短肠综合征的营养康复治疗(附3例报告)

短肠综合征的治疗主要是营养支持和小肠移植 ,但两种疗法都有其限制和不足。本文报告对 3例短肠病人联合应用重组人生长激素、谷氨酰胺、纤维饮食行营养康复治疗 ,病人残存小肠的长度分别为 65cm、75cm、30 cm,治疗后病人残存肠管的吸收功能和营养状况均有明显改善。为短肠综合征病人提供了一个新的有希望的治疗选择     

短肠综合征的营养康复治疗

短肠综合征的治疗主要是营养支持和小肠移植，但两种疗法都有其限制和不足。本文报告对３例短肠病人联合应用重组人生长激素，谷氨酰胺，纤维饮食行营养康复治疗，病人残存小肠的长度分别为６５ｃｍ，７５ｃｍ，３０ｃｍ，治疗后病人残存肠管的吸收功能和营养状况均有明显改善。为短肠综合征病人提供了一个新的有希望的治疗选择。     

应用肠外营养支持治疗短肠综合征2例

0 引言 短肠综合征(SBS)的治疗包括营养支持、短肠康复治疗以及手术治疗.我们近期诊治2例病人,其中1例为全小肠切除.肠外营养(PN)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)和生长激素(GH)在这2例短肠综合征病人治疗中发挥了重要的作用,现报道如下.     

小肠减压、肠外营养支持、生长抑素联合应用治疗单纯性肠梗阻

探讨联合应用导管小肠减压、肠外营养支持、生长抑素治疗单纯性肠梗阻的效果。将 6 4例肠梗阻病人随机分为三组 ,分别予以小肠减压 (A组 ) ,小肠减压 +营养支持 (B组 ) ,小肠减压 +营养支持 +生长抑素 (C组 ) ,治疗时间为 7～ 14天 ,并定期评定其腹痛消失、肛门排气、气液平面消失和梗阻解除时间 ,小肠减压导管引流量和病人血浆前白蛋白亚油酸和氮平衡等营养状况。结果 :3组病人梗阻解除率为 85 .0 %、85 .7%、91.3% ,第 15天 B、C两组前白蛋白值为 30 1.32±72 .5 8、32 8.39± 6 4.19,亚油酸值为 6 6 .72± 2 0 .5 4、5 8.88±2 4.6 3,…     

急性胰腺炎的全肠外营养与生长抑素治疗

目的 :观察在禁食、胃肠减压和预防感染的基础上 ,加用生长抑素和全肠外营养对胰腺炎非手术治疗的影响。　方法 :将 1990年 1月至 1994年 12月底收治的急性胰腺炎 2 6例 ,归为A组。自 1995年以来收治的急性胰腺炎 2 8例 ,归为B组。两组胰腺炎的病因和严重程度无明显差别。B组病人采用全肠外营养支持和生长抑素治疗。　结果 :A组病人入院时血清白蛋白为 (30 .0± 1.2 ) g/L ,治疗 15天后 ,白蛋白仍在 (30 .4± 0 .8) g/L。B组病人于入院后即行全肠外营养支持 ,时间为 (17± 6 )天 ,施他宁使用时间为 (7± 2 )天。其血清白蛋白入院时为 (2 9.0±1.3)g/L ,治疗 15天后 ,白蛋白上升至 (35 .7± 0 .9) g/L ,明显高于入院时 (P <0 .0 1)。B组病人的病死率及住院日、中转手术率、淀粉酶的恢复天数较A组病人有明显改善 ,并发症发生率明显减少。　结论 :在急性胰腺炎非手术治疗原则的基础上 ,通过加用全肠外营养和生长抑素可最大程度地抑制胰腺的分泌 ,改善病人的营养状态 ,减少并发症的发生率与病死率 ,缩短住院时间。     

D-木糖吸收试验评价短肠综合征病人的吸收功能

目的:总结D-木糖吸收试验在评价短肠综合征病人残存小肠表面积和吸收功能中的作用.方法:比较22例短肠综合征病人和50例正常人之间5 h尿木糖排泄率、第1、2、3 h血清木糖水平及木糖吸收曲线下面积(AUC)的差异.检验短肠综合征病人木糖吸收水平与残存小肠长度、小肠表面积及蛋白质吸收功能之间的相关性.对6例行肠康复治疗的短肠病人,观察其康复治疗前后木糖及蛋白质吸收水平的变化及其相关性.结果:短肠综合征病人5 h尿木糖排泄率、第1、2、3 h血清木糖及AUC均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),5 h尿木糖排泄率与残存小肠长度(r=0.581)、残存小肠表面积(r=0.618)及蛋白质吸收率(r=0.640)之间存在显著相关性(P均＜0.05).6例病人肠康复治疗后木糖及蛋白质吸收水平均增加,两者之间存在相关性但未达显著程度(r=0.719,P=0.107).结论:木糖吸收试验是评价短肠综合征病人肠道吸收功能的简单、准确的方法.5 h尿木糖排泄水平是反映短肠病人的肠道吸收功能的较好指标之一.     

结肠在短肠综合征时的代偿研究

目的 :观察及评价短肠大鼠结肠形态学代偿性增生以及结肠对营养物质吸收的促进作用。　方法 :制作切除 80 %～85 %的超短肠大鼠模型 ,用 Pepti- 2 0 0 0做 EN治疗 ,观察全身营养状况和结肠形态学的改变 ,并在术后第 2 1天用木糖和 1 5 N-甘氨酸混合液对带血管蒂的结肠进行封闭式灌注 ,观察结肠对水、碳水化合物和氨基酸的吸收情况。　结果 :EN组于术后第2 1天氮平衡与对照组 (CONT)无差异 ,体重仅比术前减轻 (10± 18) g。结肠壁明显增厚 ,皱襞增大增粗 ,结肠壁的厚度、粘膜厚度、皱襞高度和皱襞表面积与 CONT组比差异非常显著。 EN组与 CONT组 DNA指数为 1.2 1± 0 .11和 1.0 1± 0 .15 ,P<0 .0 5 ,S期细胞百分比为 (5 2 .6± 5 .5 ) %和 (42 .9± 4.1% ,P<0 .0 5。连续循环灌注 3h之后 EN组对水、木糖和氨基酸的吸收明显高于 CONT组。　结论 :大鼠结肠在短肠综合征时发生了明显的形态和功能上的代偿。早期适当的肠内营养不但可使超短肠大鼠获得足够营养支持 ,并且能够促进短肠大鼠的结肠代偿。     

全肠外营养添加免疫调节剂黄芪对梗阻性黄疸病人术后的影响

目的 :观察中药黄芪与全肠外营养 (TPN)联合应用能否改善围手术期梗阻性黄疸病人营养状况及提高病人免疫功能。　方法 :梗阻性黄疸病人 30例 ,男 18例 ,女 12例 ,平均年龄 (5 6 .4± 5 .2 )岁。术后随机分三组 ,即对照组 :常规输注葡萄糖和电解质溶液 ;TPN组 :全肠外营养支持 ;实验组 :给予TPN +黄芪。　结果 :术后对照组营养指标和免疫指标均降低 ,易发生并发症 ;TPN组可使氮平衡及血清蛋白改善 ;实验组营养指标和免疫指标明显改善。　结论 :梗阻性黄疸病人营养不良和免疫功能低下 ,术后并发症增加 ,TPN +黄芪可以弥补TPN的不足 ,使病人营养指标和免疫功能恢复     

术前肠外营养结合动脉化疗对胃癌微血管密度的影响

目的 :探讨术前短期 (7天 )肠外营养结合选择性动脉介入化疗对胃癌微血管密度 (MVD)的影响。　方法 :对 1996年至 2 0 0 0年间 6 0例进展期胃癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,将 6 0例病人分成四组 :肠外营养结合介入化疗组、肠外营养组、单纯介入化疗组及对照组。用Ⅷ因子抗体作病理切片的免疫组织化学染色 ,在显微镜下进行MVD计数。　结果 :经 7天治疗后 ,肠外营养结合介入化疗组的MVD值为 33± 11,肠外营养组为 5 6± 17,单纯介入化疗组为 31± 12 ,对照组为 5 4± 18。肠外营养结合介入化疗组及单纯介入化疗组的MVD值明显低于肠外营养组及对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :术前短期肠外营养 (7天 )结合介入化疗可降低胃癌的MVD。     

肠外瘘病人肠内营养的护理

0　引　　言营养支持是肠外瘘病人的主要治疗方法之一。我科 2 0世纪 70年代即重视肠内营养 (EN)在肠外瘘病人中的应用。随着时间的推移和临床实践经验的积累 ,对肠外瘘病人应用EN有了更多的体会 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　 1997年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1月收治肠外瘘病人 170例 ,男 119例 ,平均年龄为 (4 0 .6±17.6 )岁 ;女 5 1例 ,平均年龄为 (4 5 .2± 15 .8)岁。其中胃瘘及胃肠吻合瘘 15例 ,十二指肠瘘 2 8例 ,小肠瘘 72例 ,结肠瘘 2 8例 ,回结肠吻合口瘘 13例 ,多发性肠瘘 14例。1.2　营养支持方法　在肠道功能未恢复之前…     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.