组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化及其在恶性血液病中的研究进展

组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化是调控基因表达的重要方式之一.目前认为组蛋白乙酰化可促进基因表达,而组蛋白去乙酰化可抑制基因表达.组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂通过竞争性抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶,使组蛋白乙酰化过程增强,促进基因的表达.白血病中许多染色体易位均涉及组蛋白去乙酰化酶或因组蛋白去乙酰化酶的活性异常,引起抑癌基因表达抑制或癌基因激活和过度表达,导致白血病的发生.在淋巴瘤的发病中,许多类型的淋巴瘤有明确的基因突变,可以产生一些新的基因,如bcl-6基因,导致淋巴瘤的发生.组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors,HDAIS)是一类抗恶性血液病的化疗新药.体内和体外实验均显示HDAIS可抑制白血病细胞、淋巴瘤细胞增殖,使细胞周期受阻,诱导肿瘤细胞的分化和/或凋亡.组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在抗恶性血液病中发挥重要的作用.     

组蛋白乙酰化／去乙酰化及其在恶性血液病中的研究进展

组蛋白乙酰化／去乙酰化是调控基因表达的重要方式之一．目前认为组蛋白乙酰化可促进基因表达，而组蛋白去乙酰化可抑制基因表达．组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂通过竞争性抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶，使组蛋白乙酰化过程增强，促进基因的表达．白血病中许多染色体易位均涉及组蛋白去乙酰化酶或因组蛋白去乙酰化酶的活性异常，引起抑癌基因表达抑制或癌基因激活和过度表达，导致白血病的发生．在淋巴瘤的发病中，许多类型的淋巴瘤有明确的基因突变，可以产生一些新的基因，如bcl—6基因，导致淋巴瘤的发生．组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacety-lase inhibitors,HDAIS)是一类抗恶性血液病的化疗新药．体内和体外实验均显示HDAIS可抑制白血病细胞、淋巴瘤细胞增殖，使细胞周期受阻，诱导肿瘤细胞的分化和／或凋亡．组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在抗恶性血液病中发挥重要的作用．     

DNA甲基化与基因表达调控

DNA甲基化是一种遗传外修饰 ,它参与了胚胎发育、基因印记和 X染色体失活等过程 ,在基因表达的调控中具有重要的作用 ,异常的甲基化可导致肿瘤的形成。 DNA甲基化与组蛋白去乙酰化协同调节基因的表达     

组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化与染色质结构及基因转录调控的关系

在真核生物中,组蛋白是染色质基本结构——核小体中的重要组成部分,其N末端氨基酸残基可发生乙酰化等共价修饰。组蛋白的乙酰化是一可逆的动态过程,而其稳定状态的维持则是多种组蛋白乙酰基转移酶(HATs)和去乙酰基酶(HDACs)共同作用的结果。这种可逆的乙酰化修饰作用可使染色质结构发生动态的改变,并对基因的转录产生相应的影响。     

表观遗传学药物FK228的药理作用及机制

新型组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂FK228单独用药或与其他药物及方法联合表现出良好的抗肿瘤效应。其作用机制主要是抑制肿瘤细胞内组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)活性,引起乙酰化组蛋白的积聚,从而发挥抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导细胞周期阻滞、促进细胞凋亡或分化,同时还可阻碍血管生成、抑制转移、逆转耐药性、调节免疫力等作用。FK228还具有治疗炎症、免疫性疾病、视网膜新生血管疾病及神经系统等多种疾病的药理学作用。     

组蛋白乙酰化／去乙酰化与染色质结构及基因转录调控的关系

在真核生物中，组蛋白是染色质基本结构——核小体中的重要组成部分，其N末端氨基酸残基可发生乙酰化等共价修饰。组蛋白的乙酰化是一可逆的动态过程，而其稳定状态的维持则是多种组蛋白乙酰基转移酶（HATs）和去乙酰基酶（HDACs）共同作用的结果。这种可逆的乙酰化修饰作用可使染色质结构发生动态的改变，并对基因的转录产生相应的影响。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂与细胞周期和凋亡关系的研究进展

表观遗传学是目前遗传学研究的热点。组蛋白乙酰化修饰是一种重要的表观遗传学调控方式,参与调控染色质构象变化和转录表达过程,组蛋白乙酰化状态紊乱与肿瘤的发生发展关系密切。研究发现,组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase in-hibitor,HDACi)可以纠正肿瘤细胞异常的乙酰化状态,诱导肿瘤细胞发生细胞周期停滞和凋亡,逆转肿瘤细胞恶性表型。1组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetyltransferase,HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)真核生物染色体的基本单位是核小体,核小体的核心是由4种组蛋白(H2A、H2B、H3和H4)各2…     

DNA甲基化与基因表达调控

DNA甲基化是一种遗传外修饰，它参与了胚胎发育，基因印记和X染色体失活等过程，在基因表达的调控中具有重要的作用，异常的甲基化可导致肿瘤的形成。DNA甲基化与组蛋白去乙酰化协同调节原表达。     

Sirtuins及其在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用

表观遗传是指DNA序列不发生变化但基因表达却发生了可遗传的改变,主要涉及DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和染色质重塑三种机制.组蛋白共价修饰包括甲基化/去甲基化、乙酰化/去乙酰化、磷酸化/去磷酸化、泛素化/去泛素化等等,发生在核心组蛋白N端尾部的这些可逆的共价修饰具有复杂的相互作用,其中,组蛋白的乙酰化/去乙酰化是组蛋白共价修饰最重要的一种机制,这种共价修饰主要由组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetylase, HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC)分别催化乙酰化和去乙酰化过程,这种可逆的乙酰化修饰可使染色质结构发生动态改变,并维持一个可逆而稳定的状态,同时精密调节某些基因的转录和表达,从而不但影响发育、分化和衰老等生理过程,而且与癌变密切相关.     

Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶与临床

Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)及其相互作用分子在与临床相关的生物学过程中发挥着重要作用.近年来发现,Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶与临床心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和骨软骨疾病的发生、肿瘤进展以及药学研究等密切相关.本文就Ⅱ类HDACs与临床的关系进行了综述.     

A histone code in meiosis: the histone kinase, NHK-1, is required for proper chromosomal architecture in Drosophila oocytes

To promote faithful propagation of the genetic material during sexual reproduction, meiotic chromosomes undergo specialized morphological changes that ensure accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes. The molecular mechanisms that establish the meiotic chromosomal structures are largely unknown. We describe a mutation in a recently identified Histone H2A kinase, nhk-1, in Drosophila that leads to female sterility due to defects in the formation of the meiotic chromosomal structures. The metaphase I arrest and the karyosome, a critical prophase I chromosomal structure, require nucleosomal histone kinase-1 (NHK-1) function. The defects are a result of failure to disassemble the synaptonemal complex and to load condensin onto the mutant chromosomes. Embryos laid by nhk-1-/- mutant females arrest with aberrant polar bodies and mitotic spindles, revealing that mitosis is affected as well. We analyzed the role of Histone H2A phosphorylation with respect to the histone code hypothesis and found that it is required for acetylation of Histone H3 and Histone H4 in meiosis. These studies reveal a critical role for histone modifications in chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis.     

Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove an acetyl group from lysine residues of target proteins to regulate cellular processes. Small-molecule inhibitors of HDACs cause cellular growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis, and some are used clinically as anticancer drugs. In animal models, HDAC inhibitors are therapeutic for several inflammatory diseases, but exacerbate atherosclerosis and compromise host defence. Loss of HDAC function has also been linked to chronic lung diseases in humans. These contrasting effects might reflect distinct roles for individual HDACs in immune responses. Here, we review the current understanding of innate and adaptive immune pathways that are regulated by classical HDAC enzymes. The objective is to provide a rationale for targeting (or not targeting) individual HDAC enzymes with inhibitors for future immune-related applications.     

HDAC inhibitors promote intestinal epithelial regeneration via autocrine TGFβ1 signalling in inflammation

Intact epithelial barrier function is pivotal for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Current therapeutic developments aim at restoring the epithelial barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are known to modulate immune responses and to ameliorate experimental colitis. However, their direct impact on epithelial barrier function and intestinal wound healing is unknown. In human and murine colonic epithelial cell lines, the presence of the HDAC inhibitors Givinostat and Vorinostat not only improved transepithelial electrical resistance under inflammatory conditions but also attenuated the passage of macromolecules across the epithelial monolayer. Givinostat treatment mediated an accelerated wound closure in scratch assays. In vivo, Givinostat treatment resulted in improved barrier recovery and epithelial wound healing in dextran sodium sulphate-stressed mice. Mechanistically, these regenerative effects could be linked to an increased secretion of transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin 8, paralleled by differential expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-2 and occludin. Our data reveal a novel tissue regenerative property of the pan-HDAC inhibitors Givinostat and Vorinostat in intestinal inflammation, which may have beneficial implications by repurposing HDAC inhibitors for therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease.     

Recent progress in the development of assays suited for histone deacetylase inhibitor screening

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have an unprecedented potential to occupy a major position in the future market of anticancer agents. However, progress in the development of these new chemotherapeutics is largely dependent on the existence of bioassays well-suited for inhibitor screening. Herein, we summarize recent developments in HDAC assay technology and, particularly, discuss different assay types with respect to their suitability for high-throughput screening programs.     

Computational identification of novel histone deacetylase inhibitors by docking based QSAR

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that modify chromatin structure and contribute to aberrant gene expression in cancer. A series compounds with well-assigned HDAC inhibitory activity was used for docking based 3D-QSAR analysis. The 3D-QSAR acquired had excellent correlation coefficient value (q2=0.753) and high Fisher ratio (F=300.2). A validated pharmacophore model (AAAPR) was employed for virtual screening. After manual selection, molecular docking and further refinement, six compounds with good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were selected as potential HDAC inhibitors. Further, the molecular interactions of these inhibitors with the HDAC active site residues were discussed in detail.     

HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A-inhibited survival of dopaminergic neuronal cells

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, their effects on survival of dopaminergic neurons remain uncertain. In the present study, the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) was tested in following dopaminergic neuronal cell lines: rat N27, mouse MN9D, and human SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that a single TSA treatment resulted in decreased cell survival and increased apoptosis in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Pre-treatment with TSA resulted in exacerbated neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic neurons induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and rotenone. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may influence Parkinson's disease pathogenesis by inhibiting survival and increasing vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxins. Our data also suggested the importance of prudent use of HDAC inhibitors in therapy.     

Trichostatin Differentially Regulates Th1 and Th2 Responses and Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Objective  

Histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown suppressive effects on tumor growth and in some autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of their effects are not very clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) on collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) in a mouse model and its underlying mechanisms.