Pediatric transseptal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

The use of the transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland has gained acceptance as a safe, relatively atraumatic means of removing pituitary tumors. The outcome in adult patients has been successful; however, the outcome in pediatric patients whose noses may still be developing is not well described. We reviewed the outcomes in 41 patients younger than age 18 years who underwent transseptal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery at our institution between 1986 and 1997 (20 boys and 21 girls; age, 3 to 17 years; mean age, 13.4 years). The most common diagnosis was prolactin-secreting adenoma (14 patients), followed by craniopharyngioma (7 patients). Presenting symptoms included headache (20 patients), galactorrhea (13 patients), and menstrual irregularities (11 patients). The most common early complication was transient diabetes insipidus (20 patients). No patient experienced serious bleeding at pack removal and no patient developed a cerebrospinal fluid leak postoperatively. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 12.7 years, with 7 patients experiencing recurrent or residual disease between 6 days and 2 years after their original transseptal procedure. The most common long-term surgical complication was nasal obstruction in 5 patients, 3 of whom also complained of seasonal allergies. Four patients complained of recurrent sinus infections, and 4 patients noted an external nasal deformity as a result of the surgery.     

Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

With the advancements in endoscopic techniques and instrumentation, endoscopic pituitary surgery is gaining in popularity. The sphenoid sinus and sella turcica may be approached transseptally, transethmoidally, or direct transnasally. We describe our direct transnasal, nontransseptal, transsphenoidal approach.     

Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors--intranasal procedures

We have been performing intranasal procedures and postoperative nasal treatments in patients undergoing microscopic transseptal pituitary surgery for the past twenty years. This surgery is safe and minimally invasive and has become the standard procedure for removing pituitary adenomas. Recent advances in optical technology have increased the use of endoscopy in endonasal sinus surgery. Several methods for endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery have been reported. Here, we report the results for 31 patients (34 operations) who were treated with endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery. This technique enables the area of surgery to be visualized without requiring a sublabial incision or septal ablation to be performed. Five of the cases were for recurrences after microscopic surgery. A transsphenoidal surgical approach via a unilateral nasal cavity was used in 32 cases. For the remaining two cases, a transsphenoidal surgical approach via bilateral nasal cavities was used in 1 case, and a transethmoidal-transsphenoidal surgical approach via a unilateral nasal cavity was used in 1 case. Excellent results comparable to those of microscopic transseptal surgery were obtained. Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery was found to have the following advantages: low-invasiveness, a wide and clear surgical view, and a relatively short operating time in the nose and sinus, especially for recurrent cases. This endoscopic procedure should therefore be considered as the first choice for pituitary surgery.     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微镜下切除垂体腺瘤

目的探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微镜下切除垂体腺瘤的手术方法和疗效。方法对28例垂体腺瘤的病人采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路行显微镜下垂体腺瘤摘除术,其中微腺瘤18例,大腺瘤10例;功能腺瘤20例,其中催乳素瘤10例、生长激素腺瘤5例、促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤3例、促性腺激素腺瘤2例;无功能腺瘤8例。结果显微镜下全切除肿瘤20例,次全切除5例,大部分切除3例;术后无1例死亡,无脑水肿、视神经损伤、鼻中隔穿孔以及鼻腔粘连等并发症;术后所有病人血清激素水平均较术前有明显下降,随访3～6个月,未见影像学下的肿瘤复发。结论显微镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤具有鼻腔结构损伤小、术后并发症少、病人恢复快等优点。     

Perioperative management of endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

The contemporary embrace of endoscopic technology in the approach to the anterior skull base has altered the perioperative landscape for patients requiring pituitary surgery. Utility of a multi-disciplinary unit in management decisions facilitates the delivery of optimal care. Evolution of technology and surgical expertise in pituitary surgery mandates ongoing review of all components of the care central to these patients. The many areas of potential variability in the pre, intra and post-operative timeline of pituitary surgery are readily identifiable. Core undertakings and contemporary controversies in the peri-operative management of patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery are assessed against the available literature with a view to providing guidance for the best evidence-based practice.     

鼻内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤13例

目的:探讨鼻内镜扩大经蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤的可行性。方法:回顾性分析2000～2003年 间通过鼻内镜扩大经蝶手术入路治疗的13例巨大垂体腺瘤的临床资料。结果:所有患者术中镜下全部切除肿 瘤,术后10例患者给予放射治疗;术后影像学检查显示肿瘤有残余者6例,平均随访12个月肿瘤无复发或继续 生长。术后发生短暂性尿崩症6例,脑脊液鼻漏2例及急性腺垂体功能低下者1例;无死亡及颅内感染,无鼻腔 通气障碍、鼻腔粘连、鼻中隔穿孔等并发症。结论:扩大经蝶手术是治疗巨大垂体腺瘤的一种可行、安全、有效的 方法,但应掌握熟练的经蝶手术技术;术后应给予放射或药物辅助治疗。     

Efficacy of endoscopic transethmoidal.transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors

Endoscopic transethmoidal.transsphenoidal surgery was performed on 30 patients with pituitary tumors, and the usefulness of this procedure was evaluated. As with conventional endoscopic intranasal surgery, the ethmoidal sinuses were opened and a broad window was created in the ethmoidal sinus from the directions of the middle meatus and the olfactory cleft. Then an endoscopic washing device was attached to a 0 degree or 30 degrees rigid endoscope and it was immobilized in the left nasal cavity with an endoscope immobilization apparatus. Removal of the tumor was then started from the right side by a bimanual technique. Based on the results, this surgical procedure was judged to be useful for the following reasons (1) it makes it easy to carry out the operative manipulations even in a narrowed nasal cavity, thereby reducing the overall time required for surgery, and (2) it is possible to prevent postoperative deformities of the nasal cavity morphology caused by pressure on its lateral wall. In additional, (3) the surgical wound can be observed, and CSF leakage can be repaired immediately after completion of the operation. Corrective surgery can be performed on an outpatient basis early after the initial operation to correct postoperative deformities of the nasal paranasal cavities, which might later cause nasal obstruction or an olfactory disturbance. Finally, (4) employing the route of endoscopic transethmoidal.transsphenoidal surgery facilitates the performance of a second operation soon, or even several months, after the first operation. A second operation may be necessary in the event of recurrence of the pituitary tumor or complication by chronic sinusitis. On the basis of our experience in the this study, we conclude that our method of endoscopic transethmoidal.transsphenoidal surgery will be useful for reducing invasiveness in the nasal cavities and achieving maximum prevention of postoperative complications. In order to fulfill its potential, neurosurgeons will need to master forceps techniques in the visual field provided by the endoscope and to cooperate with otorhinologists who are skilled in endoscopic techniques.     

Nasal airway resistance and olfactory acuity following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

Rhinological problems after a transseptal transsphenoidal approach for pituitary tumors were prospectively investigated in 25 patients with special reference to nasal airway resistance and olfactory acuity. Five patients showed a significant increase in the unilateral and/or total nasal airway resistance. Endoscopic observation of the nasal cavity revealed the presence of crust formation, hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate, or synechiae. Three patients showed a significant deterioration in olfactory acuity. Coronal CT views with good visualization of the olfactory cleft were helpful in evaluating causes of hyposmia postoperatively.     

经蝶窦入路与经颅手术治疗垂体脓肿疗效及安全性的Meta分析

目的比较经蝶窦入路手术（TSS）与经颅手术（TCS）方式治疗垂体脓肿（PA）的疗效及安全性。 方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、the Cochrane library、中国生物医学文献（CBM）、中国知网（CNKI）、维普（VIP）、万方等中英文数据库有关TSS与TCS治疗PA的文献,检索时间至2020年1月。指标包括术后临床治愈、症状改善情况、并发症发生和远期复发率。最后使用RevMan5.3软件分析所提取数据。结果最终纳入11篇研究,共154例样本,125例接受TSS,29例接受TCS。分析结果显示TSS与TCS在术后疗效方面差异无统计学意义［RR=1.25,95%CI(0.90~1.74), P=0.19］;但与TCS组比,TSS可显著减少患者术后并发症发生率［RR=0.18, 95%CI(0.07~0.46), P<0.001］,降低术后复发风险［RR=0.38, 95%CI(0.21~0.68), P=0.001］,差异具有统计学意义。 结论与TCS相比,TSS治疗PA在疗效上无差异,但可显著降低术后并发症及复发风险。     

内窥镜经鼻内蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术

目的：探讨内窥镜经鼻－蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,尤其是巨大垂体腺瘤的可行性。方法：分析１９９５年９月～２００１年２月经鼻－蝶窦内窥镜治疗的５０例病人的诊断、手术及预后等临床资料。结果：５０例患者中微腺瘤３例,局限于鞍内的大腺瘤１０例,向鞍上生长未突破蝶窦者７例,向蝶窦内下陷的大腺瘤３０例,其中巨大型肿瘤７例,均向上突破鞍膈向下进入蝶窦。病人术后视力视野均好转,内分泌功能异常得到改善,术后短暂性多尿者６例,术后短暂性脑脊液鼻漏者３例,均为肿瘤巨大者,均经保守治疗而治愈。术后均无鼻腔通气障碍、鼻腔粘连、鼻中隔穿孔等鼻腔并发症及血管损伤性等严重并发症。结论：内窥镜经鼻－蝶窦手术是一种微创外科技术,可完全适用于垂体腺瘤的治疗。     

Long-term olfactory function outcomes after pituitary surgery by endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach

ObjectivesTo evaluate long-term olfactory outcomes in patients who underwent pituitary surgery through the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETSA) by T&T olfactometer.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 26 patients who underwent pituitary surgery via EETSA. Olfactory function was assessed by T&T olfactometer before and 6 months after surgery. The mean of recognition thresholds for five different odorants was used. The change in the mean recognition threshold values was evaluated in the entire cohort and the subgroup analysis was performed according to the age, sex, past history of pituitary surgery (primary surgery or revision surgery), histopathology (non-functioning adenoma (NFA) or functioning adenoma (FA)), reconstruction procedure (rescue flap or nasoseptal flap), and superior turbinate management (preserved or resected).ResultsOf the 26 patients (12 men and 14 women, median age 53 years), 21 patients were newly diagnosed with pituitary gland tumor (16 NFAs, 5 FAs) and the remaining 5 were diagnosed with recurrent pituitary gland tumor (4 NFAs and 1 FA). In the whole cohort, the mean recognition threshold values of T&T olfactometer significantly improved after surgery (P = 0.01). Thirteen out of 26 patients (50%) showed olfactory improvement, whereas only 3 (12%) showed deterioration. In the subgroup analysis, olfactory function outcomes were not significantly different between the subgroups with respect to the age, sex, past history of pituitary surgery, histopathology, reconstruction procedure, or superior turbinate management. The olfactory function tended to worsen in the revision surgery group compared to that in the primary surgery group, but not significantly (P = 0.06).ConclusionsThe olfactory function was improved or maintained after pituitary surgery via EETSA in 88% of patients, indicating the benefits of low invasiveness of our surgical treatment. On the other hand, three patients (12%) demonstrated deterioration of olfactory function, suggesting that the risk of postoperative olfactory dysfunction should be informed to patients.     

CT仿真内镜对蝶窦三维解剖的显示及在垂体瘤经蝶窦手术的应用

目的 探讨CT仿真内镜(CT virtual endoscopy,CTVE)显示蝶窦三维解剖的情况及在垂体瘤经蝶窦手术中的应用.方法 根据术前CT扫描数据重建蝶窦CTVE图像,并用于指导128例垂体瘤经蝶窦手术的术前计划及术中定位.结果 CTVE能显示蝶窦三维解剖结构,接近术中所见.在128例患者中,通过传输函数(tr...