The effects of debridement after endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this randomized, partly blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of debridement 6 and 12 days after endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: Sixty patients (male/female = 26/34; mean age, 43.5 years; age range, 23-73 years) with chronic or acute recurrent rhinosinusitis were included. The patients were randomized to postoperative debridement or not. Primary outcome variables were adhesions between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall 10 to 14 weeks after surgery judged by blinded evaluation of endoscopic video recordings. Secondary outcome variables were crusts in the nasal cavity 12 days after surgery and pain caused by debridement. RESULTS: We found a significant reduction in adhesions in the group that underwent debridement (P < .001). At 12 weeks, bilateral adhesions were observed in nine control patients but in only one debridement patient. Unilateral adhesions were found in 11 control patients and in nine debridement patients. Twelve days after surgery, we found significantly less severe crusts in the debridement group (P < .01). Patients with severe crusts in the middle meatus 12 days after surgery had more adhesions 12 weeks postoperatively. The debridement group used more analgesics the days after the first debridement (3.7 days [standard deviation 2.3] vs. 2.3 days [standard deviation 2.6] in the control group, P < .041). CONCLUSIONS: Crusts in the middle meatus after sinus surgery is associated with postoperative adhesions. Debridement of the nasal cavity reduces crusts and postoperative adhesions significantly compared with saline irrigation only. However, the procedure induces more postoperative nasal pain.     

鼻腔冲洗在慢性鼻窦炎鼻内镜术后治疗中的应用研究

慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）是鼻窦黏膜的慢性炎症性疾病,其病因学及病理生理机制复杂。随着基础和临床研究不断深入,其诊断、治疗策略逐渐向个体化和精准化方向发展。手术治疗是CRS整体治疗的重要组成部分。鼻内镜手术因其功能性和微创性成为目前CRS首选的外科治疗手段,但是术后鼻腔、鼻窦黏膜仍处于炎症环境中,若处理不当会影响手术疗效。临床研究证实,鼻内镜手术后行鼻腔冲洗可改善症状,促进术腔恢复。本文将从冲洗液、冲洗方法、冲洗工具等方面进行综述,为鼻腔冲洗临床应用提供参考。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者鼻内镜术后复发的危险因素及相关模型构建

目的 探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者鼻内镜术后复发的影响因素并构建相关模型。方法 选择2017年1—12月行鼻内镜术的172例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者作为研究对象,以患者术后1年内是否复发作为分组依据,将复发的48例患者纳入复发组,将未复发的124例患者纳入未复发组,对两组患者的临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,并建立预测模型,应用工作特征（ROC）曲线检测其区分度,应用拟合优度检验评价其校准度。选取2019年1—7月行鼻内镜术的80例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者进行预测模型的临床验证。结果 单因素结果表明：两组患者的年龄、鼻窦炎分型、哮喘、手术时间、焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分相比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄、鼻窦炎分型、哮喘、手术时间、SAS评分与术后复发均有相关性（P均<0.05）;患者行鼻内镜术后复发的概率预测模型的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.936。该模型的临床验证显示灵敏度为85.00%,特异度为93.33%,预测正确率为91.25%。结论 年龄、鼻窦炎分型、哮喘、手术时间、SAS评分是慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者鼻内镜术后复发的影响因素。根据各危险因素的构建模型能够有效预测患者术后复发概率。     

Long-term evaluation after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic pediatric sinusitis with polyps

Objective

Long-term retrospective evaluation was performed of computed tomography (CT) images and endoscopic findings after endoscopic sinus surgery for 88 cases of chronic pediatric sinusitis with nasal polyps. The objective was to determine the appropriate duration of such postoperative evaluation for children.

Methods

Fifty-one patients had both sinusitis and nasal polyps (BSP group), and the surgical procedure was decided in consideration of each patient's age (for less than 10 years of age, polypectomy (n = 12); for 10–13 years old, anterior ethmoidectomy plus opening of the fontanelle and nasofrontal duct (n = 20); and for serious cases older than 13 years, total sinusectomy (n = 19)). On the other hand, for cases of unilateral sinusitis with antrochoanal polyps (USP group), anterior ethmoidectomy plus opening of the fontanelle was performed regardless of the patient's age (n = 37, 5–15 years old).

Results

The postoperative endoscopic findings indicated that the polyps had been eliminated in approximately 91% of total patients. Good postoperative findings of CT images in most patients of USP group are observed at one year after the operation like the same of the postoperative course of adult chronic sinusitis. On the other hand CT images in BSP group evaluated one year after the operation were rated as unchanged or worsened in approximately half of the patients. However, at 4 years after the operation nearly all the patients were rated as improved or better. In addition, comparison of the age at final observation and the postoperative course found a striking decrease in the proportion of unchanged and worsened patients aged 12 and above.

Conclusion

Accordingly, it was concluded that there is difference of healing process after the operation between USP and BSP group. Postoperative evaluation of BSP group should be performed for 4 years and up to an age of at least 12 years although post-ESS following of USP group is similar to that of adult sinusitis.     

慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜术后术腔干预时机及频度的探讨

目的：探讨慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜术后不同干预时机及频度对术腔恢复的影响。方法：将80例2型3期慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者随机分成A、B2组,A组首次术腔清理时间在术后1周,频度为前2个月每周1次,第3、4个月2周1次,第5个月后每月复查清理1次;B组首次术腔清理时间在术后2周,频度为前2个月每2周1次,第3个月后每月1次,6个月后每2个月1次。并记录术后3、6、12个月中鼻道黏液纤毛系统输送速率、术后3个月的上皮化率及术后12个月的有效率。结果：将两组术后3、6、12个月的中鼻道黏液纤毛系统输送速率,术后3个月的上皮化率及术后12个月的有效率进行统计学处理,差异均无统计学意义。结论：适当延长清理时间,降低干预频度,不会影响手术效果。     

Microscopic endonasal surgery of nasal and paranasal cavities

Objective

To present the experience of our department on microscopic surgery of the nose and sinuses and compare our results with those of other standard approaches. Furthermore we attempt to specify the main indications for the use of the method.

Methods

During the period between January 1990 and December 2002, the prementioned technique was performed in a total of 250 patients. The preoperative evaluation, surgical technique and postoperative management of all patients are described in detail.

Results

Most common diagnoses included nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis. The average age of patients was 42 years. Males accounted for 48%. No major postoperative complications were noted. Minor complications such as epistaxis and midfacial pain were observed in 24% of cases. While the majority of patients reported severe symptomatology preoperatively, 91% reported substantial improvement of their clinical condition within 3 months after surgery.

Conclusion

Microscopic surgery is a technique which can be used alternatively to traditional procedures. It provides an excellent, clear, stereoscopic vision and allows the surgeon to work bimanually. Complications are rare and easily controlled. Our experience favors the use of microscopic technique compared to common endoscopic approaches, especially in cases of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis.     

鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术75例疗效观察

目的：观察鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术治疗的效果。方法：对75例（125侧）慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者行鼻内窥镜下手术,术后随访1年。结果：治愈48例（64.0%）,好转20例（26.7%）,无效7例（9.3%）,总有效率90.7%。术后并发症主要为鼻腔黏连。结论：鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术治疗具有良好的疗效,术中正确处理中、下鼻甲及鼻中隔,术后定期随访可提高治愈率,减少并发症。     

内窥镜鼻窦手术术后的处理对其疗效的影响

分析术后处理对内窥镜鼻手术疗效的影响,寻找术后最佳处理方法,方法对５４例内窥镜术后患者作了内窥镜随访观察。结果在术后１年时,发现息肉复发７例,术腔有脓性分泌物８例,术腔粘连７例,术腔未完全上皮化１０例。结论恰当的术后处理,定期例题的鼻内窥镜随访是保证远期手术疗效的重要环节 。     

Endoscopic sinus surgery

Endoscopic nasal surgery has become the single major advance in the specialty of otolaryngology since the introduction of the operating microscope and middle ear surgery. The value of improved assessment of nasal and sinus pathology using the endoscope diagnostically cannot be overstated. Once pathology is better evaluated, therapy will at least be more appropriate. It is now possible to carry out such nasal surgery as polypectomy, antrostomy and turbinoplasty more accurately and more safely, as well as provide better postoperative care. The use of the endoscope has afforded a useful sub-cranial route for the repair of at least small cerebrospinal fluid leaks, while it is likely that such procedures as dacrocystorhinostomy will eventually be mostly performed using the nasal endoscope. Some orbital decompressions will also be suitable for medial orbitotomy via the endoscope. Additionally, assessment of the extent of extrusion of orbital contents after blow-out injury has been invaluable, as is evaluation of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus after frontal bone trauma. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has an undoubted place in the surgery of frontoethmoidal mucocoeles. While few oncologists would be sanguine about its use in the surgery of nasal tumors, it is still of great value in evaluation and biopsy. Although FESS confined to the osteomeatal complex in the presence of early sinus disease is almost certainly an advance, what is still not proven, is the place of endoscopic sphenoethmoidectomy in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.     

Comparative outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps

This study was carried out to compare the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps (CRS) and those with nasal polyps (NP). We also sought to determine the correlation between preoperative computed tomography (CT) findings and postoperative endoscopy and symptom score improvement. Data were collected from two groups of patients diagnosed as CRS with and without nasal polyps that underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery with a 1-year postoperative follow up. Preoperative symptoms, CT scores, and endoscopic scores were recorded. Postoperative symptom and endoscopic scores were recorded at 1, 6, and 12 months. Assessment of symptoms was performed subjectively using visual analogue scoring (VAS). CT scan findings were scored using the Lund–Mackay system. Endoscopic examination findings were scored according to the staging system proposed by Lanza and Kennedy. The correlations between the CT score, endoscopic scores and VAS scores were calculated. There was a statistically significant correlation between the preoperative CT, symptom, and endoscopic scores. Postoperative symptom and endoscopic scores also showed a significant correlation. Total CT scores of the CRS group were significantly lower than the scores of the NP group. Also preoperative endoscopy and symptom scores were statistically lower in CRS group compared to NP group. Endoscopy total scores and symptom total scores of both groups were significantly decreased at postoperative 12th month. Statistically significant difference was observed between the preoperative and postoperative symptom and endoscopy scores. The patients with polyps had higher symptom scores and worse objective findings compared to the patients with CRS. In all patients groups, objective and subjective scores seemed to correlate well preoperatively and postoperatively. These data suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery provides significant symptomatic relief and endoscopic healing in patients with CRS and NP.     

修正性鼻内窥镜手术治疗复发性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的临床效果

［摘要］目的：探讨修正性鼻内窥镜手术治疗复发性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的手术效果。方法：对46例复发性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者行修正性鼻内窥镜手术,其中32例采用Messerklinger技术,14例采用改良Wigand技术［1］。结果：病变清除满意39例（78.3%）,欠满意10例（21.7%）。无1例出现严重并发症。结论：修正性鼻内窥镜手术是治疗复发性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的有效方法。术前CT扫描可以减少并发症的发生。     

Effects of nonabsorbable packing in middle meatus after sinus surgery

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nonabsorbable packing (NAP) in the middle meatus (MM) for 5 days after sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, partly blinded, controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Sixty-one patients (M/F = 30/31, mean age 42, range 18-72) with chronic or acute recurrent rhinosinusitis were included. Fifty-nine underwent surgery. Thirty-one had NAP in the MM for 5 days, and 28 served as controls with daily saline irrigations postoperatively. Primary outcome variables were nasal congestion, nasal pain, and headache the first 2 weeks rated on visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100) and the amount of postoperative bleeding recorded on an ordinal scale (1-4). Secondary outcome variable was the extent of adhesions in MM 10 to 14 weeks after surgery judged by blinded evaluation of endoscopic video recordings. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients completed a diary. No significant differences in primary outcome variables between the groups were found. Nasal congestion decreased most the first 5 to 7 days postoperatively. Removal of the NAP caused little pain (mean 23 on VAS). Temporary bleeding occurred in three patients. Bilateral adhesions were observed in 10 control patients but in none with NAP. Unilateral adhesions were found in nine control patients and in seven with NAP (exact P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: NAP in the MM for 5 days significantly reduced the extent of adhesions in MM compared with saline irrigation alone. NAP did not cause additional discomfort.     

功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术后术腔粘膜转归阶段的划分及处理原则

目的　探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术后粘膜的转归过程并对此过程进行阶段划分。方法　对32 8例 (均为双侧 )功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术患者术后粘膜形态学进行连续观察。结果　 90 %以上的术腔在 1～ 2周内清洁 ,80 %以上的术腔在 3～ 10周内有水肿、囊泡、肉芽、息肉生长和纤维结缔组织增生、粘连等去粘膜化反应或再生病变发生 ,并与上皮化呈竞争性生长。 90 %的术腔在经过恰当的处理后可完成上皮化 ,其中接近 60 %的术腔是在术后 11～ 14周完成上皮化。结论　将术后粘膜转归过程划分为 3个阶段 :术腔清洁阶段、粘膜转归竞争阶段和上皮化完成阶段。提出对术后各阶段进行正确的局部处理是保证手术整体疗效的重要组成部分。     

鼻内镜手术治疗后鼻孔息肉

目的探讨后鼻孔息肉的起源部位,分析鼻内镜下治疗后鼻孔息肉的疗效。方法回顾性分析1999～2006年间行鼻内镜手术的63例后鼻孔息肉患者的临床资料。结果59例上颌窦后鼻孔息肉,42例可在上颌窦内确切定位起源部位,其中起源于内上壁16例,后壁为9例,前壁为3例,下壁为3例,外侧壁为2例,上壁2例,前内壁为4例,前外侧壁1例,后上壁1例,外下壁1例;2例起源于鼻中隔;1例起源于蝶窦;1例起源于前组筛窦。所有病例均在鼻内镜下手术切除。术后随访6～30个月,4例复发,经二次手术治愈。5例并发鼻腔粘连,经松解后解除粘连。结论后鼻孔息肉多原发于上颌窦内侧壁。采用鼻内镜手术治疗安全、有效。术前明确后鼻孔息肉的起源部位对手术方式的选择至关重要。     

改良Wigand式鼻内镜手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉的临床研究

目的探讨改良Wigand式鼻内镜手术对复杂慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的治疗意义。方法回顾性总结87例行改良Wigand式鼻内镜手术的慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者,手术方式为在鼻内镜下先开放中鼻道,然后从中鼻甲内外侧联合进路扩大蝶窦自然开口,从后向前开放各个鼻窦。结果87例174侧手术,无并发症发生,术后随访3～6月复发病例仅3例。结论改良Wigand式鼻内镜手术是治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的一种安全有效的手术方式。     

鼻内镜手术后病情迁延原因的探讨

目的：寻找鼻内镜术后迁延性炎症的原因。方法：通过鼻内镜观察术腔出现病理变化的部位和用药并进行比较，总结术后病情迁延的随访资料。结果：病情迁延的术腔病理变化部位集中在眶纸板、筛顶近额窦口处、上颌窦口。药物治疗对病情的迁延无明显作用。结论：鼻内镜术后迁延性炎症与手术时高危区域的处理有关。     

Optimal duration of macrolide treatment for chronic sinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery

Objective

The objective is to determine the appropriate duration of postoperative macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis to obtain a favourable outcome with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Methods

The effectiveness of postoperative macrolide treatment was examined in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent ESS, by comparing 3-month (44 patients) and 6-month administration (66 patients) of clarithromycin (CAM) (200 mg/day). Evaluation was made based on subjective symptoms and endoscopic findings at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery.

Results

Seventeen (3-month CAM group) and 22 (6-month CAM group) subjects were able to be followed up to 12 months after surgery. No difference in effectiveness was observed between the groups until 6 months after surgery, but the 6-month treatment group showed significantly higher disappearance rates and significantly lower visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in the subjective symptoms of rhinorrhea and postnasal drip at 12 months after surgery. The positive finding rate of postnasal drip by endoscopic examination was also significantly lower in the 6-month treatment group at 12 months after surgery. These changes over time indicated gradual deterioration after discontinuation of CAM treatment in the 3-month treatment group, whereas a small improvement was observed after discontinuation in the 6-month treatment group.

Conclusion

The results indicate that chronic sinusitis patients with rhinorrhea or postnasal drip should be treated with macrolides for 6 months after surgery in order to improve the long-term outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery.