胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸５３例分析

目的　观察经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法　５３例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺置入胆管支架治疗,术前及术后１周复查血清总胆红素、直接胆红素。２２例患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗（ＴＡＣＥ）。结果　共置入５５枚镍钛形状记忆合金内支架,其中２例各置入２枚胆道支架,技术操作成功率１００％。术前及术后１周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素均有显著差异（Ｐ＝０.０２１,Ｐ＝０.０１８）,支架置入后行ＴＡＣＥ者中位生存期（３９.２周）明显高于未行ＴＡＣＥ组（１７.３周）,术中及术后的并发症经及时处理后均能缓解。结论　对梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺支架治疗对解除胆道梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法。术后行肝动脉栓塞化疗者能明显延长患者生存。     

胆管引流术或支架置入术围手术期并发症的临床分析

经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术已成为恶性梗阻性黄疸较为有效的治疗方法之一.与胆管引流术相关的围手术期并发症直接影响着胆管引流的效果及患者的术后生存状况,因此,相应的预防和治疗尤为重要.我们收集了我院行胆管引流术或支架置入术治疗的445例患者的临床资料,就其围手术期并发症的发生及治疗进行了分析.     

内镜下胆道金属支架治疗肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的临床研究

为了探讨经内镜放置胆道金属支架治疗肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的可行性及安全性,回顾分析我院接受胆道金属支架治疗的67例肝门部恶性梗阻患者临床资料.所有患者术前行B超、CT、MRCP或ERCP检查.常规ERCP检查,置入导丝越过狭窄段,经胆道扩张管扩张后,在X线监视下置入胆道金属支架,支架近端超过狭窄1.5 cm.67例患者中置入支架62例,成功率91.9%,术后出现胆道感染15例,全部经抗感染治疗后控制.放置支架1周后血清胆红素由术前(349.32±62.39)μmol/L降至(67.43±12.56)μmol/L,平均通畅时间145 d.对其中支架堵塞后的26例患者,再次行内镜检查及治疗,分别置入塑料支架8例,放置鼻胆引流管11例,治疗失败7例.初步研究结果提示,胆道金属支架置入对难以手术切除的肝门部胆管恶性梗阻有较明显治疗效果,是一种操作简单、经济有效、并发症少的方法,具有安全性和可行性.     

超声造影胆管成像术在肝外胆管梗阻中的临床应用探讨

目的：评价超声造影成像在良恶性肝外胆管梗阻中的应用价值。方法：总结2006年3月至2009年3月间60例接受过超声造影检查并经手术病理／临床确认（综合各种影像包括增强CT/MRI/DSA、实验室检查、治疗性诊断、1年以上随访）证实的胆管梗阻病例。结果：超声造影均获得满意图像;对37例恶性梗阻患者均正确诊断;超声造影诊断恶性梗阻符合率为100％（37／37）;良性梗阻患者23例,正确诊断22例,1例胰头炎性肿快误诊为胰头癌;超声造影诊断肝外胆管良f生梗阻符合率为96％（22／23）。超声造影诊断肝外胆管良、恶性梗阻符合率为98％。结论：超声造影有助于胆道梗阻鉴别的诊断,值得进一步推广。     

胆管内双极射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管腔内双极射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的可行性、安全性及临床疗效。方法分析江苏省肿瘤医院2012年3月至2016年1月27例经皮肝穿刺治疗恶性胆管梗阻患者临床资料,其中9例行经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合内支架置入术(胆管射频消融组),18例行单纯内支架置入术(单纯胆管支架组)。观察手术安全性、并发症及近期疗效情况。采用Kaplan-Meier方法比较两组患者的支架通畅率及患者生存时间。结果 27例患者均顺利完成手术。胆管射频消融组手术操作时间平均58.6 min(42.0~70.0 min),较单纯胆管支架组平均手术操作时间45.0 min(35.0~60.0 min)有所增加(P=0.003)。两组患者术中均无并发症发生。术后两组患者的胆管感染、腹痛、恶心呕吐等并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后血清胆红素、转氨酶均明显改善。治疗后3个月胆管射频消融组胆管支架通畅率为100%(8/8),单纯胆管支架组为50%(7/14),P=0.022;6个月时分别为100%(6/6)和0,两组比较,P=0.036。胆管支架中位通畅时间,胆管射频消融组为189 d(Q1,92 d;Q3,279 d),单纯胆管支架组为87 d(Q1,82 d;Q3,161 d),两组比较,P=0.001。在治疗后6个月,胆管射频消融组生存率为66.7%(6/9),单纯胆管支架组为11.1%(2/18),两组比较,P=0.006。9个月生存率分别为33.3%(3/9)和0,两组比较,P=0.029。患者中位生存时间胆管射频消融组189 d(Q1,100 d;Q3,279 d),单纯胆管支架组118 d(Q1,96 d;Q3,171 d),两组比较,P=0.028。结论经皮肝穿刺胆管腔内射频消融联合支架植入治疗恶性胆管梗阻安全可行,临床疗效优于单纯支架置入术,可延长支架的通畅期和患者的生存期。     

43例原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻的介入诊疗价值

[目的]探讨原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻的介入诊断与治疗价值。[方法]43例原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻患者，13例行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）检查，30例行内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查。24例行胆管内支架置入术，39例行经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗。[结果]所有原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻患者均经PTC或ERCP等影像学检查获得正确诊断。24例患者分别置入了8枚塑料内支架和16枚金属支架，技术成功率为100％。患者术后1周的血清胆红素水平由术前（287±42）μmol／L降（101±50）μmol／L（P〈0．05）。39例患者成功地进行了TACE治疗。[结论]PTC和ERCP检查对原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻有较高的诊断价值，胆道内支架置入术与TACE等介入治疗是其安全有效的治疗方法。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸姑息手术术式选择探讨

 目的　探讨对恶性梗阻性黄疸姑息手术术式的选择。方法　对112例姑息性手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　手术死亡率7.1 %（8／112）;术后复发性胆管炎发生率17.3 %（13／75）;术后生存期：胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组［（9.4±1.6）个月］与开腹支架内引流术组［（9.8±12.5）个月］、经皮经肝胆和引流（PTCD）内支架引流术组[（9.0±3.1）个月]差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）,与开腹桥式内引流术组［（6.8±1.7）个月］差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）内支架引流术组［（3.5±2.2）个月］和单纯开腹探查术组［（2.8±2.7）个月］比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论　胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术式适用于胆管中、下段梗阻,开腹内支架引流术式适用于肝门胆管梗阻患者,ERCP内支架术式仅适用于胆管下段的梗阻,PTCD内支架术式适用于任何一段的梗阻。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术、开腹支架内引流术和PTCD内支架引流术能够延长患者术后生存期和提高生活质量。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻

目的:探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial sent,PTCS)置入对老年人恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用价值.方法:53例60岁以上老年人恶性胆管梗阻患者, 35例施行PTCS置入,11例施行PTCD,7例施行单纯外引流,术后1周进行肝胆管造影复查,手术前及手术后1周检测血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)等指标.结果:32例患者支架一次性置入成功,3例患者行肝胆管外引流5～7 d后成功置入支架.手术后1周TBIL及ALT较手术前明显下降(P<0.05).胆管内支架置入患者的平均生存期为11.5个月,行胆管内外引流患者的平均生存期为5.5个月.结论: PTCD和PTCS置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻操作简便、有效.     

三级肝管与空肠吻合治疗肝门部胆管梗阻与非外科胆管引流疗效的对比研究

目的　观察与评价肝内三级肝管空肠吻合术治疗恶性肝门部胆管梗阻的减黄效果 ,合并症及对生存期的影响。方法　切除部分肝左外侧叶 ,解剖出左外下段支肝管或切除右前叶下段部分肝组织 ,解剖出右前下段支肝管与空肠行Roux y吻合 ,在有效减黄率 ,合并症 ,黄疸再发率及生存期等方面与三组非外科胆管引流方法PTBD、ERBD、EMBE进行对照比较。结果　手术组与经皮经肝胆管引流术 (PTBD)、经内镜逆行性胆管引流术 (ERBD)、经皮经肝自膨式金属支架术 (EMBE)。有效减黄率 :分别是 95 %、89.8%、73 %、93 % ;早期合并症发生例数 :1例 /10例 ,8例 /3 5例 ,12例 /2 1例 ,1例 /10例 ;黄疸再发率 :0 % ,5 0 % ,40 % ,0 % ;平均生存期 (天 ) :2 46 ,117.3 ,198.40 ,2 0 3 .6 ,均P <0 .0 5。结论　肝内三级肝管空肠吻合术对于不能切除的恶性肝门部胆管梗阻是确实可行的治疗方法 ,其减黄效果优于PTBD、ERBD和EMBE。     

内支架联合适形放疗治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床研究

目的探讨内支架联合适形放疗治疗恶性胆管梗阻的疗效。方法自1999年2月至2004年2月我院收治61例恶性胆管梗阻的患者,综合组34例行内支架联合适形放疗,并与同期单纯内支架置入27例对照组进行对比。结果综合组与对照组平均生存时间分别为(353±20)天和(176±12)天(P<0.01),中位生存期分别为(350±29)天和(170±17)天(P<0.01)有显著性差异。结论内支架联合适形放疗是治疗恶性胆管梗阻的有效方法。     

支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的临床价值

目的 探讨金属胆道支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的有效性、安全性.方法 32例恶性胆道低位梗阻患者(中位年龄61岁),术前经CT和磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)证实为恶性胆道低位梗阻.其中,胆管癌12例,胰头癌11例,壶腹癌5例,转移癌2例,胆囊癌2例.32例患者行经皮经肝胆道穿刺,于胆总管中下端置入32枚自膨式金属胆道支架.结果 32例患者手术成功率100.0％,支架位置良好,胆汁引流通畅.术中无胆道出血、胆汁渗漏及胆道破裂等严重并发症.32例患者于术后7天复查肝功能,其血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)由术前的(378.11±134.53) μmol/L下降至(166.10 ±74.37) μmol/L(P＜0.05);血清直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DB)由术前的(219.14±86.37) μmol/L下降至(98.26 ±53.68) μmol/L(P＜0.05).29例于术后30天复查肝功能,其血清TB由术前的(356.78±118.21) μmol/L下降至(56.10±44.37)μmol/L;血清DB由术前的(219.14 ±86.37) μmol/L下降至(38.26±43.68) μmol/L,均P＜0.05.30例获得随访,随访1-42月(平均25.4月),9例再发支架内梗阻(30.0％),其中4例再行支架治疗,3例行导管引流治疗,2例未治疗死亡.十二指肠梗阻1例,行十二指肠支架治疗后缓解.生存期1-33月,平均生存期(11.56±2.14)月,中位生存期10.0月.结论 金属胆道支架置入术是治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的安全、有效的方法.     

经皮肝穿胆道支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床研究

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床疗效及经验。方法：92例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,采用经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架置入术。根据胆道梗阻狭窄的不同部位和狭窄的程度采用相应的放置方式。结果：92例患者中,91例胆道支架成功放置,其中12例放置双支架,支架扩张良好,引流通畅,血清胆红素下降明显。术后死亡2例,胆道出血3例,腹水渗漏6例,胆漏2例,支架移位1例,胆管炎9例,胆道再阻塞11例。结论对不能手术的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术创伤小,可提高患者的生存质量,延长生存期,是一种较为安全、有效的方法。     

Endoscopic stent for palliating malignant and benign biliary obstruction

Objective: To study the techniques of placement of memory alloy plating gold biliary stent and plastic stent for palliation of malignant and benign biliary obstruction, and to assess its clinical effectiveness. Methods: The patients in plastic stent group included papliila of duodenum inflamational strictures (n=24), common bile duct inflammational inferior segment strictures (n=4),choledocholithiasis (n=5), bile leak (n=11), bile duct surgery injurey (n=7) and pancreatic carcinoma (n=1).The patients in plating gold stent group included common bile duct carcinoma (n=5) and pancreatic carcinoma (n=6). Under fluoroscopic guidance the stent was inserted into biliary obstruction sites from oral cavity in all cases. Complications, liver function and blood serum amylase were investigated during the study period. Results: Successful stent placement was achieved in all cases. After operation of 7 days, in gold biliary stent groups, the rates of decrease of blood serum total bilirubin, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, r-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were 67.16%,58.37%, 40.63% and 41.54% respectively. In plastic stent group, the rates of decrease of STB, ALT, r-GT and AKP were 53.24%, 55.03%, 37.15%, 34.12% respectively.Early complication included post-ERCP panereatitis and eholangititis. Occlusion of stent was the major late complication. Conclusion: Memory alloy plating gold biliary stent and plastic stent were safe and efficacious methods for malignant and benign biliary obstruction, and could improve patient‘s living quality. Plastic stent was an efficient complement for therapy of bile leak and bile duct injury.     

Safety of biliary stent placement followed by definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer with bile duct obstruction

BackgroundAlthough patients with malignant bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic cancer are often initially treated with biliary stent placement, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with stents poses a potential risk of increased toxicity. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the safety of biliary stent placement followed by definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer.MethodsPatients with pancreatic cancer who underwent either a plastic stent or a self-expanding metallic stent placement for malignant bile duct obstruction before definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Radiotherapy was delivered in 1.8 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 50.4 Gy. Gemcitabine, TS-1 plus Gemcitabine, or TS-1 was the concurrent chemotherapy/regimen. The primary endpoint was the rate of biliary stent-related toxicities, defined as biliary bleeding, duodenal perforation, or bile duct perforation.ResultsThirty patients were included. Plastic stents were placed in 23 patients and self-expanding metallic stent in seven patients at the start of irradiation. The median follow-up time was 20 (range, 2–63) months, and 27 patients (90%) completed concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Biliary stent-related toxicity (grade 3 biliary bleeding) was confirmed in one patient (3%) with a plastic stent 9 months after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The median duration of locoregional control, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 31.1, 7.3, and 10.5 months, respectively.ConclusionsStent placement followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy was not associated with an apparent increase in toxicity and may be an appropriate treatment for patients with locally advanced pancreatic head cancer with bile duct obstruction.     

Percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary endoprostheses using both plastic and metallic stents for palliative treatment of malignant common bile duct obstruction

To evaluate clinical safety and efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary prostheses for palliative treatment in patients with common bile duct obstruction caused by advanced malignancies. A total of 13 consecutive patients was treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary endoprostheses concurrently using both plastic and metallic stents. Serum total bilirubin levels before and after stent placement were evaluated. The technical success rate, the period with no obstructive jaundice, patient survival and complications were also assessed. Median bilirubin levels decreased from 3.8 mg/dL before to 1.2 mg/dL after stent placement, and this difference was statistically significant. The median no‐jaundice period after bile duct stent placement was 6.0 months (range: 2–11 months), and overall survival time was 7.0 months. Of the 13 patients, nine did not have recurrent jaundice by the time of death, whereas four (31%) had recurrent jaundice. A second intervention was performed in these four patients. A new plastic stent was placed and jaundice did not recur up to the time of death. No serious complications such as cholangitis, pancreatitis or bile duct perforation developed. Percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary endoprostheses using both plastic and metallic stents can be useful as non‐invasive palliative treatment to relieve jaundice in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice.     

The best choice of biliary stents in hilar distal strictures due to inoperable malignacies

Recently, the treatment using biliary stents play an important role to improve the quality of life (QOL) in patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction. Long-term patency is preferable, but the convenience of treatment for stent obstruction should also be considered. In this study, we investigated which stent is currently the most appropriate in hilar and extrahepatic bile duct obstruction. In hilar obstruction, metallic stents (MS) had significantly longer patency than plastic tube stents (TS). As for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, covered MS (CMS) and MS had significantly longer patency than TS. On the other hand, many difficulties occurred when the MS was obstructed. In some of these patients, it was difficult to place the internal drainage again and their QOL was severely impaired. CMS was more convenient because it could be removed when it was obstructed. These results may suggest that MS should be used carefully in the hilar obstruction and that CMS is the best for the treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction.     

Application of metallic stents for both inferior vena cava and biliary obstruction by lymph node involvement in a patient with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

The authors experienced a case with obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the common bile duct due to a recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. In order to improve severe edema of the lower extremities and obstructive jaundice, IVC metallic stent as well as biliary stent were applied. A Luminexx stent of 8 cm in length was placed in the bile duct via subcutaneous route after biliary drainage. A spiral zigzag stent of 8 cm in length was also inserted into the IVC through the femoral vein following balloon dilatation of the obstructed portion. Subsequently, jaundice and edema were dramatically improved in a short period of time, which resulted in patient discharge from the hospital. Although the patient died of the cancer in 2 months, the quality of life was well maintained until death.     

单通道双国产胆道支架在恶性高位梗阻性黄疸的临床应用

目的 探讨肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸单侧穿刺单通道双胆道国产支架引流的疗效、安全性。方法 回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院2012年10月-2013年12月收治24例肝门部高位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床资料,每例患者均接受双国产胆道支架治疗。其中采用单通道双支架治疗9例(试验组),采用双侧通道双支架15例(对照组);比较两组的术中穿刺肝管次数、辐射曝露剂量、操作时间、引流有效率及并发症发生率。结果 试验组穿刺肝管平均1.44±0.53次,明显低于对照组3.73±0.70次,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。试验组透视下操作时间、辐射曝露剂量平均为(1152.22±335.61)s、(653.22±207.02)mGy,略低于对照组(1236.93±463.43)s、(727.00±348.52)mGy,差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05)。4周后复查肝功,试验组与对照组引流有效率分别为88.9%(8/9)、86.7%(13/15),差异无统计学意义(P=1.00)。试验组有1例胆汁渗出,对照组有2例胆道出血,两组均无严重并发症发生。结论 单通道双国产胆道支架减黄治疗损伤小、疗效确切,可选择性应用于治疗肝门区梗阻性黄疸患者。     

Palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction with metallic stent-clinical effectiveness in aged patients

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of metallic stent in the palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction in aged patients, 30 patients over 65 years of age with malignant biliary obstruction were investigated retrospectively. Overall survival duration after the stent placement was 13-1,275 (mean: 278, median: 169) days. The period of tube-free on the outpatient basis after stent insertion was 0-1,162 (mean: 192, median: 121) days. The estimated cost savings by eliminating hospitalization was greater than the stent cost. Four patients survived over 18 months despite their advanced clinical stages. It seems difficult to develop guidelines for the indication of stent placement in the treatment of malignant bile duct obstruction for aged patients.