关于药物洗脱支架再狭窄研究的进展

支架内再狭窄是介入治疗技术中面临的重要医学难题,药物洗脱支架明显降低支架内再狭窄率,然而在抑制血管平滑肌细胞过度增殖的同时,也抑制了支架处内皮功能和生长,其内皮化延迟可导致晚期再狭窄及延迟血栓的形成。本文就药物洗脱支架再狭窄现状、影响因素、发生机制和各种治疗方法的研究进展做一综述。     

Drug-eluting stent implantation for treatment of recurrent renal artery in-stent restenosis.

Percutaneous renal artery stenting has become the treatment of choice for renal artery stenosis. In-stent restenosis (ISR) still remains a persistent problem. Drug eluting stents have significantly reduced the incidence of ISR in coronary arteries. We report a case in which recurrent renal ISR was successfully treated with paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation, using intravascular ultrasound guidance, with maintained stent patency at 6 months.     

Covered stent for the treatment of recurrent bilateral renal artery in-stent restenosis

The optimal treatment for renal artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) is not well established. Reintervention with different strategies including balloon angioplasty, cutting-balloon angioplasty, additional stenting with bare-metal, drug-eluting or covered stents and brachytherapy are effective in achieving immediate angiographic success. However, recurrent ISR rates are high irrespective of treatment strategy. We present a case describing the use of a covered stent for the treatment of recurrent bilateral renal artery ISR after bare-metal and drug-eluting stent implantation and cutting-balloon angioplasty.     

Local drug-delivery balloon for proliferative occlusive in-stent restenosis after drug-eluting stent

Drug-coated balloon has been developed as an alternative to drug-eluting stents for in-stent restenosis but the performance of drug infusion balloon in such setting has not been previously described. We present a case of particularly aggressive in-stent restenosis after drug eluting stent implantation treated with a new kind of drug infusion balloon developed in order to overcome the impossibility to inflate regular drug-coated balloon for several dilatation.     

Brachytherapy for renal artery in-stent restenosis.

We describe a 66-year-old female who presented with recurrent acute pulmonary edema and uncontrolled hypertension. She was diagnosed with left renal artery stenosis and treated with angioplasty and stent placement. Her clinical status improved initially but symptoms recurred within 4 months. Further evaluation documented renal artery in-stent restenosis, which was successfully treated with cutting balloon angioplasty followed by brachytherapy. The feasibility of renal artery brachytherapy and short-term follow-up is presented.     

药物洗脱球囊与第二代药物洗脱支架治疗药物支架内再狭窄的观察性研究

目的:对中国汉族人群中药物洗脱球囊(DEB)和第二代药物洗脱支架(DES)内再狭窄(ISR)的疗效进行非劣效性比较。方法:连续入选2014年9月至2015年8月,因DES-ISR而接受DEB或第二代DES治疗的患者,根据所接受的治疗策略将患者分别纳入DEB组和第二代DES组。记录两组患者住院期间主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率,并于术后12个月通过电话或门诊进行临床随访。结果:共纳入DES-ISR患者183例,包括DEB组74例,DES组109例;根据Mehran分型,非点状病变患者147例。住院期间两组患者均未发生MACE;(12.4±2.9)个月临床随访发现,DEB组共发生MACE 8例,包括心源性死亡1例、非致死性心肌梗死(MI)2例和靶血管血运重建(TVR)6例;第二代DES组MACE 3例,均为TVR。DEB组的MACE发生率高于第二代DES组(11.0%vs.2.8%,P=0.03),并且DEB组的无事件生存率劣于第二代DES组(89.0%vs.97.2%,P非劣效=0.94),而在非点状病变患者中,DEB组患者的无事件生存率仍劣于第二代DES组患者(87.9%vs.96.6%,P非劣效=0.92)。结论:药物洗脱球囊在中国汉族人群中治疗药物洗脱支架内再狭窄的疗效劣于第二代药物洗脱支架,且在非点状病变患者中仍劣于第二代药物洗脱支架。     

药物洗脱支架治疗后冠状动脉再狭窄相关因素的分析

目的探讨药物洗脱支架治疗后冠状动脉再狭窄与临床和造影的相关因素。方法入选416例冠状动脉造影(CAG)资料完整的冠心病患者,男性328例,女性88例,共置入支架470枚,按照CAG结果分为再狭窄组59例和无再狭窄组357例,平均造影随访时间(7．91±2．37)个月。结果再狭窄组CAG示61枚支架发生再狭窄(13．0％),女性、既往冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)病史、慢性闭塞(CTO)病变病史、最大球囊释放压力、置入支架长度与术后再狭窄相关(P<0．05);置入支架血管直径与再狭窄高度相关(OR=0．61,95％CI:0．43～0．82,P< 0．01)。结论女性、既往CABG病史、CTO病变、血管直径、置入支架长度是支架术后再狭窄的危险因素,而糖尿病史等与再狭窄无关。     

Drug-eluting stent for recurrent mesenteric artery in-stent restenosis.

PURPOSE: To report the use of a drug-eluting stent (DES) for treatment of symptomatic in-stent restenosis (ISR) in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old woman suffering from chronic renal failure and needing dialysis was admitted for vomiting, postprandial abdominal pain, and weight loss for 3 months. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) documented massive calcification of the vascular bed, mainly in the aorta, and a very tight ostial stenosis of the SMA. A 4.5-x20-mm Genesis stent was deployed at the ostium, with good angiographic result and immediate symptomatic benefit. After 3 months, symptoms recurred; angiography demonstrated ISR. Percutaneous angioplasty with a 4-x15-mm cutting balloon was performed. The patient remained asymptomatic for only 2 months; recurrent ISR at this time was treated with a 3.5-x24-mm coronary TAXUS Express paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent deployed inside the previously implanted stent. Under prolonged double antiplatelet regimen, the patient was asymptomatic at the 8-month follow-up; CTA demonstrated patency of the SMA. CONCLUSION: Considering the high rate of restenosis and the periprocedural complications described with endovascular treatment of SMA stenosis, a drug-eluting stent may be a good option not only for the treatment of restenosis but also in de novo lesions, at least when the vessel diameter is <4.5 mm.     

Comparison between drug-coated balloon angioplasty and second-generation drug-eluting stent placement for the treatment of in-stent restenosis after drug-eluting stent implantation

Even though drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty has emerged as a treatment option for drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis (DES–ISR), the most effective treatment strategy for DES–ISR is still under debate. Therefore, we compared long-term clinical outcomes following DCB treatment of DES–ISR with those following 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) treatment. We identified 248 DES–ISR lesions in 238 patients that were treated with either 2nd-generation DES implantation (n = 56) or DCB angioplasty (n = 192). We compared the incidences of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in the two groups during the 2-year period following treatment. MACE was defined as cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or target-vessel revascularization. The percentage of patients with diabetes and the mean age of patients in the DCB group were greater than in the DES group. The DCB group also had a smaller reference vessel diameter. The DES group had a larger post-intervention minimal luminal diameter. We found no significant difference in the MACE rate between the two groups during the 2 years following treatment (11.0 % in the DCB group vs. 8.9 % in the DES group, p = 0.660). Reference segment diameter was the only independent predictive factor for MACE in the post-treatment period (hazard ratio 0.35, 95 % confidence interval: 0.15–0.82, p = 0.016). Clinical efficacy of DCB angioplasty for treatment of DES–ISR was comparable to that of 2nd-generation DES implantation as measured by the rate of MACEs in the two groups. Reference segment diameter was the only statistically significant independent predictor for MACE in the 2-year period following treatment.     

Migration of fractured renal artery stent

An 80‐year‐old man received stent implantation for severe stenosis of the right renal artery. During the procedure, the proximal edge of the stent was successfully positioned at the ostium of the renal artery. After 6 months, follow‐up renal angiography showed transverse stent fracture without restenosis. The proximal part of the fractured stent had moved and protruded into the abdominal aorta. Three years later, the proximal part of the fractured stent had migrated from the renal artery to the wall of infrarenal aorta. This is the first reported case of stent migration of the renal artery caused by a complete transverse stent fracture. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Use of drug-eluting stents for the treatment of in-stent restenosis in routine clinical practice

BACKGROUND: Although target lesion revascularization (TLR) has been dramatically decreased by using drug-eluting stents (DESs) in de-novo lesions, their efficacy for in-stent restenosis (ISR) has not yet been well established. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed patients treated for ISR with DESs from three referral hospitals. RESULTS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients, from June 2002 to April 2004, were included, with a mean age of 64+/-11 years; 83% were men, 32% had diabetes, 47% had had a previous myocardial infarction and 16% had low left ventricular ejection fraction. Angiographic characteristics were as follows: mean vessel diameter, 3.05+/-0.4 mm; lesion length, 17.8+/-7.7 mm; diameter stenosis, 84.0+/-10.7%; and complex lesion, 81%. The restenosis was focal in 45%, diffuse/proliferative in 51.3% and total occlusion in 3.7% of the cases. Sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents were used in 42 and 58% of the patients, respectively. Stent diameter was 3.1+/-0.3 mm and the length was 26.1+/-5.8 mm. Angiographic success was achieved in all patients, with one patient experiencing a post-procedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. At 6-month clinical follow-up, two patients had died from non-cardiac deaths, five had experienced a new TLR (5.7%, four percutaneous and one coronary artery bypass graft) and eight (9.2%) had had major adverse cardiac events. A stress test was performed in 60% of the population; target vessel ischemia was observed in one patient (3.3%). CONCLUSION: In this non-select cohort of patients, the use of DESs is a safe and effective strategy for ISR lesions.     

支架内再狭窄38例光学相干断层成像影像分析

目的分析支架内再狭窄患者光学相干断层成像(OCT)影像学表现特征。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月在西京医院行冠状动脉造影诊断为支架内再狭窄并行OCT检查患者38例,共42处支架内再狭窄病变。支架内再狭窄时间为52.0(17.5,84.0)个月。根据发生时间分为支架内再狭窄时间≤20个月组(11例,12处病变,中位随访时间8.5个月)和支架内再狭窄时间>20个月组(27例,30处病变,中位随访时间75个月)。结果38例患者平均年龄为(62.84±11.08)岁,其中男性22例(57.9%),高血压病19例(50.0%),糖尿病17例(44.7%)。定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)分析结果显示,最小管腔直径为(0.88±0.55)mm,直径再狭窄率为(66.41±18.51)%。OCT对支架内再狭窄可能原因分析,支架膨胀不全、贴壁不良、支架直径偏小分别占21.1%、10.5%以及5.3%。OCT对血栓性质分析,血栓见于21.1%患者,其中红色血栓、白色血栓及混合血栓分别占2.6%、5.3%以及13.2%。支架内再狭窄时间>20个月组钙化(26.7%比8.3%,P=0.372)、薄纤维帽粥样硬化斑块(10.0%比0,P=0.556)、巨噬细胞(40.0%比8.3%,P=0.102)、斑块侵蚀(50.0%比16.7%,P=0.101)与支架内再狭窄时间≤20个月组发生率相比,差异均无统计学意义,但均有升高趋势,而脂质(60.0%比25.0%,P=0.040)差异有统计学意义。结论支架内再狭窄患者伴有支架膨胀不全或贴壁不良等手术操作因素,随着时间的延长支架内再狭窄患者新生斑块不稳定性有增加趋势。     

雷公藤内酯醇洗脱支架对冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的影响

目的研究雷公藤内酯醇洗脱支架预防冠状动脉支架植入术后再狭窄的有效性及安全性。方法杂种幼猪20只,分别植入雷公藤内酯醇洗脱支架和普通裸金属支架各10枚。术后28d比较两组的冠状动脉造影形态、组织病理及血生化结果。结果支架部位血管腔面积裸支架组小于雷公藤内酯醇组(P<0.05)、支架内增生内膜面积及内膜增生程度裸支架组大于雷公藤内酯醇组(P<0.05)。未发现明显毒副作用。结论雷公藤内酯醇洗脱支架能抑制新生内膜的形成,在支架植入后4周能预防再狭窄的形成。