纤维乳管内视镜在354例乳头溢液中的应用经验

目的:利用乳管内视镜对乳腺导管腔进行检查,直接观察乳腺导管内的病变,确定引起乳头溢液的乳腺疾病的性质,提供可以提高诊断准确性的方法.方法:利用纤维乳管镜FVS-3000M系统对354例乳头溢液患者进行检查,观察溢液导管及其分支的管腔和管壁结构,发现并确定病灶位置,记录病变导管的形态特征,必要时用活检针取组织送病检,对资料进行回顾性分析.结果:血性液和浆液血性液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占72.3%,乳腺导管癌占5.2%,22.5%为导管炎、导管扩张等;水样液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占56.0%,乳腺癌占8.0%;5例未发现异常的病例视为正常.结论:乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位,从而提高早期乳腺癌的发现率.     

乳管内视镜在伴乳头溢液乳腺疾病中的诊断价值

目的：探讨乳头溢液乳腺疾病乳管内视镜的诊断价值。方法：利用FVS-3000M型纤维乳管镜系统对乳头溢液患者进行检查，对可疑病例用活检针取组织活检或定位切除送病检确诊，对本组354例病人资料进行回顾性分析。结果：发现占位性病变245例，渗出性病变97例，另有9例正常及3例失败。手术186例，经病理证实诊断准确率为96．2％。结论：乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位，引导活检或定位切除，提高早期乳腺癌的发现率。     

乳管镜下乳管内病变的诊断及定位技术

目的：评价乳管内窥镜和乳腺定位针对乳管内病变的诊断和定位价值。方法：用奥林巴斯硬性乳管内窥镜系统及计算机帮助设备，对22例乳头溢液患者进行检查，采集图像，进行回顾性分析，并对30例患者在乳管镜引导下经溢液孔穿刺定位。结果：220例患者中发现早期乳腺癌11例（5％），重度不典型增生6例（2．7％），乳管内乳头状瘤93例（42．3％），乳头状瘤病15例（6．8％），导管扩张症或伴有炎症95例（43．2％）。结论：乳管内窥镜能直接观察乳头溢液患者乳管内病变情况，提高乳头溢液患者病因诊断的准确性，而在其协助下经溢液乳孔放置乳腺定位针，能够避免手术盲目性，为病灶的检出提供可靠的帮助。     

纤维乳管内视镜诊断乳头溢液的体会

目的　利用乳管内视镜观察乳头溢液的性状及其病因。方法　利用纤维乳管镜FVS -3 0 0 0M系统对 194例乳头溢液患者进行检查并对资料进行回顾性分析。结果　血性溢液中乳头状瘤占 67 4%、导管癌 8 1%、乳管扩张症和乳管炎 2 3 7% ,5例未发现异常病变列为正常。水样溢液中乳头状瘤 61%。结论　乳管内视镜可明确乳头溢液的病因、准确的病变部位。     

285例乳头溢液临床分析

目的 总结分析乳头溢液的临床意义和病因诊断方法,为临床更合理的治疗提供科学依据。方法 回顾分析1990年1月～2002年8月我科手术治疗的285例乳头溢液病例。结果 285例患者中,乳腺癌55例(19.3％),导管内乳头状瘤130例(45.6％),导管内乳头状瘤病20例(7.0％),导管扩张症36例(12.6％),乳腺增生病33例(11.6％),乳腺导管炎11例(3.9％)。其中乳腺癌、导管内乳头状瘤及导管内乳头状瘤病共205例,占71.9％。结论 乳管内视镜是乳头溢液病因诊断的首选检查。对乳头溢液特别是血性溢液应及时做出病因诊断,以便采取合理的手术治疗。     

不伴肿物乳头溢液124例分析

 目的　深讨不伴肿物乳头溢液对检出早期乳腺癌及癌前病变的临床价值。方法　对124例不伴肿物乳头溢液患者(其中浆液性溢液47例,血性溢液74例,脓性3例),行手术治疗,先行病变导管切除,如为恶性,则行乳腺癌改良根治术。结果　本组病例良性者115例,占92.7%,其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤和乳腺囊性增生病占79%;乳头状瘤(病)伴瘤细胞或导管上皮增生活跃(癌前病变)14例,占11.3%;乳腺癌9例,占7.3%,9例患者均为血性乳头溢液,占血性溢液之12.2%,均为临床早期癌(T0期乳腺癌)。结论　不伴肿物乳头溢液对检出早期乳腺癌及癌前病变有重要的临床价值。     

纤维乳管内视镜在176例乳头溢液中的应用体会

为了探讨乳管内视镜在乳头溢液中的临床意义,用纤维乳管内视镜对176例乳头溢液患者进行检查,观察溢液导管及其分枝的管腔和管壁结构,发现并确定病灶位置,记录病变导管形态特征,必要时用活检针取组织送病检,对资料进行回顾性分析。176例患者中,其检查190孔,导管内乳头状瘤75例(42·6%),导管内乳头状瘤病31例(17·6%),导管内乳头状癌11例(6·3%),慢性炎症46例(26·1%)及导管扩张症9例(5·1%%),4例未发现异常(2·2%)。初步研究结果提示,乳管内视镜可明确引起乳头溢液的病因,确定病变部位,从而提高早期乳腺癌的发现率。     

乳腺定位针在乳头溢液中的应用价值——附157例报告

为了评价乳管镜引导下乳腺定位针对乳管内病变的应用价值,以32例乳管造影患者为对照,应用德国Scholly纤维乳管镜检查了125乳头溢液患者,对其中65例乳管内占位者行乳管镜下病灶定位、切除,并与病理结果作对照。结果：造影组32例患者中12例检出乳管内占位,有26例接受手术治疗,均为腺叶切除。定位针组65例乳管内占位分别为乳腺癌2例（1．6％）,乳管内乳头状瘤59例（47．2％）,乳头状瘤病4例（2．4％）,均予病灶定位,57例行部分腺叶切除,6例行腺叶切除,2例行改良根治术。定位针距病灶〈0.5cm 59例（90．77％）。0.5-2.0cm 6例（9.23％）。两组在腺体切除容量上差异有统计学意义,P〈0.01。初步研究结果提示,乳管镜下乳管内病灶的定位针定位,方便了乳管病灶的检诊,使乳房手术更精确、微创,并可辅助乳管镜诊断水平的提高。     

乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:评价乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值.方法:2003年7月至2004年10月对76例乳头溢液患者行脱落细胞学检查,同时在乳管镜下对溢液乳管异常部位搔刮,盐水冲洗,收集导管中洗液行脱落细胞学检查.结果:乳管镜诊断导管扩张或炎症30例,未行手术;乳管隆起性病变46例,行手术活检;病理诊断早期乳腺癌10例,管内乳头状瘤32例,乳腺腺病4例.76例中,导管冲洗液涂片的有效细胞团较乳头溢液明显增加(P＜0.01).10例早期乳腺癌导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查的准确性明显高于乳头溢液细胞学检查(P＜0.05).结论:乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液涂片能获得更多的有效细胞团,使导管冲洗液细胞学检查诊断乳腺恶性病变的准确性明显提高.     

The role of galactography in the detection of breast cancer

The authors report on a series of 529 consecutive patients examined on physical examination, mammography, nipple discharge cytology and galactography. The criterion for galactography was essentially bloody nipple discharge (73% of cases). Serous nipple discharge was not considered worthy of routine galactography since it is associated with an extremely low incidence of breast cancer. Surgical excision and histologic examination of the discharging duct was performed in 200 cases. Eighteen cases of breast cancer were detected (10 infiltrating, 8 intraductal) of which 9, 6, 7 or 7 were suspected on physical examination, mammography, cytology or galactography, respectively. All combined tests suspected 13 of 18 breast cancers; 3 intraductal breast cancers were biopsied because of evidence of multiple papillomas on galactography, and 2 infiltrating breast cancers were operated because of persistent bloody nipple discharge in the absence of any other sign. No breast cancer was suspected on galactography alone. Galactography is indicated in the presence of bloody nipple discharge, and a biopsy should be performed when breast cancer or multiple papillomas are suspected. The diagnosis and excision of a single papilloma (breast cancer was never misdiagnosed as a single papilloma on galactography) is not worthwhile since a single papilloma is a benign lesion, and the benefit of its excision is still unclear.     

病理性双侧乳头溢液659例临床分析

目的探讨病理性双侧乳头溢液与乳腺导管内病变的关系。方法对659例病理性双侧乳头溢液患者行乳管镜检查和甲状腺功能、催乳素、雌二醇、孕酮检测,并对催乳素升高及乳汁样双乳多孔溢液的患者行脑垂体MRI检查。定性资料的比较用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率检验。结果659例中328例乳管镜诊断为导管内乳头状瘤,331例诊断为导管扩张症。328例均行手术治疗,术后病理检查证实导管内乳头状瘤307例,导管扩张症21例,病理检查符合率为93.60%(307/328),未见乳腺癌;659例患者中经临床确诊合并甲状腺功能减退94例,垂体瘤128例;导管病变在不同月经状况、不同民族及不同溢液性质的病理性双侧乳头溢液患者间差异有统计学意义(P0.050)。绝经前患者导管扩张症发生率高于绝经后;在不同民族中,汉族与哈萨克族患者之间导管病变的差异有统计学意义(P=0.008),其余民族之间差异无统计学意义(P0.050);合并垂体瘤的乳头溢液多见乳汁样,合并甲状腺功能减退的乳头溢液多见清水样,单纯性乳头溢液多见淡黄色、黄色黏稠样及血性。本组导管内乳头状瘤85.34%(262/307)发生在主导管以下的分支导管。结论乳管镜是发现病理性双侧乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内病变较为适宜的检查方法;合并甲状腺功能减退或垂体瘤的患者发生双侧乳头溢液时要考虑导管内病变的可能。     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule, yet until recently, we have not had direct access to this area other than by blindly removing tissue by core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. Fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. METHODS: We applied ductoscopy to 259 women who had nipple discharge, and we analyzed the visual findings, the cytological washings, and the subsequent histopathology. RESULTS: In 92 (36%) of these women, fiberoptic ductoscopy was successful in detecting an intraductal papillary lesion. Of these observed lesions, 68 (74%) were single papilloma, 21 (23%) were multiple discrete papillomas, and 3 (3%) were diffuse intraductal thickening which corresponded to diffuse papillomatosis on histopathological analysis. The overall positive predictive value of FDS screening was 83%. Of the lesions observed, 29.8% were located in the main (segmental) duct, 43.9% lesions in the first branch, 17.5% lesions in the second branch, 7.9% in the third branch, and 0.9% in the fourth branch. These lesions had an overall average distance of 2.7 cm from the nipple orifice. Ductal washings performed at the time of ductoscopy were effective at obtaining representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated for the presence of clumps (> 50 cells), clumps with atypia or single ductal cells. The presence of clumps with positive FDS increased the positive predictive value to 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic ductoscopy currently offers a safe alternative to ductography in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.     

Mammary ductoscopy and watchful follow-up substitute microdochectomy in patients with bloody nipple discharge

Purpose

In order to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of mammary ductoscopy and watchful follow-up for treating bloody nipple discharge, we investigated the incidence of cancer evolving from the location related to the affected duct and the disappearance of nipple discharge.

Patients and methods

Between April 1998 and March 2008, we assessed 709 lesions among 624 patients without a diagnosis of malignancy at the time of 6 months after mammary ductoscopy. The median follow-up time was 5.5 years. We reviewed the subjects’ charts retrospectively and investigated the dates on which discharge-related cancer was diagnosed and the disappearance of discharge was noted after the initial examination with mammary ductoscopy.

Results

The incidence of cancer evolving from the location related to the pathological duct was 11 % (78/709). Nipple discharge disappeared in 480 (85.1 %) of the 564 followed up lesions, with the exception of 78 breast cancers and 67 resected benign lesions. The rate of disappearance for nipple discharge in the cases of intraductal papilloma at the first examination was 82.5 %. In cases in which no obvious lesions were observed on mammary ductoscopy, there was a 90 % probability that the nipple discharge would disappear, and the rate of evolving breast cancer in the cases of atypical papillary lesions at the first examination was significantly higher than that observed in the cases of intraductal papilloma, at 50 and 8.9 %, respectively.

Conclusions

Information revealed by mammary ductoscopy is useful for differentiating patients who should be subjected to intensive examinations and those who should expect disappearance of their discharge. Mammary ductoscopy and watchful follow-up can substitute microdochectomy in patients with bloody nipple discharge.

     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy of the breast: a new diagnostic procedure for nipple discharge.

A fiberoptic ductoscopy system was successfully developed by means of which we were able to observe the duct cavity of the breast. Two kinds of silicafiberscopes with outer diameters 0.80 and 0.45 mm were used in the present study. Fiberoptic ductoscopy was applied to 52 ducts in 46 patients with nipple discharge for whom no tumor was palpable; the intraductal appearance could be observed in 47 ducts from 41 patients (90.3%). Fourteen ducts from 13 patients were operated upon and were histologically diagnosed as carcinoma (four cases), intraductal papilloma (nine ducts from eight patients) and mastitis (one case). The internal surface of a normal duct was lustrous and smooth. Cancer growing on the surface of a duct wall appeared white and was slightly elevated, forming a bridging structure. The intraductal papillomas formed intraductal solid nodules, being yellow in most cases and red at the site of hemorrhage. Fiberoptic ductoscopy can be used to recognize the growth of minute intraductal lesions in cases of nipple discharge. Clinical endoscopic diagnosis for minute intraductal lesions will make an important contribution to the early detection of cancer and the evaluation of nipple involvement in intraductal carcinoma.     

Intraductal biopsy for diagnosis and treatment of intraductal lesions of the breast

BACKGROUND: Bloody nipple discharge is a significant clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast. In the past, pathologic diagnoses were obtained exclusively via excision, but recently developed mammoscopic techniques have been found to yield valuable information relating to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. METHODS: Mammary duct endoscopy (i.e., mammoscopy) was performed a combined total of 407 times for 295 patients who experienced nipple discharge. Intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) under mammoscopic observation was performed in 193 intraductal papillomas (from a total of 107 patients) and 30 ductal carcinomas (from a total of 27 patients); IDBB was performed a combined total of 36 times in the 27 patients who had breast carcinoma and yielded 21 diagnostic specimens (58.3%). In addition, the therapeutic value of IDBB was assessed in 70 patients with intraductal papilloma who had undergone more than 3 years of follow-up; these 70 patients harbored a combined total of 75 intraductal papillomas. RESULTS: IDBB correctly identified the presence of carcinoma in 9 of 27 patients (33.3%); 7 other lesions (25.9%) were placed in the suspected carcinoma (i.e., atypical papillary lesion) category, and 5 (18.5%) were identified as intraductal papillomas. Using IDBB, it was difficult to collect diagnostic specimens from patients with breast carcinoma, because of the location and weak tissue cohesiveness of these lesions compared with intraductal papillomas. The 193 intraductal biopsies performed on intraductal papillomas yielded only 20 specimens that were insufficient for diagnosis. IDBB exhibited therapeutic efficacy in 54 of 70 patients with intraductal papilloma (77.6%) who had more than 3 years of clinical follow-up. Therapeutic results tended to be less favorable for patients who had intraductal lesions in multiple duct lobular units. CONCLUSIONS: Mammoscopy can contribute not only to the diagnosis of cases of nipple discharge but also to the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

乳腺癌前病变与早期乳腺癌的探讨

目的:从临床角度探讨乳腺癌前病变及其与早期乳腺癌的关系。方法:回顾性分析自1992年1月至2004年12月收治的以乳头溢液为主诉和乳腺局限性腺体增厚以及近5年来收治的乳腺局限性腺体增厚恶变患者的临床病理资料。结果:共收治乳头溢液(不伴肿物)患者252例,其中乳头状瘤病或导管上皮增生活跃31例,占12.3%,乳腺癌22例,占8.7%,3例乳头状瘤病3年后发生同侧乳腺癌;乳腺局限性腺体增厚患者192例,其中乳头状瘤病或导管上皮增生活跃23例,占12.0%,乳腺癌19例,占9.9%;乳腺局限性腺体增厚终显典型恶性征者52例,占同期乳腺癌患者的5.2%(52/1008)。结论:乳头溢液(特别是血性乳头溢液)和乳腺局限性腺体增厚是癌前病变和早期乳腺癌的重要体征。     

乳管镜用于乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的临床诊治研究

目的:评价纤维乳管镜对乳管内乳头状瘤类疾病的诊断及治疗作用。方法:选取我科2009年8月-2011年8月经乳管镜诊断为导管内乳头状瘤患者144例,其中血性溢液78例,褐色溢液51例,深黄色溢液15例。回顾性分析其术前诊断及治疗过程。结果:所有病例在乳管镜下可见导管内肿物,并经镜下定位行病变腺叶切除,术后病理132例诊断为乳管内乳头状瘤,7例诊断为原位癌,3例为早期浸润性癌。结论:纤维光导乳管镜可准确诊断乳管内乳头状瘤,并进行定位切除。对此类疾病的诊治有重要应用价值。     

Duct endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy in the evaluation of nipple discharge

Summary Microdochectomy is usually performed on patients with nipple discharge caused by intraductal proliferative lesions, such as intraductal papilloma and carcinoma. But this operation often sacrifices large amounts of normal mammary gland even when the lesion is a benign intraductal papilloma a few millimeters in diameter. We have developed duct endoscopy for the mammary duct system, and have reliably performed biopsies for intraductal proliferative lesions intraductally. From June 1989 to April 1990, we examined 22 cases by duct endoscopy, and performed endoscopic biopsy in 16 cases. The method of endoscopic biopsy is as follows. First, a bougie is inserted, without anesthesia other than Xylocaine jelly, into the orifice of the duct to enlarge it. Second, the outer cylinder and the inner needle are inserted; then the inner needle is removed, and the endoscope is inserted. After examination, the outer cylinder is moved up to the lesion to be biopsied and the endoscope is taken out. Then a sample is taken into the outer cylinder by aspiration. We diagnosed 10 cases of benign lesion and 5 cases of malignant lesion by cytological and/or histological examination. In conclusion, endoscopic biopsy, aided by duct endoscopy, is a useful and harmless diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of nipple discharge.     

乳头溢液的影像学诊断

目的：评价乳腺导管造影和钼靶X线平片摄影在乳头溢液患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析50例乳头溢液患者的钼靶X线检查资料，所有病例均经临床检查，钼靶X线平片摄影、乳腺导管造影检查及病理学检查确诊。结果：良性病变47例，其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤35例，乳腺囊性增生病7例，导管扩张5例；乳腺导管癌3例；乳头溢液伴肿块者19例。乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影发现14例乳头溢液伴肿块者X线表现异常，乳腺导管造影发现导管内乳头状瘤28例（28／35），乳腺增生病2例（2／7），导管扩张症4例（4／5），乳腺导管癌1例（1／3）。结论：乳腺导管造影用于诊断乳腺导管系统疾病较为准确可靠，乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影对乳头溢液的诊断价值不大，一定条件下两者可联合应用。     

应用纤维乳管镜诊治乳头溢液的临床经验

目的:探讨乳管内视镜诊断治疗乳头溢液疾病的价值。方法:对2006年5月～2007年2月在我院门诊行纤维乳管镜诊治的33例乳头溢液病例进行回顾分析,总结其内镜检查和相关辅助检查结果,并进行随访,对诊断情况和治疗效果进行初步评价。结果:33例乳头溢液患者,纤维乳管镜检查诊断乳管内乳头状瘤16例,乳腺癌3例,乳管炎5例,乳管扩张7例,2例未见异常。诊断符合率乳管内乳头状瘤、乳腺癌分别为62.5%和66.7%,乳管炎和乳管扩张均为100%,总体符合率为71.4%。同样病例超声、钼靶检查阳性发现率较低。结论:纤维乳管镜为乳头溢液患者特异性较高的检查,病理符合率较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。