北京市耐多药肺结核控制5年结果分析

目的 调查北京市疑似耐多药肺结核（multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB）患者中抗结核药物耐药谱,评估国产药物组方化疗MDR-TB患者的疗效,探索适合北京市的MDR-TB控制策略。 方法2008年4月至2013年3月,全市各结核病防治（简称“结防”）机构对21 651例活动性肺结核患者治疗管理中,通过痰培养发现的1124例疑似MDR-TB患者。对885例属结核分枝杆菌复合群的疑似MDR-TB患者的阳性培养物开展抗结核药物药敏试验。确诊的277例MDR-TB患者,进行国产药物组方化疗,根据患者情况分类选择治疗管理方式,观察其不良反应和治疗效果。 结果5年间,属结核分枝杆菌复合群的疑似MDR-TB患者中,284例MDR-TB患者（7例为治疗期间重做药敏,实际发现为277例患者）占32.1%（284/885）,对一、二线药物全敏感者占21.4%（133/620）。对277例MDR-TB患者采用分类治疗管理的方法,其中在结防机构使用二线MDR-TB方案治疗者占45.9%（127/277),其中59.8%（76/127）的患者出现不良反应,已获得转归信息患者的治愈率为63.4%（59/93）;维持原方案治疗及转诊专科医院的比率分别为17.7%（49/277）和13.0%（36/277）。 结论 及时对发现的疑似MDR-TB患者进行一、二线抗结核药物药敏试验非常必要。北京市MDR-TB患者分类治疗管理的效果较为理想。     

881例疑似耐多药肺结核患者的耐药性分析

分析北京市结核病防治机构(简称“结防机构”)和结核病定点医院疑似耐多药肺结核患者的耐药状况,为耐多药肺结核的临床诊断、治疗和防控工作提供参考。     

地市级结核病定点医院耐多药肺结核诊断和治疗现状分析

目的 了解调查地区地（市）级结核病定点医院耐多药肺结核诊断和治疗现状,分析其在耐多药肺结核诊断和治疗方面存在的问题。 方法 采用访谈、问卷调查和病历调查相结合的方式,通过调查医院和访谈结核病控制关键人物了解地（市）级结核病定点医院耐多药肺结核服务提供情况;通过调查耐多药和疑似耐多药肺结核患者的住院病历了解患者住院期间接受的诊断和治疗服务情况,分析地（市）级结核病定点医院耐多药肺结核诊断和治疗过程中存在的问题。 结果 政府对5家医院的财政投入占医院总收入的比例在5.0%～30.2%不等,能开展药敏试验的医院所占比例仅为1/5。住院期间耐多药肺结核患者化疗方案规范率仅为13.3%,住院天数中位数为26 d,住院总费用10 893元,日均住院费用362.2元,住院费用自付费用比例59.0%,出院后转诊到结防机构的比例仅为6.6%。 结论 目前,政府对医院的财政投入较低,医院实验室耐多药肺结核的诊断能力较低。住院期间耐多药肺结核患者的化疗方案规范率较低,住院费用过高但医保报销比例低。出院后患者绝大部分没有及时转诊到当地结防机构,处于无人管理的自服药状态。     

耐多药肺结核信息管理系统的设计与功能分析

耐多药肺结核信息管理系统是针对中国卫生部.比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会结核病防治项目医防合作子项目（简称“中盖结核病医防合作子项目”）实施而开发的管理信息系统。主要目的为满足项目地区医疗机构和疾病预防控制（简称“疾控”）机构合作治疗管理耐多药肺结核的工作需要,实现耐多药肺结核患者信息收集自动化,提高数据分析的质量和效率,提升项目实施的监管水平,为完善全国耐多药肺结核防治信息系统建设提供参考。     

不同机构来源HIV阳性结核病患者抗结核治疗效果分析

目的 比较来自艾滋病防治机构（简称“艾防机构”）和结核病防治机构（简称“结防机构”）的HIV阳性结核病患者的特征及抗结核治疗效果。方法 从结核病信息管理系统中导出6省14个县2年时间结核病患者患病和治疗的相关信息,从艾滋病防治机构收集HIV阳性患者的相关信息。从2007年9月1日至2009年8月31日期间共登记报告HIV检测阳性的肺结核患者925例。673例（72.8%）为艾防机构转诊的已知HIV阳性患者,252例（27.2%）为结防机构新检出HIV阳性患者。结果 在HIV主要由采供血传播的地区,艾防机构转诊的HIV阳性结核病患者和结防机构新发现的HIV阳性结核病患者治疗成功率分别为90.6%（328/362）和82.4%（70/85）（χ²=4.806,P=0.034）,病死率分别为7.5%（27/362）和16.5%（14/85）（χ²=6.711,P=0.010）。在HIV主要通过吸毒和性传播的地区,艾防机构和结防机构发现的患者治疗成功率分别为60.1%（187/311）和68.9%（115/167）（χ²=3.563,P=0.059）,不良反应率分别为24.1%（75/311）和13.8%（23/167）（χ²=7.132,P=0.009）。结论 应继续加强在HIV感染者与AIDS患者中筛查结核病的工作,同时在结核病患者中筛查HIV感染也是一项很重要的挽救措施。     

乐亭县2008年非结防机构网络直报肺结核病人追踪情况分析

为提高肺结核病人的发现率,卫生部要求医疗单位将疑似或确诊的肺结核病人统一转到结核病防治机构治疗管理,同时在疾病监测信息报告管理系统中报告。对3d内未到结核病防治定点机构就诊的病人,结防人员必须对病人追踪到位。本文对2008年乐亭县非结防机构网络直报肺结核病人的追踪情况分析如下。     

氟喹诺酮类药物在耐多药结核病治疗中的应用

自20世纪50年代,结核病的治疗进入化学治疗时代。尤其是短程化疗问世以来,比较有效的抗结核药物的联合治疗使85%以上初治肺结核患者痊愈。但由于耐药结核病,尤其是耐多药结核病（multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB）的出现,迅速成为全球性危机,1994—1997年世界卫生组织/国际结核与肺病联合会（WHO/IUATLD）抗结核药物耐药性监测工作组在35个国家进行了监测^[1],结果有1/3国家原发性耐多药结核病的发生率在2%以上（0～10.8%）,获得性耐多药发生率为13%（0～54%）。     

含阿米卡星和含卷曲霉素方案治疗耐多药肺结核的比较

随着化学药物的广泛应用,耐药结核病,尤其是耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）不断增加,给治疗带来很大的困难.选择合理的治疗方案是治疗耐多药肺结核病的关键.我站结防所于1999年1月至2003年10月收治了74例耐多药肺结核病患者,分为两组比较含阿米卡星和含卷曲霉素方案的利弊,现报告如下.     

含阿米卡星和含卷曲霉素方案治疗耐多药肺结核的比较

随着化学药物的广泛应用,耐药结核病,尤其是耐多药结核病（MDR—TB）不断增加,给治疗带来很大的困难。选择合理的治疗方案是治疗耐多药肺结核病的关键。我站结防所于1999年1月至2003年10月收治了74例耐多药肺结核病患者,分为两组比较含阿米卡星和含卷曲霉素方案的利弊,现报告如下。     

深圳市1999～2008年结核病细菌耐药性监测报告

目的掌握深圳市结核病的耐药状况及其连续变化趁势,评价结核病防治规划的实施效果,为改进结核病防治措施提供依据和参考。方法按世界卫生组织和国际防痨与肺部疾病联合会制定的“全球结核病耐药监测指南”的要求,采用“比例浓度法”,对1999年～2008年每年3～8月份登记的涂片阳性患者痰标本进行分离培养,对阳性的菌株进行菌型鉴定和异烟肼（H）、利福平（R）、乙胺丁醇（E）及链霉素（S）四种药物的敏感性测试。结果 1999年～2008年对6788例培养阳性的菌株进行菌型鉴定和药敏试验,其中非结核分枝杆菌86例、占1.3%;结核分枝杆菌6702例、占98.7%;连续监测10年的结核病耐药性,原发性耐药率从1999年的35.6%下降～2008年的14.9%、原发性耐多药率从1999年的5.4%下降～2008年的4.1%。四种抗结核药的耐药频率顺序由高至低依次为S、H、R、E。结论积极推行肺结核病归口管治,实施高质量的DOTS策略,肺结核病人在结防机构中得到较好管理和治疗,结核病耐药率呈下降趋势。     

Outcome of patients with tuberculosis who transfer between reporting units in Malawi.

SETTING: All 43 non-private hospitals in Malawi which in 1999 registered and treated patients with tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of TB patients who transferred from one reporting unit to another and their treatment outcome, and to compare outcome results between the main TB register and the transfer-in register. DESIGN: Retrospective data collection, using the main TB register and transfer-in register, on all patients registered in Malawi in 1999. RESULTS: There were 24,908 patients, of whom 3249 (13%) in total were transfers. Significantly more patients transferred from mission hospitals (23%) compared with central (8%) or district (5%) hospitals (P < 0.001). The date of transfer was recorded for 1406 patients, of whom 1170 (83%) transferred in the first 10 weeks. Respectively 45% and 58% of transfer patients had unknown outcomes in the main TB register and transfer-in register; these rates were significantly lower in smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) patients. A total of 1357 patients were entered into transfer-in registers; 694 patients had matched names and/or registration numbers in both registers. Of the matched patients, 373 (54%) had similar treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION: It is common for patients to transfer between treatment units, but the quality of the data for patients who transfer is poor, and needs to be improved.     

Outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

BACKGROUND: The benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of patients coinfected with tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unclear because of concerns about treatment-related complications. METHODS: We compared outcomes in patients starting TB treatment during the pre-HAART era (before 1996; n=36) with those in patients starting treatment during the HAART era (during or after 1996; n=60). RESULTS: During a median of 3.6 years of follow-up, 49 patients died or had an AIDS event. Compared with patients in the pre-HAART group, those in the HAART group had a lower risk of death (cumulative at 4 years, 43% vs. 22%; P=.012) and of death or having an AIDS event (69% vs. 43%; P=.023). Event risk within the first 2 months of TB treatment was exceptionally high in patients with CD4(+) cell counts <100 cells/mm(3) and declined thereafter. HAART use during follow-up was associated with a marked reduction in event risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.38 [95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.91]). CONCLUSIONS: HAART substantially reduces new AIDS events and death in coinfected patients. Those with a CD4(+) cell count <100 cells/mm(3) have a high event risk during the intensive phase of anti-TB treatment. These data should be taken into account when deciding to delay HAART in coinfected patients with CD4(+) cell counts <100 cells/mm(3).     

Characteristics, management and outcome of patients with recurrent tuberculosis under routine programme conditions in Malawi.

SETTING: All 43 non-private hospitals in Malawi, which registered TB cases between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2000. OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) the characteristics, management and treatment outcome, 2) timing of the previous episode of TB, and 3) pattern of drug resistance in patients registered with recurrent smear-positive pulmonary TB. DESIGN: Retrospective data collection using TB registers and laboratory culture and drug sensitivity registers. RESULTS: There were 748 recurrent patients; data were available for 747. Of these, 487 (65%) successfully completed a re-treatment regimen, 185 (25%) died and the remainder had another outcome. Information about previous TB was recorded for 491 (66%) patients. In 286 (58%) there were 2 years or less between completing and re-starting treatment. Only 307 (41%) patients had sputum sent for culture and drug sensitivity tests. In 164 patients with cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 122 (81%) were fully sensitive, 25 (15%) had resistance to isoniazid and/or streptomycin, and 6 (4%) had resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin (MDR-TB). CONCLUSION: Patients with recurrent TB had acceptable treatment outcomes, and most had fully sensitive organisms. Over half had recurrent TB 2 years or less after completing treatment. Ways to prevent recurrence need to be investigated and implemented in the field.     

Tuberculosis and HIV seroprevalence in Lambeth,Southwark and Lewisham,an area of South London

Since the mid-1980s the number of cases of TB notified within the U.K. has continued to rise although the contribution of HIV to this rise remains unclear. A 12-month prospective cohort study was conducted at chest and HIV clinics in four hospitals in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham (LSL), an area of South London, to determine the proportion of patients with culture-proven TB infected with HIV. Secondary aims were to determine the proportion of patients with TB and undiagnosed HIV at first presentation to chest clinics, to determine the proportion of patients presenting with TB as an AIDS defining illness (ADI) and to identify risk factors for co-infection with TB and HIV. In chest clinics, demographic data and left-over blood from patients aged 16 or over with culture-proven TB was collected, anonymised and HIV tested. In HIV clinics, demographic data on patients with TB already known to be HIV seropositive were also obtained. Twenty-one patients (13%, 95% CI-8-19%) of 159 with culture-proven TB were infected with HIV Four (3%) of 133 patients at first presentation to chest clinics had undiagnosed HIV; two were subsequently diagnosed. Of the 21 patients withTB and HIV, nine (43%) presented with TB as an ADI. Patients with TB and HIV were significantly more likely to be aged between 35 and 55 years compared to HIV seronegative patients [12/21 (57%) vs. 38/138 (28%), P=0.006]. None of the patients from the Indian Subcontinent were HIV seropositive [0/21 vs. 25/138 (18%), P=0.047]. At the present time, universal HIV testing of patients with culture-provenTB in chest clinics within the U.K. is unlikely to significantly reduce the number of patients with undiagnosed HIV.     

2158例MTB/HIV双重感染患者治疗转归及影响因素分析

目的 分析MTB/HIV双重感染患者治疗转归情况及影响因素,为有效防控MTB/HIV双重感染疫情提供科学依据。方法 收集2017—2019年四川省结核病定点医疗机构诊断并登记为MTB/HIV双重感染且接受治疗的2249例患者。排除无原因及时间停止治疗、诊断变更、单耐药或耐多药的情况,最后纳入2158例。收集患者的人口学特征(性别、年龄、民族、职业)、患者发现方式(患者来源、首诊机构级别)与患病特征(有无并发其他结核、是否重症、HIV阳性检查时间、病原学检查结果、耐药情况、治疗分类、确诊AIDS年限)等,分析患者的治疗转归情况及影响因素。 结果 2158例患者中,治愈442例、完成疗程1505例,治疗成功率为90.22%(1947/2158),不良结局率为9.78%(211/2158),包括非结核死亡134例(6.21%)、丢失22例(1.02%)、因结核死亡16例(0.74%)、因药物不良反应停止治疗13例(0.60%)、失败7例(0.32%)、转入耐多药治疗1例(0.05%)、其他18例(0.83%)。多因素分析结果显示,与首诊机构为市级的患者相比,到县级就诊的患者发生不良结局的风险较小(OR=0.525,95%CI:0.288~0.955);与病原学检查结果为阴性及无病原学结果的患者相比,病原学检查为阳性的患者发生不良结局的风险是其1.433倍(OR=1.433,95%CI:1.053~1.951)。 结论 MTB/HIV双重感染患者中以市级为首诊机构、病原学检查阳性的患者不良结局发生率较高,应加强对到市级医疗机构首诊、病原学检查为阳性的患者的健康教育、疗效观察,并及时调整治疗方案,以提高MTB/HIV双重感染患者的治疗成功率,改善患者的预后。     

Outcomes in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis

HIV-infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB) having CD4 counts < 100/mm3 and who were antiretroviral therapy (ART) na?ve were reviewed retrospectively to determine the outcomes of their tuberculosis infection. All patients received ART at or after receiving anti-TB treatment. Clinical manifestations, treatment regimens and outcomes were analyzed. Of 101 patients, 62 (61.4%) completed TB treatment. Of these, 53.2% were treated with a 6-month standard TB regimen, while the rest were treated with prolonged TB regimens. The median interval between anti-TB treatment and ART was 68 days (range: 0-381). Among the clinically cured patients 66.1% received rifampin concomitantly with nevirapine, and 32.3% received rifampin concomitantly with efavirenz. The treatment success rate was 75.6%, with a mortality rate of 6.1%. The risk factors for death were resistant TB (p = 0.03) and poor compliance (p < 0.05). Seven point nine percent had multi-drug resistant TB. Possible or probable immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) was seen in 15 cases (14.9%). No life-threatening IRIS was reported, and it did not affect disease outcome (p = 0.5). A shorter time between anti-TB treatment and ART onset was associated with the occurrence of IRIS (31 days vs 90 days; p < 0.05). Regarding adverse drug effects, 44.6% had side effects due either to anti-TB drugs or ART. Sixty-six point one percent of them occurred within the first 2 months of TB treatment, and 43 (76.8%) had to stop or change either anti-TB treatment or ART. The mortality rate with TB and HIV on ART was low and the occurrence of IRIS did not carry any additional mortality.     

Linezolid in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

Purpose

To investigate the linezolid (LZD) treatment outcome and correlation between in vitro susceptibility to LZD and clinical outcome.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed records of tuberculosis (TB) patients who received treatment with linezolid between March 2012 and February 2013.

Results

A total of 43 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB patients identified by drug susceptibility testing were enrolled in this study, including 15 (34.9 %) received LZD as part of individualized treatment regimens. Among the 43 XDR TB patients, 15 patients (34.9 %) obtained favorable clinical outcome, including 9 (60.0 %) from LZD group and 6 (21.4 %) from control group without LZD. Statistical analysis revealed that the percentage of favorable outcomes of LZD group was significantly higher than that of control group (P = 0.011). Furthermore, we analyzed the LZD minimum inhibitory concentrations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from patients in LZD group and identified 4 (26.7 %) resistant to LZD. All of the patients with LZD resistance harbored adverse clinical outcome, while most of the patients infected with LZD sensitive MTB harbored favorable clinical outcome (81.8 %, 9/11). Statistical analysis revealed that the percentage of favorable outcome among the patients with LZD resistance was statistically lower than that among the LZD susceptible group (P = 0.011).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that linezolid has efficacy against XDR pulmonary TB patients, even in shorter duration of administration. The XDR TB patients infected with LZD-resistant isolates were more likely to obtain the adverse clinical outcome under the treatment of regimen containing LZD.     

湖南省长沙市1O个县肺结核患者费用分析

目的了解涂阳肺结核患者从开始就诊到结束治疗整个过程中发生的各种费用，为国家制定、完善结核病防治策略和措施提供科学依据。 方法对湖南省长沙市10个县共100名涂阳肺结核患者进行问卷调查，对调查所得数据进行分析。 结果（1）涂阳肺结核患者出现症状首次就诊医疗机构依次为综合医院、结防机构、乡镇医院和个人诊所，所占比例分别为43%、20%、16%和11%；（2）整个患病过程的费用约为3678.8元，其中直接费用为2724.8元，间接费用为954.0元，有近一半的费用是在确诊后治疗过程中花费的；（3）确诊肺结核后，多数患者及其家庭经济收入受到不同程度的降低；（4）就诊延误为1.5个月，诊断延误为1.6个月。 结论加强结核病防治工作的经费投入，以减轻结核病患者的经济负担。