Hemorrhagic and vascular complications after percutaneous coronary intervention with adjunctive abciximab

OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency and nature of hemorrhagic and peripheral vascular complications associated with use of abciximab during percutaneous coronary intervention and to characterize high-risk patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report the frequency and severity of bleeding and vascular complications recorded prospectively in 2,559 consecutive nonselected patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, between July 1, 1996, and April 30, 1998, 831 of whom received abciximab and 1,728 did not. Abciximab and heparin were administered according to guidelines of the Evaluation of PTCA [percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty] to Improve Long-Term Outcome With Abciximab GP IIb/IIIa Blockade (EPILOG). RESULTS: Patients who received abciximab were more likely to be men, were more often treated within 12 hours of an acute myocardial infarction, and were more likely to have received heparin after the procedure (8.7 % vs 4.5%, P<.001). Major bleeding occurred in 18 patients (2.4%) who received abciximab and in 10 patients (0.6%) who did not receive abciximab (P<.001). Minor bleeding occurred in 108 patients (14.3%) and in 92 patients (5.9%), respectively (P<.001). Both major bleeding and minor bleeding were more frequent among patients within 12 hours of an acute myocardial infarction and were more frequent if abciximab had been used. Multivariate analysis revealed that use of abciximab was independently associated with major and minor bleeding. CONCLUSION: In this clinical setting, use of adjunctive abciximab during percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with a significantly increased risk of both major and minor bleeding.     

Abciximab as an adjunctive therapy for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions

INTRODUCTION: Platelets play a central role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and activation of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor is critical to platelet aggregation. Abciximab, a human murine chimeric antibody to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor, is an important biological therapy in the management of patients presenting with ACS. AREAS COVERED: The objective of this review is to define the role of abciximab in the management of ACS by interpreting the available data from randomized clinical trials using abciximab in various clinical scenarios, particularly in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We also review different modes of delivery and describe the adverse effects of abciximab including thrombocytopenia. Where possible, we attempt to compare abciximab to the other available GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. We hope the reader will gain a better understanding of the benefits and risks of abciximab and the important role it has in the management of cardiology patients. EXPERT OPINION: Abciximab was a breakthrough drug in the management of high risk ACS patients undergoing PCI. However, with newer available therapies and improvement in PCI technology, dose and delivery of this drug have evolved as we try to extract maximum benefit while minimizing the adverse effects associated with it.     

Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction

During the past decade, the general acceptance of the primary role of thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has led to intense interest in the potential efficacy of reperfusion therapy, particularly thrombolytic therapy, in AMI. Accumulating evidence indicates that systemic thrombolytic therapy administered early after the onset of symptoms of AMI can restore infarct-related artery patency, salvage myocardium, and reduce mortality. Recommendations about the proper use of thrombolytic therapy, contraindications, and concomitant therapies (such as aspirin, heparin, nitrates, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, and calcium channel blockers) are reviewed. Although percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is useful for subsets of patients with AMI (for example, patients with anterior infarctions with persistent occlusion of the infarct-related artery after thrombolytic therapy and those with cardiogenic shock), a conservative strategy, including angiography and PTCA only for postinfarction ischemia, is indicated for most patients with AMI in whom initial thrombolytic therapy is apparently successful. The use of PTCA after failed thrombolysis or as direct therapy for AMI seems promising, although further comparisons of PTCA and intravenous thrombolytic therapy are needed. Ongoing studies should help further define the risk-to-benefit ratio of various reperfusion strategies in different subsets of patients, define time limitations for reperfusion therapy, and provide data on therapeutic modalities that will limit reperfusion injury and therefore enhance salvage of myocardium.     

State of percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty and effectiveness of low-density lipoprotein apheresis.

We have recognized percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) as an important procedure for achieving myocardial revascularization. PTCA has been performed for stable and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and silent myocardial ischemia. Among many new devices, the coronary stent is the most important advancement in PTCA. Frequent stent use is due to the introduction of antiplatelet therapy to prevent stent thrombosis. One serious problem is that PTCA, even with stent use, often causes chronic restenosis. This problem has not been solved, however, despite various strategies. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy is one of the most important therapies for coronary heart disease. The findings in aggressive lipid-lowering therapy show us its importance. We report that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, when performed immediately before and after PTCA, can prevent restenosis of coronary artery lesions. Lipid-lowering therapy should be applied more aggressively with medicine and/or with LDL apheresis for patients who have undergone PTCA.     

Intracoronary thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Nursing implications

The advances made in the treatment of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are generally viewed with excitement by the health care team. As a result, it is often easy to forget that these same measures may be very frightening to patients and their families. It is the nurse's responsibility to ensure that adequate information is provided about streptokinase therapy and PTCA, not only in terms of their purposes, but also in terms of activities and sensations the patient will experience. The sympathetic stress response demonstrated by frightened patients has a significant effect on cardiovascular function. This effect in patients with an acute myocardial infarction or significant coronary artery disease can, in turn, adversely affect the outcome of therapeutic interventions. Streptokinase therapy and PTCA are still relatively new procedures. Over the next ten years they may be used both more extensively and under more acute circumstances. For the patient, however, they will remain new and frightening. Appropriate nursing interventions, particularly those related to decreasing this fright, can decrease anxiety and minimize the risks related to the sympathetic stress response, promoting patient well-being.     

Pulmonary hemorrhage after percutaneous coronary intervention with abciximab therapy

Abciximab has a key role in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention; however, an increased risk of bleeding complications is well recognized. We report a case of serious pulmonary hemorrhage after use of abciximab therapy. A definitive indication and treatment guideline should be available to minimize serious bleeding complications. Additionally, respiratory symptoms should be monitored closely for early detection of serious pulmonary hemorrhage in patients receiving abciximab therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention.     

易化与直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗ST段抬高型心肌梗死的对比研究

目的比较易化经皮冠状动脉介入 （facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention,FPCI） 与直接经皮冠状动脉介入（ primary percutaneous coronary intervention, PPCI） 治疗ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ ST-segment elevation myocardial in/arction,STEMI）患者的疗效及安全性。方法连续收集158倒首次STEMI患者,其中80例患者为基层卫生院给予静脉全量尿激酶溶栓联合经皮冠状动脉介入 （percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI） 治疗即FPCI组,78例患者为由基层卫生院直接转运行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗即PPCI组。观察两组患者梗死相关血管（infarction related artery,IRA） 再通情况及主要出血并发症,并分别于PCI术后第30天和第180天行心脏超声心动图检查,评价心功能改善情况,随访6个月,比较两组患者IRA再闭塞、心力衰竭、脑卒中及心源性猝死等的发生情况。结果首次冠状动脉造影显示FPCI组PCI术前心肌梗死试验性溶栓治疗（TIMI）3级血流率明显高于PPCI组（P=0．001）,术后TIMI3级血流率差异无统计学意义（P=0．762）;住院期问主要出血并发症FPCI组高于PPCI组,但差异无统计学意义（P=0．491）;两组患者术后30天、术后180天左心室射血分数比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,分别为（51．3±4．2）％VS（50．7±5．2）％,（52．8±6．7）％VS（54．8±6．3）％。两组患者IRA再闭塞、心力衰竭、脑卒中及心源性猝死发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论FPCI是安全有效的,对于基层卫生院首诊的STEMI患者,如果发病时间未超过2小时且转运时间可能超过3小时,可以先行溶栓后转运至三甲医院行PCI治疗。     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients over 75 years old with acute myocardial infarct or unstable angina pectoris

Both increasing frequency and technical improvements of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) have focussed attention on possible applications of PTCA in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. From January 1986 to June 1989, among 1872 patients treated with PTCA in our hospital, 42 patients (2.3%) were 75 or more years old. Of these patients, 14 presented with unstable angina, 28 patients suffered from acute myocardial infarction. PTCA was performed on stenoses of left anterior descending artery (43%), circumflex coronary artery (18%), and right coronary artery (39%), respectively. In patients with unstable angina, PTCA in 81% could reduce diameter stenoses of culprit lesions to 50% or less. 43% of patients with acute myocardial infarction had received previous thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase or urokinase applied either systemically or intracoronarily. On cardiac catheterization, 39% of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction showed total occlusion of the infarct-related vessel. In 75% of patients with acute myocardial infarction, after PTCA, patency of the infarct-related artery (diameter stenoses 50% or less) was observed. In-hospital mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction subjected to PTCA was 10%, two patients dying in prolonged cardiogenic shock, one in septic shock. In 20% of cases, coronary dissection was observed after PTCA. Non-Q-wave infarction developed in one patient. Three patients had a peripheral vascular complication, and in one patient a transient ischemic attack was observed. No severe catheter-related complications occurred after thrombolytic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Abciximab as an adjunctive therapy for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions

Introduction: Platelets play a central role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and activation of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor is critical to platelet aggregation. Abciximab, a human murine chimeric antibody to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor, is an important biological therapy in the management of patients presenting with ACS.

Areas covered: The objective of this review is to define the role of abciximab in the management of ACS by interpreting the available data from randomized clinical trials using abciximab in various clinical scenarios, particularly in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We also review different modes of delivery and describe the adverse effects of abciximab including thrombocytopenia. Where possible, we attempt to compare abciximab to the other available GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. We hope the reader will gain a better understanding of the benefits and risks of abciximab and the important role it has in the management of cardiology patients.

Expert opinion: Abciximab was a breakthrough drug in the management of high risk ACS patients undergoing PCI. However, with newer available therapies and improvement in PCI technology, dose and delivery of this drug have evolved as we try to extract maximum benefit while minimizing the adverse effects associated with it.     

PTCA update: is your patient now a candidate? Even complex multivessel lesions may succumb to balloon dilation

Indications for PTCA continue to grow. In complex multivessel lesions, PTCA now has high primary success and low complication rates. Dilation of chronic total occlusions is less successful than in subtotal occlusions but may relieve angina in some patients. Occluded saphenous vein grafts can be dilated and long-term patency achieved--particularly in grafts implanted for less than 36 months. Restenosis remains a major drawback; antithrombotic therapy (with heparin during PTCA and aspirin thereafter) is recommended. PTCA is a useful adjunct in acute myocardial infarction when thrombolytic therapy fails or is contraindicated, or when significant luminal narrowing remains after thrombolysis. Investigational devices--atherectomy catheters, lasers or laser balloons, and intracoronary stents--may further expand the role of PTCA.     

Consideration for primary angioplasty: impact on the door-to-drug time in AMI patients ultimately treated with thrombolytic agent

The objective of this study was to determine if consideration for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) delays administration of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Retrospective medical record review of patients ultimately diagnosed with AMI who presented to the ED with chest pain and ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram; these patients also received acute reperfusion therapy (PTCA or thrombolytic agent). AMI was diagnosed by abnormal elevations in the creatinine phosphokinase MB fraction. The study period covered 2 years (July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1996) in a university hospital ED with an annual volume of 60,000 patient-visits. The use of reperfusion therapies, time intervals, and times of presentation were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups based on cardiac catheterization laboratory (CATH) availability: (group I, CATH currently in operation, Monday to Friday, 7 am to 7 pm and group II, CATH currently not in-operation, all other times). Fifty-two patients with AMI met entry criteria. Patients were treated with thrombolytic therapy in 25 cases; PTCA in 27 cases. Patients received thrombolytic agents within statistically equivalent time intervals regardless of the period of presentation; time to thrombolytic therapy for group I patients was 38 +/- 16 minutes compared with 36 +/- 26 minutes for group II patients (P =. 891). A trend toward significance was noted in the use of PTCA compared with thrombolytic agent; Group I patients were more often treated with PTCA (19) compared with group II patients (11, P =.067). Patients were more rapidly treated with PTCA during CATH operation; the mean time to PTCA for group I patients was 73.5 minutes compared with PTCA for group II patients with 107.8 minutes (P =.033). The consideration for PTCA did not significantly delay the administration of thrombolytic therapy at the study site institution. PTCA was initiated more rapidly in patients presenting with AMI during hours of CATH operation.     

The role of angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction

The role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not yet been precisely defined. The longest experience with PTCA in this setting has been in patients who are not candidates for thrombolytic therapy and in patients in whom thrombolysis has failed. Clinical interest has recently focused on direct use of PTCA (instead of thrombolysis) as the initial approach to reperfusion in AMI. We review the conceptual bases for both thrombolytic therapy and PTCA in AMI, and we then detail the clinical experience with PTCA in a variety of patient populations with AMI to guide use of both therapies in this setting.     

Dissolution of thrombus formed during direct coronary angioplasty with a single 10 mg intracoronary bolus dose of abciximab

Direct coronary angioplasty with stent implantation is an effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction. The use of adjunctive abciximab, a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist is expensive. We report on three cases of direct coronary angioplasty complicated by extensive thrombus formation that were successfully treated with attenuated dosing of abciximab via the intracoronary route. All patients presented with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock or eminent cardiogenic shock. Abciximab was administered after balloon dilatation when extensive thrombus formation was noted and persisted despite repeated inflations. In all three patients a single 10 mg vial of intracoronary abciximab was administered, resulting in complete dissolution of thrombus, allowing successful deployment of stents. Thus, a single 10 mg intracoronary bolus dose of abciximab may be sufficient to achieve high local concentrations of antiplatelet activity. This facilitates thrombus dissolution and allows the safe deployment of a stent to normalise intracoronary rheology.     

Angioplasty and stenting in acute coronary syndromes: who, when, how, and why

PTCA and stenting now form an integral part of therapy for acute coronary syndromes and are important in achieving the optimal clinical outcome.     

Abciximab and atherosclerotic heart disease: use in percutaneous coronary intervention,acute coronary syndromes and acute myocardial infarction

Abciximab irreversibly binds to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on both activated and unactivated platelets inhibiting platelet aggregation. It has been studied in a variety of clinical settings including percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and non ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Abciximab has been demonstrated to reduce acute ischaemic events in the setting of percutaneous intervention with both percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasy and stenting. It has been shown to be particularly effective when used in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI. The data for its effective use in the medical phase of therapy for patients with acute coronary syndromes, however, is not as consistent. In this article we review the major trials evaluating the use of abciximab in these clinical scenarios compared with placebo and alternative glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.     

Treatment of the patient with acute myocardial infarction: reducing time delays

There is a critical relationship of time to treatment and myocardial salvage in the patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The challenge lies in developing a process that minimizes delays in assessment and initiation of reperfusion therapy. Three target areas were identified-time to EKG. thrombolytic therapy, and primary PTCA. A multidisciplinary team reviewed the existing standard of care and identified critical areas that were causing delays. An emergency department algorithm was developed to minimize delays, while data analysis tracked our progress. A collaborative multidisciplinary effort can reduce delays in the treatment for the patient with AMI.     

急性心肌梗死死亡及再梗死相关因素的分析

目的 :确定尿激酶 (UK )溶栓治疗和经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)治疗的急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者住院期和随访期死亡和再发心肌梗死 (心梗 )的预测因素。方法 :采用双向性队列研究 ,观察 190例 AMI患者住院期和随访期的临床结果。将死亡和再发心梗合并为恶性事件 ,应用 Spearm an等级相关法分析及多变量L ogist回归分析方法确定住院期和随访期恶性事件的相关因素及独立预测因素。结果 :住院期恶性事件发生率UK组为 15 .4 6 % ,PTCA组为 6 .4 5 % ;随访 (13.81± 7.39)月累计的恶性事件发生率 U K组为 30 .93% ,PTCA组为 9.6 8%。与 U K组和 PTCA组住院和随访期恶性事件发生呈正相关的因素包括 :年龄、Q波导联数、Killip分级、住院期心力衰竭 (心衰 )、既往高血压病史、心梗史等 ;呈负相关的因素是 :吸烟史、收缩压、住院期射血分数值等。介入治疗是两组患者住院期和随访期恶性事件的独立预测因子 ,也是介入治疗组患者恶性事件惟一的独立预测因子 ,能降低恶性事件的发生率。 U K组住院期恶性事件发生的独立预测因子还有增龄、住院期心衰和 Q波导联数 ;随访期恶性事件的独立预测因子还有增龄、住院期心衰。梗死前心绞痛与心梗住院期恶性事件发生呈负相关 ;溶栓治疗与补救性 PTCA组患者住院期恶性事件发生     

Open-label,sequential comparison of eptifibatide with abciximab for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists reduce complications following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There are limited data comparing different agents. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare in-hospital and 30-day outcomes in 2 sequential cohorts of consecutive patients undergoing PCI at our institution who received abciximab or eptifibatide. METHODS: The first cohort included patients who received abciximab between September 1, 1998, and January 9, 1999, and the second included patients who were treated with eptifibatide between January 11 and April 27, 1999. Per formulary decision, during the latter period, patients with renal insufficiency continued to be treated with abciximab and were ineligible for therapy with eptifibatide. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were evaluated by one or more of the authors and compared. RESULTS: A total of 319 patients were treated with abciximab and 301 with eptifibatide. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups, with the exception of a significantly higher proportion of patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the abciximab-treated group (4% vs 0% with eptifibatide; P = 0.03) The majority of interventions were performed for an acute coronary syndrome. Procedural success was 97% in both groups. Eptifibatide patients were treated for a mean 20.4 (5.2) hours, with 10.1% receiving the drug before the procedure. There were no differences in overall or individual MACEs in hospital or at 30 days. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest similar in-hospital and 30-day outcomes for abciximab- and eptifibatide-treated patients undergoing PCI.     

冠心病支架术前后白细胞、中性粒细胞百分比和C-反应蛋白水平的评价

目的 测定冠心病冠脉成形术(PTCA)联合支架植入术前后外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞百分比及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平,评价其临床应用价值.方法 选择2005年1月1日至2009年1月1日在该院行PTCA和支架植入术患者148例,取支架植入术前、术后1 d,术后7 d及术后12 d 肘静脉血,做白细胞、中性粒细胞百分比及CRP的检测,并进行统计学分析.结果 冠心病心肌梗死患者PTCA联合支架植入术后的白细胞、中性粒细胞均较术前低,呈递减趋势,且趋于正常,尤其是术后第7天和第12天与术前有显著差异,wilxon符号秩和检验的结果分别为S7=145,P<0.001,S12=5 497,P<0.001;术后1 d血清CRP水平显著升高,S1=-135,P<0.05;术后1 d外周血白细胞数与CRP水平呈显著性正相关r=0.51,P<0.05.结论 白细胞、中性粒细胞在评价PTCA联合支架植入术治疗冠心病心肌梗死方面有一定的作用;CRP水平是反映冠心病患者冠状动脉内支架植入术后早期炎性反应及评估病情的敏感指标.     

急诊与择期介入治疗对心梗患者焦虑状态的影响

目的了解急诊与择期PTCA及支架植入手术对患者的心理状态的影响,探讨更加有效的护理方法。方法采用Zung自我评价量表,对22例急诊PTCA患者和34例择期PTCA患者测试,比较2组患者的心理卫生评分及临床并发症的发生率。结果急诊手术患者Zung评分明显低于择期手术患者(P<0.01),与择期手术患者相比,急诊手术患者低血压、便秘发生率明显升高,尿潴留和睡眠障碍明显减少。结论择期手术患者焦虑发生率较高,影响择期患者焦虑心理因素主要有:症状、术前教育、病室他人。