Differences in site-specific incidence and relative survival of cutaneous and mucocutaneous genital squamous cell carcinoma in Germany, 2007-2015

Direct comparisons of the incidence and survival of cutaneous vs mucocutaneous genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are lacking even though they may bring important insights. We aimed to compare incidence rates and survival of cutaneous and mucocutaneous genital SCCs head-to-head, using the same source population, cancer registry methodology and statistical methods in a population of predominantly white Caucasian descent. Using data (2007-2015) from the population-based cancer registry of North Rhine-Westphalia, (population of 18 million people), we estimated age-specific and age-standardized (old European standard) incidence rates and age-standardized relative 5-year survival of SCC with the period approach for the period 2012 to 2015. Overall, 83 650 SCC cases were registered. The age-standardized incidence rates (per 100 000 person-years) of cutaneous SCCs were 36.5 (SE 0.17) and 17.0 (SE 0.11) among men and women, respectively, with corresponding rates for mucocutaneous genital skin, 1.3 (SE 0.03) and 4.5 (SE 0.06) for men and women, respectively. In all age groups, incidence rates of mucocutaneous genital SCCs were higher in women than men. Men had higher cutaneous SCC incidence at all nongenital subsites than women, with the exception of the lower extremities. Five-year relative survival was considerably lower for mucocutaneous genital SCCs (men: 71%, women: 75%), especially of the scrotal skin (67%) and labia majora (62%) than for SCC of nongenital skin (men: 93%, women: 97%). Given their relatively high incidence together with a lower survival probability, future studies are warranted to establish therapies for advanced mucocutaneous genital SCC, such as immune checkpoint inhibition.     

北京、上海、林州和启东地区女性乳腺癌发病及死亡的时间趋势

目的:分析1988-2007年北京、上海、林州和启东地区女性乳腺癌发病和死亡的时间趋势.方法:收集北京、上海、林州和启东4个历史资料比较完整的肿瘤登记处1988-2007年女性乳腺癌发病、死亡和相应的人口数据,进行数据汇总和时间趋势分析.结果:1988-2007年北京、上海、林州和启东地区女性乳腺癌标化发病率(采用1982年中国标准人口构成计算)年平均增长百分比分别为2.49％、2.55％、7.04％和4.16％;标化死亡率年平均增长百分比除林州增长4.10％外,北京、上海和启东地区的变化差异不显著.结论:1988-2007年,北京和上海这2个城市与林州和启东这2个农村地区相比,女性乳腺癌发病率和死亡率变化显著;4个地区的女性乳腺癌发病率均呈明显上升趋势,农村地区上升更快:林州地区女性乳腺癌死亡率有上升趋势,其他3个地区的女性乳腺癌死亡率均无明显变化.     

Cancer statistics, 2007

Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 0.3% per year in women; and a 13.6% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.     

Cancer mortality in Europe in 2015 and an overview of trends since 1990

BackgroundCancer mortality in Europe has been decreasing since the late 1980s or 1990s in some countries with different patterns in many areas. In this study, we updated trends in cancer mortality in Europe.Materials and methodsWe extracted data from the World Health Organization mortality database for 24 cancer sites, 36 European countries and the European Union (EU) as a whole over the 1990–2017 period. We computed age-standardized death rates per 100 000 person-years, and we carried out a joinpoint regression analysis of mortality trends from all cancers and selected major neoplasms. The estimated annual percent change (APC) for each identified linear segment, and the weighted average APC (AAPC) over the entire study period were provided as summary measures of the changes in rates over the time period.ResultsIn 2015, the age-standardized mortality rates from all cancers in the EU were 137.5 deaths per 100 000 in men and 85.7 in women. Eastern European countries showed the highest rates with values over 150 deaths per 100 000 in men and over 100 deaths per 100 000 in women. Mortality from all cancers in the EU declined annually by 1.5% in men since 2006 and by 0.8% in women since 2007. Most cancer sites showed decreasing trends, with steady declines over the whole period for cancers of stomach, intestines, lung in men, breast and prostate. Unfavourable mortality trends persisted for cancers of liver, lung in women, pancreas, besides skin and kidney in men.ConclusionsThe downward trends in total cancer mortality in Europe still continue over the last decade. However, the trends were less favourable in most eastern European countries. Tobacco control in men (but not in women), improvements in diagnosis and therapy were the main underlying factors of these trends.     

Trends in incidence of digestive cancers in France.

The objective of this study was to analyse trends in the incidence of digestive cancers in France. Observed incidence and mortality data in the population covered by cancer registries were modelled using age-cohort models. An estimation of the incidence/mortality ratio was obtained from these models and was applied to the mortality rates predicted from an age-cohort model for the entire French population. Site-specific standardized-incidence rates by 1-year intervals and cumulative rate 0-74 years by birth cohort were estimated. On average, age-standardized incidence rates of large bowel cancers increased by 1.0% per year in men and 0.8% in women from 1980 to 2000. The estimated cumulative rate increased from 4.0% for men born in 1913 to 4.8% for those born in 1953. The corresponding values in women were 2.5 and 2.9%. The most striking increase in incidence was seen for primary liver cancer with an increase from 2000 incident cases in 1980 to nearly 6000 in 2000. The estimated cumulative rate was 0.5% for men born in 1913 and 2.9% for those born in 1953. The increase in incidence was lower for pancreas cancer. A decrease in the incidence of stomach cancer was observed for both sexes and of oesophageal cancer in men by slightly more than 2%. The study showed large changes in the cancer burden in France between 1980 and 2000.     

Thyroid cancer in Denmark 1943-2008, before and after iodine supplementation

Thyroid cancer incidence has increased worldwide during the previous decades. In this nationwide study, we aimed to identify the overall incidence of thyroid cancer in Denmark during 66 years (1943-2008) and incidences of the four main histological types of thyroid cancer from 1978 to 2008. Data were obtained from the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry, and we focused especially on the period after implementation of compulsory iodine supplementation, which was established on a national level in 2000. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years, and age-period-cohort models were fitted to describe trends in incidence. To quantify trends in incidence over time, log-linear Poisson models were used to estimate annual percentage change. From 1943 to 2008, 1,947 men (29%) and 4,682 women (71%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. The age-standardized incidence increased in both sexes; in men from 0.41 to 1.57 per 100,000 and from 0.90 to 4.11 per 100,000 in women, corresponding to a significant average annual percentage change of 1.7 and 1.8%, respectively. The incidence increased with younger birth cohorts. The rise was almost exclusively caused by papillary carcinomas, and it was particularly present during the last decades of the study period. It cannot be ruled out that iodine supplementation may play a role for the risk of thyroid cancer, but as the strongest increase in incidence began in the years before the implementation, it is likely that improvement in diagnostic modalities increased diagnostic activity, and/or new unknown risk factors are also important contributors to the increase.     

Cancer mortality in Italy, 1997: quantifying the fall in rates in women and men.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To update data and statistics on cancer death certification in Italy to 1997. METHODS: Data and statistics for 1997 subdivided into 31 cancer sites are presented.Trends in age-standardized rates for major cancer sites are plotted from 1955 to 1997. RESULTS: The age-standardized (world standard) death certification rates from all neoplasms steadily declined from the peak of 199.2/100,000 males in 1988 to 174.7 in 1997 and for females from 102.5 to 93.0. The decline was larger in truncated rates, by about 26% for males since 1983 and by 24% for females since the top rate of the early 1960's. A major component of the favorable trend in males was lung cancer, which showed a 16% decline from the peak of 1987-88, to reach 50.6/100,000 in 1997, corresponding to about 5,000 avoided deaths. The decline in lung cancer was about 34% at age 35 to 64. For females, in contrast, both the absolute number of lung cancer deaths and the age-standardized rate of 7.9/100,000 were among the highest values ever registered, reflecting the different pattern of spread of the tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic in the two sexes. Intestinal cancer rates were stable for males but declined by approximately 10% for females, mostly in middle age, as did breast cancer mortality. Among neoplasms showing favorable trends, there were other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, plus the continuing fall in stomach and cervix uteri. Upward trends were observed for non Hodgkin's lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and uterine (cervical) cancer. In women, there were also recent falls in intestinal and breast cancer rates, and declines in both sexes in rarer neoplasms influenced by therapeutic advancements.     

Trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Sweden, 1958-1981, by histopathologic type

Time trends in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid were examined for Sweden for the period 1958-81, 5,838 cases being studied. Autopsy-diagnosed cases were excluded. Mean annual changes in the age-standardized rates over this period were 1.9% and 1.2% for women and men, respectively, for all thyroid carcinomas combined; 4.9% and 2.1% for papillary carcinoma; 0.9% and 2.1% for follicular carcinoma; and -1.0% and -2.1% for anaplastic carcinoma. Age, period and cohort models were fitted. There was a progressive increase in papillary cancer incidence for cohorts born since 1919. This increase cannot be satisfactorily explained as an artefact of trends in classification, and probably reflects a real increase in incidence. A less marked increase was seen for follicular cancer, and there was a decline for cohorts born since 1939. While the risk of papillary and anaplastic carcinoma was lower in iodine-deficient areas, follicular cancer risk was twice as high in these areas, for men only. There was a steady decline of anaplastic cancer in both sexes after 1965, largely attributable to a decline in cohorts born since 1924.     

Cancer statistics, 2005

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,372,910 new cancer cases and 570,280 deaths are expected in the United States in 2005. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for persons younger than 85 since 1999. When adjusted to delayed reporting, cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2001 but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2001 in women. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease from the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and from breast and colorectal cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women has leveled off after increasing for many decades. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 20% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.     

Trends in incidence and overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer in China,Japan, and South Korea

We used data from 13 cancer registries in China, Japan, and South Korea to analyze time trends in overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer between 1998 and 2012. Age-standardized and age-specific incidence and annual percentage changes were calculated. The number of thyroid cancers diagnosed and the proportion attributable to overdiagnosis were estimated, with calculations stratified by sex and age group. The Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between thyroid cancer incidence and overdiagnosis. From 1998 to 2012, both the incidence and proportions of overdiagnoses of thyroid cancer in China, Japan, and South Korea showed an increasing trend, with higher rates in women than men. South Korea had both the highest incidence for men (10.1/10⁵) and women (46.7/10⁵) and the highest proportions of overdiagnosis (men, 90.3%; women, 94.9%). The fastest growth in overdiagnosis was in Chinese men and women (annual percentage changes 6.1 and 4.6, respectively). We found significant positive correlations between age-standardized incidence and proportions of overdiagnosis for both men (Spearman r = 0.98, p < 0.05) and women (Spearman r = 0.99, p < 0.05) in the three countries. Age-specific incidence curves in Chinese and South Korean individuals were of an inverted U-shape. Overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer in Japan was mainly concentrated in middle-aged and older patients, whereas in China and South Korea, it occurred primarily in the middle-aged. The incidence and overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer in China, Japan, and South Korea are increasing, necessitating the implementation of comprehensive measures to reduce these overdiagnoses.     

Cancer statistics, 2006

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,399,790 new cancer cases and 564,830 deaths from cancer are expected in the United States in 2006. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for those younger than age 85 since 1999. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2002, but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2002 in women. Between 2002 and 2003, the actual number of recorded cancer deaths decreased by 778 in men, but increased by 409 in women, resulting in a net decrease of 369, the first decrease in the total number of cancer deaths since national mortality record keeping was instituted in 1930. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease for the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and for breast and colon and rectum cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women continues to increase slightly. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 18% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.     

Prospective investigation of the cigarette smoking-head and neck cancer association by sex

BACKGROUND: Men are approximately 3 times more likely to develop squamous cancers of the head and neck (oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx) than women. Very few prospective studies have examined the association between cigarette smoking and cancers of the head and neck in women, even though the rates of smoking in women are increasing rapidly worldwide. METHODS: The association between cigarette smoking and head and neck cancer was investigated in 476,211 participants, aged 50-71 years, of the National Institutes of Health/American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) diet and health study by using age-standardized incidence rates and hazard ratios from Cox models adjusted for other risk factors for these cancers. RESULTS: Over the course of follow-up (1995 through 2000), 584 men and 175 women were diagnosed with head and neck cancer. Nonsmoking (24.4), former smoking (36.9), and current smoking (147.3) men had higher rates of incident head and neck cancer per 100,000 person-years of follow-up than women did in each equivalent category of cigarette use (non: 4.8; former: 17.2; current: 75.7). The hazard ratios associated with smoking were significantly larger in women (12.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.81-21.52) than in men (5.45, 95% CI, 4.22-7.05; P for interaction: <.001) for head and neck cancer overall and also for the 3 subsites (oral cavity, oro-hypopharynx, and larynx) examined in stratified analyses. Ever-smoking accounted for 45% of head and neck cancers in men and 75% in women, assuming causality. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for head and neck cancer in both men and women. Incidence rates of head and neck cancer were higher in male smokers than female smokers, but smoking may explain a higher proportion of head and neck cancer in women than in men.     

Lung cancer mortality trends in Canada from 1931 to 1982

Lung cancer is the leading cancer that causes premature death in Canadian men, and it is the second leading cancer that causes death in Canadian women. To assess the long-term mortality of this disease, we collected and analyzed data from 1931 to 1982. A 3-year base period was used to obtain person-years exposure using the Newton-Cotes method. All rates were standardized to the 1956 Canadian population for age and sex using the direct method. Standard errors of age-standardized death rates (ASDR) were computed using Chiang's method. The ASDRs have increased both for men and women. The increases in older age groups are due to a large, absolute increase in lung cancer-caused mortality in both sexes. Although the absolute increase in lung cancer is greater in men, the percentage of increase is greater in women, especially in the younger age groups. The mortality trends for lung cancer in both men and women appear to be consistent with the tobacco consumption in the population. Given the relatively low survival rates for lung cancer, preventive strategies are urgently required.     

Cancer statistics, 2008

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,437,180 new cancer cases and 565,650 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality include stabilization of incidence rates for all cancer sites combined in men from 1995 through 2004 and in women from 1999 through 2004 and a continued decrease in the cancer death rate since 1990 in men and since 1991 in women. Overall cancer death rates in 2004 compared with 1990 in men and 1991 in women decreased by 18.4% and 10.5%, respectively, resulting in the avoidance of over a half million deaths from cancer during this time interval. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, education, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. Although much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates, stabilizing incidence rates, and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.     

Trends in colorectal cancer incidence in Sweden 1959-93 by gender, localization, time period, and birth cohort

Objectives: This study examined invasive colorectal cancer incidence-rates in Sweden from 1959 through 1993 (n = 134,643 cases). Methods: Age-standardized rates were calculated using the Swedish population in 1970 as a reference. Results: In right-sided colon cancer (ascending and transverse colon including right and left flexures), male age-standardized rates rose from 8.0 to 15.0 (1.8 percent annually, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-2.4) and female rates increased from 9.1 to 14.4 (1.5 percent annually, CI = 1.0-2.0). For left-sided colon cancer (descending and sigmoid colon), the rates have been stable recently. For rectal cancer, the rates among men rose from 18.8 to 23.0 and among women from 10.7 to 14.7. For both men and women, the relative risk (RR) of right-sided colon cancer had been increasing in successive generations, until leveling-off in those born after 1930. The RR of left-sided colon cancer had been almost constant for cohorts born before 1930 but steadily decreasing in later-born cohorts. The RR of rectal cancer was slightly increasing in successive cohorts. Conclusions: Changes in lifestyle or carcinogenic exposures during early life probably explain Swedish colorectal cancer incidence-trends better than improved diagnostic activities.     

Cancer incidence in Conakry,Guinea: first results from the cancer registry 1992–1995

We have registered 2,064 cases of cancer among the inhabitants of Conakry, Guinea, during 1992–1994, corresponding to age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of 83.3 per 100,000 in men and 110.5 per 100,000 in women. As elsewhere in West Africa, the principal cancer of men was liver cancer (ASR 32.6), with modest rates of stomach (ASR 6.2) and prostate (ASR 8.1) cancers. In women, cervix cancer was the dominant malignancy (ASR 46.0), followed by liver cancer (ASR 12.5) and breast cancer (ASR 10.9). In contrast to contemporary East and Central Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma remained rare (only 4 cases). In the childhood age group, relatively high incidence rates were found for Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma and, especially, retinoblastoma. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

2016年云南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡分析

目的 分析2016年云南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病与死亡情况。方法 收集云南省24个肿瘤登记处上报的2016年恶性肿瘤发病、死亡及人口资料,对数据进行审核和汇总。计算恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的粗率、标化率、累积率(0~74岁)和前10位恶性肿瘤构成,并按地区(城市/农村)、性别和年龄进行分层分析。结果 2016年云南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病粗率为212.97/10万,中标率为153.45/10万,世标率为149.38/10万,累积率(0~74岁)为16.97%。男性发病率(227.23/10万)高于女性(198.27/10万),城市发病率(224.56/10万)高于农村(202.01/10万)。发病前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肝癌和宫颈癌。恶性肿瘤死亡粗率为127.26/10万,中标率为86.67/10万,世标率为85.64/10万,累积率(0~74岁)为9.85%。男性死亡率(157.09/10万)高于女性(96.41/10万),农村标化死亡率(中标率86.01/10万,世标率84.94/10万)与城市差别不大(中标率87.55/10万,世标率86.63/10万)。死亡前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、胃癌和乳腺癌。结论 云南省恶性肿瘤发病和死亡处于较低水平,全面推进和进一步规范全省肿瘤随访登记工作,扩大重点癌症的早期筛查和早期治疗将是云南省癌症防控重点。