.5%）,发生感染的平均时间为术后（82.2±5.4）d。23例肺部感染患者中有7例（30.4%）出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征,死亡4例（17.4%）。细菌是感染的主要病原体,logistic回归结果分析：术后1个月白蛋白水平及术后1个月泼尼松总用量是肺部感染的风险因素。结论肾移植术后3个月易发生肺部感染,感染的主要病原体为细菌。术后1个月白蛋白水平及术后1个月泼尼松总用量是肾移植术后发生肺部感染的风险因素。早期足量联合抗生素治疗、减少术后1个月泼尼松总用量及补充白蛋白等措施,有助于防治肾移植术后肺部感染。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肾移植术后合并肺部感染的诊断与治疗。方法对23例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果21例存活,2例死亡,未发生明显不良反应及移植肾排斥反应。结论对于肾移植术后肺部感染患者,要给予高度重视和及早救治,综合治疗是基础,较大剂量糖皮质激素的应用和调整免疫抑制剂的用量．是治疗的关键．     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.