注意缺陷多云障碍儿童行为问题与父母亲职压力的关系

[目的] 比较注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童与正常儿童的亲职压力差异,探讨ADHD儿童行为问题与父母亲职压力之间的关系,为ADHD儿童的科学干预提供数据. [方法] 使用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)和亲职压力简表(PSI-SF)对92例ADHD患儿与124例正常儿童进行比较分析,进一步探讨ADHD儿童CBCL及PSI-SF结果的相关性. [结果] ADHD组儿童的行为问题多于正常对照组(P<0.01);ADHD儿童父母亲职压力总分、亲职困扰分量表分、亲子互动失调分量表分、困难儿童分量表分均显著高于正常儿童(P<0.01),并且与其行为问题呈正相关(P<0.01). [结论] ADHD儿童比正常儿童行为问题多,ADHD儿童父母普遍存在较高水平的亲职压力,ADHD儿童行为问题与父母亲职压力存在相关.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童自我意识水平的对照研究

目的：对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的自我意识水平进行探究。方法：选取80例具有注意缺陷多动障碍儿童作为研究组,同时选取80名正常的儿童作为参照组。对两组儿童采用自我意识量表（PHCSS）进行评定自尊及自我评价程度,以及应用瑞文测验联合型进行评定智商情况,并作比较。结果：父母的教育方式同子女自我意识的发展具有重要的关联;研究组患儿同参照组正常儿童的IQ都处于正常的水平（P>0.05）;对比PHCSS评分,注意缺陷多动障碍儿童明显的低于参照组（P<0.05）,并且低意识水平的人数较对照组高（P<0.05）。结论：注意缺陷多动障碍儿童具有较低的自我意识水平,家长需要做好正确的教育工作,实施有效的干预举措,帮助儿童建立自信心及自我意识能力。     

伴过敏性疾病ADHD儿童自我意识与家庭环境分析

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童伴与不伴哮喘等过敏性疾病的家庭环境与自我意识特点,为治疗方法提供依据。方法对在广州医学院荔湾医院心理科就诊的8~12岁ADHD儿童144例及广州市一间小学8~12岁的正常儿童126例进行调查,儿童填写自我意识量表,家长填写哮喘和过敏性疾病调查表和家庭环境量表,3组均数比较用协方差分析,均数两两比较采用LSD检验。结果单纯ADHD组在量表总分方面明显低于对照组(F=12.238,P0.05),主要表现在行为、智力与学校、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分因子方面;ADHD合并过敏性疾病组在量表总分上与对照组无差异(F=12.238,P0.05),行为得分显著性高于ADHD组(F=12.851,P0.05),但焦虑量表分显著低于正常组和ADHD组(F=3.857,P0.05)。ADHD在亲密度、组织性方面显著性低于正常组,家庭矛盾性高于正常组(F值分别为2.876、2.721和3.78,均P0.05)。ADHD合并过敏性疾病组矛盾性量表分低于ADHD组(F=3.78,P0.05),娱乐性量表分高于ADHD组(F=2.204,P0.05),而控制性高于对照组(F=2.295,P0.05)。结论 ADHD患儿的自我意识明显比正常儿童差,伴过敏性疾病的ADHD患儿的行为自我评价优于ADHD患儿,但更焦虑。加强家长健康教育,改善家庭环境有助于提高ADHD患儿的自我意识水平。     

注意缺陷多动障碍共患抽动障碍儿童个性及自我意识特征研究

【目的】探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)与抽动障碍(tic disorder,TD)共病(comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder,CAT)患儿的个性及自我意识特征。【方法】采用艾森克个性问卷(少年版)(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ)及Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(Piers-Har-ris Children's Self-concept Scale,PHCSS)对ADHD与抽动障碍共病(CAT)组60例,ADHD组79例,TD组60例,正常对照组(N组)71名儿童分别进行评估。【结果】EPQ中CAT组与ADHD组相比各因子得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。CAT组在精神质、神经质因子得分高于TD及N组,掩饰性得分低于TD组(P0.01)。PHCSS中CAT组与ADHD组比较所有分量表得分及总分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。CAT组儿童行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、合群、幸福与满足及总分低于TD组(P0.01),焦虑分量表高于TD组(P0.05)。CAT组儿童行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、合群四个分量表得分及总分低于N组(P0.01)。【结论】CAT患者存在个性缺陷,自我意识发展不良,其个性与自我意识的发展主要受ADHD的影响。     

青春期前后特发性矮小儿童自我意识、焦虑抑郁情绪的变化

目的探讨特发性矮小(ISS)儿童从青春期前到青春期自我意识水平和焦虑、抑郁状况的变化,为不同发育阶段儿童进行心理健康干预提供基础数据。方法按照Tanner分期把108例ISS儿童和128例正常儿童分别分成青春期前组和青春期组,采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表(SCARED)、流调中心儿童抑郁量表(CESDC)对其进行问卷调查分析。结果青春期前ISS儿童PHCSS的躯体外貌与属性评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PHCSS总分及其余各因子、SCARED和CES-DC量表总分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。青春期ISS儿童在PHCSS总分、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑、合群、幸福及满足均显著低于对照组,SCARED总分与CES-DC总分则显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在ISS儿童中,青春期组PHCSS量表的总分及分量表的躯体外貌与属性、焦虑、合群3个因子评分均显著低于青春期前组(P0.05),其余各因子差异无统计学意义(P0.05);青春期组SCARED总分与CES-DC总分显著高于青春期前组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青春期前ISS儿童已关注自身身高问题并感不满,但无整体自我意识受损或焦虑抑郁情绪,青春期ISS儿童出现自我意识普遍低下及更多的焦虑抑郁情绪。从青春期前至青春期,ISS儿童自我意识水平显著下降,焦虑抑郁水平显著升高。     

农村100例小学生自我意识与学习成绩相关调查

[目的]了解农村儿童自我意识及对学习成绩的影响,以指导家长和教师重视培养儿童良好的自我意识.[方法]采用Piers-harris量表对汝阳县两所村办小学3～4年级在校100例学生采用问卷法施测,并结合年终考试成绩进行统计分析. [结果]儿童的学习成绩普遍较差;儿童除行为外,其它各分量表分均高于湖南常模(P<0.05～0.001);调查男、女童的行为、智力与学校、躯体外貌与属性、幸福与满足及总分与湖南常模相比差异有显著性(P<0.05～0.001);不同性别儿童相比男童焦虑得分较高,差异有显著性(P<0.05);儿童的学习成绩与行为、智力与学校、焦虑、幸福与满足呈正相关,与躯体外貌与属性、合群、总满意度无关. [结论]农村儿童的自我意识与学习成绩密切相关.     

伴过敏性疾病 ADHD儿童自我意识与家庭环境分析

目的：探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ ADHD）儿童伴与不伴哮喘等过敏性疾病的家庭环境与自我意识特点,为治疗方法提供依据。方法对在广州医学院荔湾医院心理科就诊的8～12岁ADHD儿童144例及广州市一间小学8～12岁的正常儿童126例进行调查,儿童填写自我意识量表,家长填写哮喘和过敏性疾病调查表和家庭环境量表,3组均数比较用协方差分析,均数两两比较采用LSD检验。结果单纯ADHD组在量表总分方面明显低于对照组（ F＝12．238,P＜0．05）,主要表现在行为、智力与学校、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分因子方面;ADHD合并过敏性疾病组在量表总分上与对照组无差异（ F＝12．238, P＜0．05）,行为得分显著性高于ADHD组（F＝12．851,P＜0．05）,但焦虑量表分显著低于正常组和ADHD组（F＝3．857,P＜0．05）。 ADHD在亲密度、组织性方面显著性低于正常组,家庭矛盾性高于正常组（ F值分别为2．876、2．721和3．78,均 P＜0．05）。 ADHD合并过敏性疾病组矛盾性量表分低于ADHD组（F＝3．78,P＜0．05）,娱乐性量表分高于ADHD组（F＝2．204,P＜0．05）,而控制性高于对照组（F＝2．295,P＜0．05）。结论 ADHD患儿的自我意识明显比正常儿童差,伴过敏性疾病的ADHD患儿的行为自我评价优于ADHD患儿,但更焦虑。加强家长健康教育,改善家庭环境有助于提高ADHD患儿的自我意识水平。     

ADHD儿童的自我意识和行为特征的相关研究

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(ADHD)的自我意识和行为特征之间的关系,为ADHD儿童的诊断和治疗提供数据。方法:取两所三甲医院中诊断的ADHD患儿61名,并随机抽取对照组儿童80人,分别填写CBCL量表和Piers-Harris自我意识量表。并用SPSS统计软件分析各量表的特征和相关性。结果:ADHD组儿童的行为问题多于正常对照组,自我意识水平明显低于对照组,并且自我意识与行为指标存在相关性。结论:ADHD儿童比正常儿童行为问题多,自我意识差,自我评价低。ADHD儿童自我意识与行为问题存在相关。     

子女教育心理控制源与小学生自我意识的相关分析

目的 研究家长的子女教育心理控制源与小学生自我意识之间的关系,为探讨父母教育子女的有效方法提供依据.方法 采用子女教育心理控制源量表(PLOC)和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS),对太原市993名小学生及其家长进行测查分析与评价.结果 PLOC各因子均与PHCSS的总分呈负相关(P值均＜0.05),并且与各个分量表(智力、合群、幸福满足感)得分呈负相关(P值均＜0.05).结论 自我意识偏异儿童的父母在教育子女方面存在问题.     

ADHD与TD共病儿童家庭环境特征及与个性自我意识的相关性

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)与抽动障碍(TD)共病(CAT)患儿家庭环境特征及其与个性、自我意识之间的相关性。方法:采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)、艾森克个性问卷(少年版,EPQ)、Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)对注意缺陷多动障碍与抽动障碍共病(CAT)组60例、ADHD组79例、TD组60例、正常对照组(N组)71例儿童分别进行评估。结果:CAT组与ADHD组比较FES-CV、EPQ、PHCSS各因子得分均无明显差异,CAT组儿童在FES-CV中亲密度、知识性与组织性得分低于TD组(P<0.05),道德宗教观、知识性、娱乐性、组织性得分低于N组(P<0.05),独立性、矛盾性得分高于N组(P<0.05)。CAT组儿童精神质、神经质因子得分显著高于N组(P<0.01)。CAT组儿童行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、合群4个分量表得分及总分显著低于N组(P<0.01)。相关分析显示FES-CV中的矛盾性与EPQ中的掩饰程度呈负相关,道德宗教观与神经质呈负相关;FES-CV中的矛盾性与PHCSS中的行为因子呈显著负相关。结论:CAT患儿的家庭存在家庭功能缺陷,其家庭环境对患儿的个性及自我意识发展有一定的影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.