健脾益肾泄浊方对慢性肾功能衰竭患者营养不良的影响

目的 评价健脾益肾泄浊方治疗慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)伴营养不良患者的疗效.方法将60例CRF伴营养不良的非透析患者随机分为治疗组(30例)和对照组(30例).对照组予西医对症处理;治疗组在对照组基础上配合中药健脾益肾泄浊方(主要药物有黄芪、白术、茯苓、姜半夏、姜竹茹、熟地黄、山茱萸、生大黄、六月雪、炒槐米、丹参等,随证加减)治疗,连用6个月.两组均于治疗前后检测血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、胆固醇、血红蛋白、血尿素氮、血肌酐等指标,并对患者进行主症评分及主观综合营养评估(SGA).结果治疗组临床总有效率(90.0%,27/30)明显高于对照组(60.0%,18/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组治疗后均可改善患者肾功能,并能升高血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、胆固醇、血红蛋白水平,降低主症评分及升高SGA评分(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);治疗组的改善程度明显好于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论健脾益肾泄浊方能改善CRF患者的营养状况,提高患者的生存质量.     

健脾益肾方对慢性肾衰患者肾保护作用的临床观察

目的：观察中药健脾益肾方治疗慢性肾衰患者蛋白尿、肾功能、血浆白蛋白、血红蛋白的影响。方法：将患者随机分为两组。治疗组给予健脾益肾方每日一剂，每日二次和对症治疗；对照组给予一般对症治疗。疗程8周，治疗前后检测24小时尿蛋白定量、肾功能、血浆自蛋白、血红蛋白。结果：健脾益肾方能降低慢性肾衰患者蛋白尿及血清肌酐、尿素氮水平，明显升高血浆白蛋白及升高血红蛋白（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）水平。结论：健脾益肾方治疗慢性肾衰患者有较好的肾保护作用。     

健脾益肾方对慢性肾衰患者肾保护的疗效观察

目的 :观察中药健脾益肾方治疗慢性肾衰患者对蛋白尿、肾功能、血清白蛋白的影响。方法 :随机将 4 7例慢性肾衰患者分为两组。治疗组 2 6例 ,予以健脾益肾方每日 1剂 ,每日 2次和对症治疗。对照组 2 1例 ,予以一般对症治疗。疗程 8周 ,治疗前后检测两组 2 4h尿蛋白定量、肾功能、血清白蛋白。结果 :健脾益肾方治疗组能降低慢性肾衰患者蛋白尿及血清肌酐、尿素氮水平 ,明显升高血清白蛋白水平 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。结论 :健脾益肾方对慢性肾衰患者有较好的肾保护作用     

血液透析患者营养状态评估的临床研究

【目的】探讨综合性营养评估法（GNA）对血液透析患者营养状况的评价作用。【方法】建立了由13项主、客观评价指标组成的GNA,对57例维持性血透患者进行营养评估,分析GNA与各项营养指标的相关性。【结果】本组营养不良发生率为54．4％（31／57）。GNA评分与血清白蛋白（A1b）、前白蛋白（PA）、肌酐（SCr）、蛋白分解率（nPCR）、饮食蛋白摄入（DPI）、SGA评分、近期体重变化、消化道症状、肌肉消耗程度、水肿、皮下脂肪厚度均具有显著相关性（P〈0．01）,与胆固醇（Ch）、尿素氮（BUN）、转铁蛋白（TRF）明显相关（P〈0．05）。多重回归分析显示,GNA评分与PA、SCr、nPCR、SGA、TRF、A1b、Ch均显著相关。【结论】GNA对血透患者具有良好的营养评价作用,半数以上的血透患者发生营养不良。     

健脾益肾方结合饮食调护在血液透析营养不良病人治疗中的应用研究

[目的]观察健脾益肾方结合饮食调护对维持性血液透析(MHD)病人营养不良的疗效.[方法]将60例MHD营养不良病人随机分为两组.观察组30例口服健脾益肾丸6 g,每日2次,加专业的饮食指导治疗,对照组30例口服健脾益肾丸6 g,每日2次.24周为1个疗程.观察治疗后主要症状积分及主观综合性营养评(SGA)评分;测量治疗前后体重、体重指数、臂中肌周径、肱三头头肌皮褶厚度;观察治疗效果.[结果]两组总有效率、治疗后主要症状积分、体重、体重指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).[结论]健脾益肾方结合饮食调护能显著改善血液透析营养不良病人的营养状况.     

健脾益肾方结合饮食调护在血液透析营养不良病人治疗中的应用研究

[目的]观察健脾益肾方结合饮食调护对维持性血液透析（MHD）病人营养不良的疗效。[方法]将60例MHD营养不良病人随机分为两组。观察组30例口服健脾益肾丸6g,每日2次,加专业的饮食指导治疗,对照组30例口服健脾益肾丸6g,每日2次。24周为1个疗程。观察治疗后主要症状积分及主观综合性营养评（SGA）评分;测量治疗前后体重、体重指数、臂中肌周径、肱三头头肌皮褶厚度;观察治疗效果。[结果]两组总有效率、治疗后主要症状积分、体重、体重指数比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。[结论]健脾益肾方结合饮食调护能显著改善血液透析营养不良病人的营养状况。     

46例老年维持性血透患者营养不良分析

营养不良在维持性血透患者中十分常见,本文回顾性分析４６例老年慢性血透患者的营养不良状况以及影响因素,探讨营养不良与感染发生率、死亡率关系以及防治体会。临床资料一、一般资料本组４６例为１９９１年至１９９９年在本院进行维持性血透的老年尿毒症患者,其中男３７例,女９例,年龄:６２～８７岁,平均年龄７１岁。开始血透治疗时内生肌酐清除率为８．９±０．２２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ。二、营养不良评定方法根据体重、血清白蛋白、转铁蛋白、前白蛋白作为营养不良的评定指标,判定患者营养不良程度［１］,见表１。１８例患者于血透６个月时测定…     

尿毒症患者血清脂连素与营养状态的关系

目的:本研究测定尿毒症患者血清脂连素的水平,并分析它与营养状态的关系.方法:尿毒症未进行肾脏替代治疗的患者64例分为两组,营养良好32例(A组),营养不良32例(B组).健康对照组20例(C组).测定脂连素、肾功、血红蛋白、白蛋白、总蛋白、血脂、身高、体重等.结果:(1)A组和B组血清脂连素水平均明显高于C组(P<0.05),且A、B两组血清脂连素水平无统计学差异(P>0.05).(2)尿毒症患者中不同性别间的脂连素水平无统计学差异(P>0.05).(3)血清脂连素与体重指数(BMI)、甘油三酯(TG)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)呈负相关,与肌酐(Cr)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)呈正相关.结论:(1)肾小球的滤过功能影响脂连素从肾脏排泄,在尿毒症患者中血清脂连素不能反映营养状态.(2)营养状态越差的患者脂连素水平越高.(3)脂连素的性别差异在尿毒症患者中消失.     

维持性血透患者营养支持疗法的护理

目的 :探讨营养支持治疗对维持性血透患者的作用。方法 :将 35例血透患者采用充分透析 ,营养支持 ,补充蛋白质及促红素 ,纠正贫血和适当运动等方法治疗 3个月 ,营养支持前后测定前白蛋白 (PAB)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、胆固醇 (Cho)、肌酐 (Scr)、血红蛋白 (Hb)、蛋白分解率 (PCR)、每日蛋白摄入量 (DPI)、干体重、肱三头肌皮皱厚度 (TSF)等 9项指标 ,观察治疗前后各项指标的变化。结果 :35例治疗前后营养不良指标有显著性变化。结论 :营养支持治疗是提高维持性血透患者存活率的重要手段     

慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者血清瘦素水平及其意义

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者的血清瘦素水平及其与残余肾功能、人体构成和营养状况的关系.方法：分别采用放射免疫分析技术、生物电阻抗技术和常规生化方法测定68例慢性肾衰竭维持性血透患者的血清瘦素水平、残余肾功能、人体构成和营养相关指标.结果：慢性肾衰竭维持性血透患者血清瘦素水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;瘦素水平与体重指数和脂肪百分比呈正相关,与去脂体重呈负相关（P均〈0.01）,与内生肌酐清除率、血清肌酐、尿素氮、白蛋白、胆固醇、血红蛋白相关性无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）.结论：慢性肾衰竭维持性血透患者存在高瘦素血症, 血清瘦素水平可以作为评价机体脂肪含量的营养指标,其在终末期慢性肾衰竭血透患者蛋白质营养不良中未发挥显著作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.