某军校大学生5000m跑成绩与相对最大摄氧量的回归模型

目的 研究军校大学生5000 m跑成绩与相对最大摄氧量（VO2max）之间的函数关系,为评估他们的有氧耐力素质,为提高5000 m跑训练效果提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样法,测量67名某军校大学生的各项身体形态指标,通过PWC170台阶实验间接推算VO2max,对5000 m跑成绩和VO2max进行回归分析.结果 受试对象5000 m跑时间（Y）与相对VO2max（X）呈显著负相关（r=-0.813,P〈0.01）,线性方程式为：Y=32.997-0.205X（r^2=0.661,P〈0.01）;二次曲线方程为：Y=56.067-1.147X＋0.0094X2（r^2=0.686,P〈0.01）.结论 相对VO2max水平的高低很大程度上决定5000 m跑成绩.可通过降低体脂率等方法提高相对VO2max,达到提高5000 m跑训练成绩的目标.     

ACE基因多态性与士兵耐力素质训练效绩的相关性研究

目的 观察血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性对采用不同耐力素质训练方法进行训练的士兵有氧耐力素质效绩提高的影响.方法 随机抽取某步兵团248名无军事训练史的汉族男性新兵,均分为实验组和对照组,每组124名.实验组采用以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法;对照组采用部队常用耐力训练方法,即以5000m跑为主的训练方法(每周5000m×3次,每日不超过1次).两组总共进行8周的耐力素质训练.训练开始前和训练8周后分别考核记录5000m跑成绩并测定最大摄氧量(VO2max)作为两项耐力素质指标.然后检测两组士兵的ACE基因型,并按照不同基因型分为II、ID、DD型3组,分析不同ACE基因型及训练方法对士兵耐力素质的影响.结果 实验组训练后VO2max、5000m跑成绩与训练前及对照组训练后比较均显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).两组士兵基因多态位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡.实验组ACE基因分型中,Ⅱ型占33.9%,ID型占59.6%,DD型占6.5%,而对照组Ⅱ型占46.8%,ID型占50.0%,DD型占3.2%.实验组内各ACE基因型之间5000m跑成绩和VO2max比较均无明显差异(P>0.05).对照组中DD基因型5000m跑成绩和VO2max显著低于Ⅱ基因型和ID基因型(P<0.05),而Ⅱ基因型和ID基因型之间比较无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 在为期8周的训练中,以"循环训练法"理念设计的强化耐力训练可有效提高士兵耐力素质;不同ACE基因型不能确切作为士兵耐力素质好坏和提升速度快慢的指标.     

跑节省化评价有氧耐力及其训练效果实验研究

目的:探讨跑节省化(RE)指标在表达耐力能力方面的重要程度与应用价值。方法:102名新兵进行18周5000米长跑训练,每周训练3次,以95%和105%个体通气无氧阈(VT)时的心率作为强度控制标准,以Polar心率表作为控制手段。测定其训练前后的VO2max、VT和RE及其相关指标,并运用主成分分析方法对表达有氧能力初始水平和训练效果的不同指标进行重要程度的分析。结果:18周耐力训练使VO2max增加了1.56%,VT-VO2提高了2.59%,而RE各值均显著下降(范围为7.68%～9.43%,P<0.01)。在表达耐力初始水平方面,RE各指标的贡献率较大;在表达耐力训练效果方面,VO2max与RE各指标的贡献率和因子载荷较大。结论:RE在评价普通人群(即训练初期)的耐力及其耐力训练效果方面优于VO2max和VT指标。     

不同训练方法对士兵耐力素质训练的影响

目的 探求一种适合常规部队、能快速有效提高士兵有氧耐力素质、并可降低军事训练伤发生率的训练方法.方法 随机抽取某步兵团248名无军事训练史的汉族男性新兵,均分为实验组和对照组,每组124名.实验组采用以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法;对照组采用部队常用耐力训练方法,即以5000m跑为主的训练方法(每周5000m×3次,每日不超过1次).两组总共进行8周的耐力素质训练.训练开始前和训练8周后分别测试士兵的安静脉搏、肺活量、VO2max和5000m成绩等耐力素质指标,并于训练8周后对士兵进行体检,统计有小腿肿胀和按压痛、膝关节肿痛、下腰痛等军事训练伤症状的人数,计算军事训练伤发生率.结果 实验组训练后安静脉搏降低了8.0%,肺活量、VO2max、5000m成绩则分别提高了8.1%、20.0%、14.7%,与训练前及对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).实验组训练伤发生率(3.3%)显著低于对照组(8.1%,P<0.05).结论 以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法可有效提高部队士兵耐力素质并减少军事训练伤的发生.     

肌红蛋白基因多态与有氧训练效果的关联性分析

目的:探讨肌红蛋白第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对中国北方新征入伍的104名汉族士兵进行每次5000米、每周3次、训练强度为95～105%通气无氧阈(VT)、为期20周的耐力训练。递增负荷运动实验测定受试对象训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max)和通气无氧阈(VT),PCR-RFLP法测定基因多态性,分析基因多态性与训练效果之间的关联性。结果:3种基因型的分布频率分别为AA(0.52)、AG(0.45)、GG(0.03),分布频率符合Hardy-weinberg遗传平衡定律;训练后3种基因型VO2max的组间比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);训练后GG组和AG组VT显著提高(P<0.05),AA组达到VT时仅HR显著升高,其余指标均无显著变化(P>0.05)。在VO2max和VT的变化率(Δ%)方面,GG组受试者提高最多,AG组居中,AA组提高最少。提示肌红蛋白基因第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果有一定关联,79G等位基因携带者对有氧耐力训练可能更敏感。     

耐力训练后急进高原心率变异性与急性高原反应关系研究

目的:分析不同强度耐力训练后模拟急进高原24h内心率变异性(HRV)与急性高原反应(AMS)的关系。方法:选择分别经过极限强度、有氧、无氧耐力训练的男性新兵43例,检测在模拟急进4500m高原24h期间2、10、20h的HRV,分析其与AMS的关系。结果:极限耐力组、有氧耐力组RMSSD、PNN50均显著下降,无氧耐力组呈先下降后升高曲线;有氧耐力组LF/HF先下降后增高,无氧耐力组、极限耐力组则呈先增高后下降曲线;极限耐力组、有氧耐力组SDNN、TP呈下降趋势,无氧耐力组则无显著变化。AMS症状评分与模拟急进高原后10、20h时LF/HF呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50、HFn呈显著负相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:极限强度耐力训练和有氧耐力训练不利于对急进高原环境的习服;无氧耐力训练使交感和副交感神经活动维持相对稳定状态,增强ANS的调节能力,有助于提高急进高原的适应能力。     

促进新兵体能素质发展的实验研究

 目的研究发展新兵体能素质的有效方法,优化武警部队新兵体能训练方案.方法400名武警健康男性新兵随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组实施干预训练方案,对照组按部队现行方案组织训练.经8周训练后,对14项身体素质指标进行训练前后和组间的对比分析.结果实施干预训练8周后,7项力量素质测试指标实验组有6项显著高于对照组;3项耐力跑成绩实验组的提高幅度均大于对照组;5项体能素质的分级比较,实验组的优良率显著高于对照组.结论采用干预训练方案能够有效发展新兵的体能素质,训练效果优于部队现行训练方案.     

中国北方汉族男性钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与有氧耐力表型的关联性研究

目的:探讨钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与有氧耐力表型初始值及耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:102名无训练史的青年健康男子完成18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的VO2max和12km/h下的跑节省化(VO2)。采用PCR-RFLP和MALDI-TOFMS对钙调神经磷酸酶5个编码基因的55个单核苷酸多态性进行分型。结果:(1)VO2max初始值与单核苷酸多态性rs2850965和rs3804423关联;(2)VO2max训练敏感性与单核苷酸多态性rs3804358和rs4671887关联;(3)跑节省化的训练敏感性与单核苷酸多态性rs3739723关联。结论:钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性可能部分解释有氧运动能力的个体差异性。     

中国北方汉族男性SHBG基因启动子(TAAAA)n多态分布及其与有氧能力的关联性研究

目的:探讨性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)基因(TAAAA)n多态在中国北方汉族男性中的分布特征及其与有氧能力的关联性。方法:102名中国北方汉族健康青年男性受试者进行为期20周、每周3次5000米匀速跑的有氧耐力训练,训练前后分别测试VO2max和RE相关生理指标。使用GeneScan和测序方法分析SHBG(TAAAA)n多态等位基因和基因型。进行该多态与有氧能力初始值和耐力训练效果的关联性分析。结果:(1)在中国北方汉族男性中观察到(TAAAA)6～10次重复等位基因和11个基因型。其中,9次重复等位基因分布频率最高,10次重复等位基因分布频率最低;(2)当分别以7、8和9次重复作为分割点划分基因型时,发现长链组VO2max相关指标训练前初始水平平均值均大于短链组。其中,按7次重复划分时,≥7次基因型携带者训练前VO2max和VO2max时的VE初始值均有高于<7次携带者的趋势(P均为0.06);(3)不同基因型组间VO2max和RE各指标的耐力训练敏感性无显著性差异。结论:SHBG基因(TAAAA)n多态与男性有氧能力指标初始水平可能存在一定的关联性,推测重复次数较多的等位基因携带者的有氧能力初始水平较好,但与耐力训练敏感性无关联。     

5000米跑耐力训练对新兵有氧耐力及左心室结构和功能的影响

目的:严格控制实验条件,观察18周5000米长跑耐力训练效果,为基因多态与训练效果的关联性分析提供基础数据。方法:102名中国汉族士兵每周训练3次,采用前10周95%VTHR(通气无氧阈时的心率)±3和后8周105%VTHR±3来控制跑速。用体成分测定仪测定18周训练前后受试者的体成分,通过递增负荷跑台运动,分别于训练前后测定VO2max(最大摄氧量)、VT(通气无氧阈)、RE(跑节省化)实验中相关有氧耐力指标,通过定量负荷蹬车运动测定训练前后左心室结构与功能相关指标。结果:18周训练后受试者VO2max较训练前平均增加了1·56%(P<0·01),VT时摄氧量提高了2·59%(P<0·05),RE时的摄氧量较训练前下降7·60%~9·43%(P<0·01);训练后左心室每搏量增加、心输出量节省化和左室重量增加。结论:5000跑耐力训练可明显提高受试者有氧耐力水平,递增负荷下左心室结构与功能呈现良好的顺应性变化。     

高住低训对优秀女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响

目的:探讨高住低训对女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响。方法:13名优秀女子跆拳道运动员随机分为实验组(高住低训,n=8)和对照组(n=5),分别在模拟海拔2500m低氧舱(氧浓度15.4%左右)内和平原环境下进行为期4周的高住低训和跆拳道常规专项训练。分别于实验前、高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天进行有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力测试,并于实验前1天、高住低训期间每周及高住低训结束后第3、12天清晨空腹取血进行血细胞分析。结果:(1)实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天VO2max和PWC170均显著高于实验前(P<0.01),4000m成绩显著优于实验前(P<0.01)。对照组变化不明显。(2)实验组高住低训结束后10天Wingate最高功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天Wingate平均功率均显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01),Wingate疲劳指数则分别显著低于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01)。对照组无明显变化。(3)实验组高住低训第28天血红蛋白、红细胞数目、红细胞压积显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05),实验组在高住低训第25天和28天血红蛋白水平分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结果表明,为期28天的模拟海拔2500m高度的高住低训能提高女子跆拳道运动员有氧运动能力,同时在一定程度上提高其无氧功和60秒踢靶成绩。另外,高住低训可以提高与跆拳道运动员机体载氧能力直接相关的血液指标水平,这种改变主要表现在实验第3、4周。     

对我国越野滑雪运动员的无氧阈和最大有氧能力的研究

本文报道了我国41名(男19名,女22名)越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)和AT。与国外同项目运动员相比,我国优秀越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)同某些滑雪运动强国的运动员相似,但AT明显偏低。作者认为,AT低是限制我国越野滑雪成绩提高的主要因素之一。     

Changes in aerobic and anaerobic fitness in the Polish army paratroopers during their military service

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to estimate changes in the aerobic- and anaerobic-dependent performance tasks in paratroopers during 18 mo of their military service. METHODS: There were 39 Polish Army recruits, enlisted to the paratroops, who volunteered for this study. The subjects were examined on enlisting and then after 3, 12, and 18 mo of the service. Anthropometry, aerobic capacity (V(O2max), V(O2OBLA), PWC170), anaerobic power and capacity (using Wingate test), performance in the repeated supramaximal exercises and motor performance indices (battery tests for locomotory endurance, agility, explosive power, strength and muscular endurance) were assessed. RESULTS: Military training produced a significant (p) < 0.05) increase in the body weight (by 4%), lean body mass (by 5.7%) and selected body girths. This was associated by the decrease in body fat from 15% to 13.1%). No significant changes in the aerobic fitness indices were noted. The studied soldiers showed significant increases in anaerobic power (by 5.9%) and anaerobic capacity (by 9.7%) accompanied by a substantial improvement in the performance in the repeated supramaximal exercises. There were also striking improvements in the variables which reflected muscular endurance and explosive power (by 32 78%), a substantial increase in the variables which reflected locomotory endurance (by 12.4%), agility (by 13.7%) and speed (by 11%), and a small rise in the static strength (by 4%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the present results show that the military training for paratroopers improves the motor performance and the anaerobic-dependent performance tasks and leads to favorable changes in the body composition but does not result in the improvement of aerobic fitness.     

Multidimensional analysis of metabolism contributions involved in running track tests

It is difficult to interpret the training induced changes in middle-distance running, since numerous aerobic and anaerobic determinants of the performance are interdependent. Several aerobic and anaerobic tests are available but their results, particularly those from anaerobic tests, may be discordant, not providing univocal interpretation of training. The purpose of this study is to use a multidimensional approach to distinguish aerobic and anaerobic capacities assessed by two running tests on a track: the maximal anaerobic running test (MART) and V(O2max) tests. Eleven runners carried out two maximal tests on a synthetic track before and after a 4-week training period: (i) a maximal test to determine V(O2max), the velocity associated with V(O2max) (vV(O2max)) and the velocity at the lactate threshold (v(LT)), (ii) a maximal anaerobic running test to estimate anaerobic capacity. An all-out test run at v(LT)+50% of the difference between v(LT) and vV(O2max), known to be affected by both aerobic and anaerobic energy production, was used to test this approach. A principal components analysis (PCA) shows that two components (i.e., aerobic and anaerobic) explained 79% of the variation in the physiological variables. The PCA suggests that V(O2max) and MART tests assess the aerobic and the anaerobic capacities, respectively. In contrast, the performance in the all-out test is affected by both aerobic and anaerobic energy production. The PCA shows that v(LT) and DeltaP (difference between the maximal power of the MART and V(O2max)) are clear markers of the long-term endurance and the anaerobic capacity, respectively. This multidimensional approach can be a useful way to disentangle the aerobic and anaerobic components of track tests.     

中国北方汉族男子FECH基因IVS3-48T/C多态与有氧运动能力表型指标的关联性研究

目的:探讨亚铁螯合酶(FECH)基因IVS3-48T/C多态在中国汉族男性中的分布特征及其与耐力训练前后有氧耐力表型指标的关联,为提高耐力训练效果提供分子标记。方法:选取102名中国北方汉族男性健康受试者,以95%～105%个体无氧阈强度进行5000米跑训练,每周3次,共18周。训练前后测定VO2max、通气阈(VT)、跑节省化(RE)等指标。使用PCR-RFLP和测序方法解析该基因多态性的分布特征,并对该多态与上述生理指标进行关联性分析。结果:(1)3种基因型在中国北方汉族男性中的分布频率依次为CC基因型8%、TC基因型45%、TT基因型为47%;(2)耐力训练前,TT基因型RE/HR、RE/rVO2初始值均显著性低于CC基因型(P<0.05);(3)耐力训练后,TT基因型受试者在RE时的通气量(△RE/VE)的下降幅度显著高于CT基因型(P<0.05)。结论:FECH基因IVS3-48T/C多态性中,TT基因型具有较高的有氧运动能力起始水平,还有较高的训练敏感性,可作为预测有氧耐力训练敏感性的分子标记。     

瘦素受体基因多态性与有氧耐力及其训练效果的关联性研究

目的:探讨瘦素受体(OB-R)基因第6外显子Gln223Arg多态性与有氧耐力及有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对新征入伍的102名中国北方汉族士兵进行为期18周、每周3次、每次5000米、强度为95~105%通气阈(VT)的耐力训练。采用跑台逐级递增负荷运动实验测定受试者训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max),并在12km/h跑速时测定跑节省化(RE)时的心率(HR)、通气量(VE)和摄氧量(VO2);利用限制性片断长度多态(PCR-RFLP)法进行OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性解析。结果:(1)OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性在中国北方汉族人群中的分布频率分别为AA:3%、AG:25%、GG:72%,符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;(2)按基因型分组后,A等位基因携带者(AA+AG)训练前的最大摄氧量相对值明显高于未携带者(GG),其他指标训练前后在两组之间无显著性差异。结论:OB-R基因第6外显子的Gln223Arg多态性与有氧能力可能存在关联,而与有氧耐力训练效果不关联。     

The impact of resistance training on distance running performance

Traditionally, distance running performance was thought to be determined by several characteristics, including maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2max)), lactate threshold (LT), and running economy. Improvements in these areas are primarily achieved through endurance training. Recently, however, it has been shown that anaerobic factors may also play an important role in distance running performance. As a result, some researchers have theorised that resistance training may benefit distance runners. Because resistance training is unlikely to elicit an aerobic stimulus of greater than 50% of VO(2max), it is unlikely that resistance training would improve VO(2max) in trained distance runners. However, it appears that VO(2max) is not compromised when resistance training is added to an endurance programme. Similarly, LT is likely not improved as a result of resistance training in trained endurance runners; however, improvements in LT have been observed in untrained individuals as a result of resistance training. Trained distance runners have shown improvements of up to 8% in running economy following a period of resistance training. Even a small improvement in running economy could have a large impact on distance running performance, particularly in longer events, such as marathons or ultra-marathons. The improvement in running economy has been theorised to be a result of improvements in neuromuscular characteristics, including motor unit recruitment and reduced ground contact time. Although largely theoretical at this point, if resistance training is to improve distance running performance, it will likely have the largest impact on anaerobic capacity and/or neuromuscular characteristics. The primary purpose of this review is to consider the impact of resistance training on the factors that are known to impact distance running performance. A second purpose is to consider different modes of resistance exercise to determine if an optimal protocol exists.     

Aerobic/calisthenic and aerobic/circuit weight training programs for Navy men: a comparative study

Study I. Participants were 43 Navy men (mean age = 32.1 yr) assigned to one of three exercise training protocols: aerobic/circuit weight training performed at either 40 or 60% of determined one-repetition maximum strength or aerobic/calisthenic training. During the 10-wk study, each exercise group participated in three training sessions per week performed on alternate days. The results of this study indicate that dynamic strength (both upper and lower) increased for the aerobic/circuit weight training groups but not for the aerobic/calisthenic group. With the exception of bench press endurance for the aerobic/calisthenic group, all groups showed significant increases in muscular endurance and stamina. No significant changes were seen in static strength or flexibility in any of the groups. Study II. Subjects were 87 male Navy personnel (mean age = 19.8 yr) receiving basic training at the Recruit Training Command, San Diego, CA. One company of recruits (N = 41) participated in an experimental aerobic/circuit weight training program at 70% of determined one-repetition maximum. A second company (N = 46) received the standard Navy recruit physical training program (aerobic/calisthenic training). During the 8-wk study, both groups participated in an identical running program performed three times per wk on alternate days. Additionally, aerobic/circuit weight training participants completed two circuits (1 circuit = 15 exercises) three times per wk on alternate days to running. Study findings show the experimental aerobic/circuit weight training program produced significantly greater dynamic muscular strength and muscular endurance changes than the standard aerobic/calisthenic program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)