Epidemic studies of diabetic retinopathy in China—a review

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is increasing dramatically as the population of patients with diabetes continues to rise. This paper wants to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of DR in China through reviewing the research from Pubmed about population-based epidemic studies. The results of observational studies suggested that the overall prevalence of DR was 1.6%-6.5% in population, 19.9%-43.1% in diabetes and 13.6% in population without diabetes, most of the DR were the mild type, macular edema and vision-threatening were 5.2% and 1.2%. The risk factors for DR were longer duration of diabetes, plasma glucose concentration, concentrations of HbA1c level, higher systolic blood pressure(BP), higher diastolic BP, male gender, rural region, and methods of diabetic treatment and so on. The prevalence of DR which was strongly related to duration of diabetes was higher with the increase of diabetes. DR would be the major leading cause of visual impairment in China, it is very important to prevent DR by early screening and any other methods.     

Clinical observations of acute onset of myopic optic neuropathy in a real-world setting

AIM: To describe the clinical features of acute myopic onset of optic neuropathy and observe the effects of retrobulbar and systemic glucocorticoid therapy in a realworld setting.METHODS: A retrospective observational case series included 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute onset of myopic optic neuropathy in a real-world setting. While the patients were using retrobulbar and systemic glucocorticoid therapy, various imaging examination data were analysed, and the clinical features of myopic optic neuropathy were summarized for 6 mo to 2 y. RESULTS: The included group of patients with acute onset of myopic optic neuropathy consisted mostly of females(n=11). The visual field(VF) showed abnormalities in bilateral eyes, including the spread of physiological blind spots, central and paracentral dark spots, and centripetal peripheral VF reduction;but central vision with no subjective changes. The visual evoked potential(VEP) was abnormal in all eyes with vision loss. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) was improved from 1.04±0.63 to 0.47±0.57(log MAR) af ter glucocor ticoid treatment(P<0.05). In patients with a short course(within 1 wk), recovery was fast and achieved the same BCVA as recorded before the onset within 6 d. However, in patients with the long course(1 to 2 wk), recovery was slow and did not achieve the BCVA recorded before the onset within 10 d. The changes of intraocular pressure(IOP) were not obvious before and after treatment(18.68±5.30 vs 19.55±5.34 mm Hg, P>0.05). There was no recurrence during long-term followup observation.CONCLUSION: The acute onset of myopic optic neuropathy is characterized by BCVA and VF abnormalities in bilateral eyes. Retrobulbar and systemic glucocorticoid therapy is effective.     

Complications of trabeculotomy. Therapeutically approaches in Constanţa

The control of intraocular pressure is an essential aim in glaucoma patients follow-up after surgery. The control of anterior chamber depth, the drainage in filtering bleb and postoperative hypotony are the subject of follow-up after surgery.     

Cataract blindness in Paraguay – results of a national survey

PURPOSE To estimate the burden of visual loss and blindness due to cataract in people aged 50 years and over in Paraguay. METHODS Forty clusters of 60 persons each who were 50 years and older (2400 eligible persons) were selected by systematic random sampling from the entire population of Paraguay.A total of 2136 persons were examined (89% coverage). RESULTS For the population 50 years and over, the age- and gender- adjusted prevalence of bilateral blindness (VA &lt; 3/60 with available correction) was 3.14% (95% CI: 2.2–4.4). The adjusted prevalence of bilateral cataract blindness (VA &lt; 3/60) was 2.01% (95% CI: 1.3–3.0), making cataract the major cause of bilateral blindness in this age group (64%). The adjusted prevalence of bilateral severe visual impairment (VA &lt; 6/60 with available correction) was 5.17% (95% CI: 3.9–6.7) and the adjusted prevalence of severe visual impairment due to bilateral cataract (VA &lt; 6/60) was 3.09% (95% CI: 2.2–4.3). The cataract surgical coverage (persons) was 44% for bilaterally blind persons with VA &lt; 3/60; 36% for persons with bilateral VA &lt; 6/60; and 28% for any eye with VA &lt; 6/60 due to cataract. With IOL implantation, 77% of the operated eyes could see 6/18, against 46% of the non-IOLs (p &lt; 0.005), a significant better outcome. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to increase the cataract surgical coverage in Paraguay. The number of eye surgeons is adequate but the accessibility of cataract surgical services in rural areas and the affordability of surgery to large sections of society are major constraints.     

Influence of a lymphocyte-conditioned medium on the expression of smooth-muscle α-aktin in lens epithelial cells in situ

PURPOSE: Contraction of the capsule of the ocular lens is based upon proliferation and contraction of transformed lens epithelial cells. It is assumed that these processes can be assisted by postoperative intraocular inflammation. Previously, we reported that lens epithelial cell proliferation is enhanced by lymphocyte-conditioned medium (LCM). In this study we investigated the effect of LCM as well as of a culture medium conditioned by pigmented ciliary epitheilal cells (CBCM) on the expression of the smooth-muscle alpha-actin of the contractile cytoskeletal elements. METHODS: Explants of the anterior lens capsule of freshly enucleated bovine eyes were cultured in serum-free LCM and CBCM for 3 days, followed by fixation. Smooth-muscle alpha-actin was identified by indirect immunoflorescence. Explants cultured in serum-free bFGF-containing and TGF-beta containing medium served as control. RESULTS: Lens epithelial cells expressed smooth-muscle alpha-actin under the influence of LCM or TGF-beta. No smooth muscle alpha-actin could be detected under the influence of CBCM or bFGF. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that secreted molecules of activated lymphocytes are able to induce the transformation of lens epithelial cells into contractile myofibroblasts and may be involved in the post-operative contraction of lens capsules.     

Prevalence of heterophoria in a population of school children in central China:the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of heterophoria and the relationship between heterophoria and refractive error in a school-based study conducted in central China.METHODS:A total of 23637 th-grade children were recruited into the cross-sectional school-based Anyang Childhood Eye Study(ACES)by cluster sampling method.Heterophoria was examined using alternate cover and cover-uncover testing.The Maddox rod and prism test were conducted at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation.Uncorrected viual acuity(UCVA)and best-corrected viual acuity(BCVA)were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logM AR)with cycloplegic autorefraction by administrating of Mydrin-P and 1.0%cyclopentolate.Hyperopia was defined as the spherical equivalent(SE)refraction of+0.50 D or greater,and higher hyperopia was defined as+2.00 D or greater.Emmetropia was defined as the SE refraction in the range of-0.49 to+0.49 D,and myopia was in the SE refraction range from-0.50 D to less.RESULTS:Totally 2260 students in grade 7 were examined.Response rate among eligible children was 95.64%.Totally 486 children,22.66%of the population,were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 479 were diagnosed with exophoria at near distance,and 6 with esophoria.Totally 89(4.15%)children were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 82 had exophoria,and 7 had esophoria at far distance.Exophoria was common at near fixation(22.33%).Myopia was examined to be related to exophoria at near distance(OR 3.03,95%CI 2.33-3.95)and far distance fixation(OR 1.90,95%CI 1.09-3.32).CONCLUSION:Exophoria is a predominant heterophoria for 7 th-grade junior school in central China.Significant associations are discovered between heterophoria and refractive error.Hyperopia is associated with esophoria,and myopia is associated with exophoria.     

雷珠单抗单次玻璃体腔注射对糖尿病黄斑水肿的治疗作用

目的：观察玻璃体腔单次注射雷珠单抗(intravitreal injection ranibizumab,IVR)对糖尿病黄斑水肿的短期治疗作用。

方法：回顾性研究行玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗的有临床意义的糖尿病黄斑水肿患者29例29眼,术前均未行其他任何眼部治疗。所有患眼均行单次雷珠单抗(0.05mL,10mg/mL)玻璃体腔注射。分别记录注射前及注射后4、8、16wk所有患眼的最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central foveal thickness,CFT)及光感受器内外节交界(IS/OS)完整性。根据光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查光感受器带内外节交界完整性与否分为光感受器完整及光感受器缺损组,分别比较两组术前、术后BCVA及CFT,并分析光感受器内外节交界完整性与BCVA的相关性。

结果：IVR后4、8wk,患者BCVA明显提高,较术前有统计学差异(P=0.009、0.003),黄斑水肿缓解,CFT明显降低,差异较术前有统计学意义(P<0.01、P=0.001)。16wk后IVR药物作用降低,BCVA较4、8wk明显下降(P=0.043、0.019),CFT值增加,黄斑水肿复发(P<0.01、P=0.005)。IVR后4wk和8wk比较,BCVA和CFT均无明显统计学差异(P=0.074、0.420)。OCT光感受器内外节交界完整组术前和术后4wk比较,BCVA无明显变化,差异无明显统计学意义(P=0.076),而CFT较术前明显降低(P=0.001),黄斑水肿减轻。OCT光感受器内外节交界缺损组术后4wk时BCVA较术前明显提高(P<0.01),黄斑水肿减轻(P<0.01)。治疗前及治疗后4wk患者的视力情况与光感受器内外节交界完整性存在明显的相关性(P=0.015、0.024)。

结论：一次IVR后短期内视力及黄斑水肿程度均有改善,中心凹部光感受器内外节交界完整性与视力密切相关,IVR消除黄斑水肿的同时,也可能对中心凹部光感受器内外节交界损伤具有修复作用。     

玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab联合激光治疗BRVO继发黄斑水肿的观察

目的：评价玻璃体腔注射ranibizumab(雷珠单抗)联合激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)继发黄斑水肿(macular edema)的临床疗效。

方法：经眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescence angiography,FFA)及光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查确诊为BRVO合并黄斑水肿的患者78例78眼,随机选取A组26例26眼,行黄斑部格栅光凝(grid laser photocoagulation,GLP); B组26例26眼,先行黄斑部格栅光凝,1wk后再行玻璃体腔注射ranibizumab治疗; C组26例26眼,先行玻璃体腔注射ranibizumab治疗,1wk后再行黄斑部格栅光凝,三组黄斑水肿无显著性差异。对比分析三组治疗前,治疗后1wk,1及6mo患者最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、黄斑中心厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)的变化。

结果：治疗后1wk与治疗前相比：A组BCVA平均值、CMT平均值变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); B、C组BCVA平均值提高,CMT平均值降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05); 组间比较BCVA变化、CMT变化差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后1,6mo与治疗前相比,三组BCVA平均值提高,CMT平均值降低,差异均具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01); 组间比较BCVA变化、CMT变化差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后6mo与治疗后1mo相比,A、B组BCVA平均值、CMT平均值变化差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05); C组BCVA平均值提高,CMT平均值降低,差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01); 组间比较BCVA变化、CMT变化差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。

结论：玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab联合激光治疗可有效的减轻BRVO所致黄斑水肿,提升视力; 其作用较单纯GLP治疗起效更迅速、能更好的减轻黄斑水肿; 于黄斑格栅光凝治疗前先行玻璃体腔注射ranibizumab治疗效果更为确切、稳定性更强。     

雷珠单抗治疗不同疾病所致黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的：探讨玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗因糖尿病、视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的安全及有效性。方法：选取2013-06/2016-02在北京航天中心医院眼科因糖尿病继发黄斑水肿( DME )和视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿( RVO-ME)收治入院,并符合本研究纳入及排除标准的患者35例38眼,其中DME 23眼,RVO-ME 15眼。患眼接受玻璃体腔雷珠单抗(0.5mg/0.05mL)注射治疗,治疗前和治疗后1、3d,1wk、1mo定期门诊回访观察最佳矫正视力( BCVA )、黄斑中心凹厚度( CRT )、眼压。比较雷珠单抗治疗DME及RVO-ME前后的疗效。结果：DME组及RVO-ME组治疗后1、3d,1wk的BCVA均较治疗前提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组1 mo的BCVA与治疗前相比差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05)。 DME组及RVO-ME组治疗后1、3d,1wk,1mo的CRT均较治疗前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。在BCVA及CRT方面比较,雷珠单抗对于RVO-ME及 DME疗效差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)。结论：玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗对DME及RVO-ME的治疗均安全有效。     

Effectiveness of intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes: a Meta-analysis

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for diabetic macular edema (DME) in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCO were comprehensively searched for studies comparing vitrectomized and non-vitrectomized eyes with DME. Clinical outcomes of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), the mean number of intravitreal injection and adverse events were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Six studies involving 641 eyes were included. Final visual gain significantly improved and CMT significantly reduced in vitrectomized eyes at 6mo and 12mo visits (P<0.05). Although the mean reduction in CMT among non-vitrectomized eyes was significantly greater than in vitrectomized eyes at the 6mo [mean difference (MD)=53.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 28.03 to 78.72, P<0.0001] and 12mo (MD=49.65, 95%CI: 19.58 to 79.72, P=0.01), no significant difference was detected in improvement in BCVA at either 6mo (MD=0.05, 95%CI: -0.02 to 0.13, P=0.14) or 12mo (MD=0.03, 95%CI: -0.04 to 0.09, P=0.43). Injection number of ranibizumab in non-vitrectomized eyes was significantly less than that in vitrectomized eyes during 6-month period (MD=0.60, 95%CI: 0.16 to 1.04, P=0.008), while there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups during 12mo of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Evidence from current study suggests that IVR was useful for both vitrectomized group and non-vitrectomized group with DME. Although less reduction in macular thickness is found in vitrectomized group, visual improvement between two groups is similar.     

玻璃体腔内注射TA与雷珠单抗治疗CRVO继发黄斑水肿的对照研究

目的：比较曲安奈德(TA)与雷珠单抗(ranibizumab)治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)继发黄斑水肿的的临床疗效及安全性。

方法：回顾性分析继发黄斑水肿的CRVO患者40例40眼。其中20例20眼接受玻璃体腔注射TA(1mg,0.1mL)治疗,其余20例20眼接受玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗(0.5mg,0.05mL)治疗。观察两组治疗前及治疗后1,2wk; 1,2,3,6mo患者最佳矫正视力、黄斑中心凹厚度(CMT)及眼压的改变。

结果：TA组及雷珠单抗组于玻璃体腔注药1,2wk; 1,2,3,6mo后最佳矫正视力较治疗前明显提高(P<0.05); 但两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。两组于玻璃体注药后1,2wk; 1,2,3,6mo,CMT较治疗前有明显降低(P<0.05),但两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。TA组玻璃体腔注药后2wk及4wk眼压较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05)。雷珠单抗组玻璃体腔注药后各时间点眼压均无明显升高(P>0.05)。注药后第1,2wk; 2,3,6mo,TA组眼压改变与雷珠单抗组无明显差异(P>0.05),注药后1mo,TA组眼压改变要明显高于雷珠单抗组(P<0.05)。

结论：玻璃体腔内注射雷珠单抗是目前CRVO继发黄斑水肿的有效而且安全的治疗手段。与TA相比其在提高最佳矫正视力及降低CMT的同时几乎不会发生眼部及全身并发症。     

玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗联合Tenon囊注射曲安奈德治疗CRVO继发黄斑水肿

目的：评价玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗( ranibizumab)联合筋膜囊下注射曲安奈德( triamcinolone acetonide)治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞( central retinal venous occlusions,CRVO)继发黄斑水肿( macular edema,ME)的临床疗效。方法：经眼底荧光血管造影( fundus fluorescence angiography, FFA)及光学相干断层扫描( optical coherence tomography, OCT)检查确诊为缺血型CRVO合并黄斑水肿的患者46例46眼。全部患者行全视网膜光凝( panretinal photocoagulation,PRP),经4次激光治疗结束后1wk,随机选取A组23例23眼行玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗( IVR)治疗;B组23例23眼行IVR治疗同时行筋膜囊下注射曲安奈德( PSTT)治疗,两组间黄斑水肿程度及最佳矫正视力无显著性差异。对比分析两组治疗前,治疗后1wk;1,3,6mo 患者最佳矫正视力( best corrected visual acuity, BCVA),黄斑中心厚度( central macular thickness,CMT)的变化。结果：治疗后1 wk与治疗前相比：A组BCVA平均值提高, CMT平均值降低,差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05);B 组BCVA平均值提高,CMT平均值亦降低,差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05),两组组间比较BCVA变化、CMT变化差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后1,3mo与治疗前相比,A组与B组BCVA平均值均提高、CMT平均值均降低,差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05),两组间比较BCVA变化、CMT变化差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05)。治疗后6 mo与治疗前相比,A组与B组BCVA平均值提高、CMT平均值降低且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较BCVA变化差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05)、CMT变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：IVR联合PSTT及单纯IVR均可有效地减轻CRVO所致黄斑水肿、提升视力;但联合治疗可以更迅速地减轻黄斑水肿,对于保护视功能起到更为积极的作用。     

玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab联合视网膜光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿

目的：观察玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab(雷珠单抗)联合视网膜光凝术对视网膜分支静脉阻塞( branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)继发黄斑水肿的治疗效果。
　　方法：确诊为视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发性黄斑水肿的患者42例42眼,随机分为三组,每组14眼。单纯注药组给予玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab 0.05 mL;单纯光凝组行黄斑格栅样光凝;联合治疗组先行玻璃体腔内注射Ranibizumab,再于注药1wk 后行黄斑格栅样光凝。观察三组治疗前和治疗后1,3,6 mo时患者的最佳矫正视力( BCVA)、黄斑区中心凹厚度( CMT)。
　　结果：三组在治疗前BCVA和CMT组间差异无显著性( P>0.05)。各组在治疗后1,3,6 mo的BCVA和CMT均优于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单纯注药组治疗后1,3,6mo 的 BCVA 和 CMT 变化有显著性差异( P<0.05),BCVA呈下降趋势,CMT呈增厚趋势;单纯光凝组和联合治疗组治疗后1,3,6 mo BCVA及CMT变化无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗后1,3,6mo,联合治疗组BCVA和CMT优于单纯注药组和单纯光凝组(P<0.05),治疗后3,6 mo,单纯光凝组BCVA和CMT优于单纯注药组(P<0.05)。
　　结论：玻璃体腔注射Ranibizumab联合视网膜光凝可以有效治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿,提高视力,相比单纯注药或者单纯光凝效果更稳定可靠。     

阿柏西普和雷珠单抗治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效

目的:比较阿柏西普和雷珠单抗治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)的疗效。方法:前瞻性随机对照试验。纳入2020-06/2021-09于我院确诊的非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变合并DME的患者35例60眼,均采用3+PRN方案行玻璃体腔注射治疗,其中17例30眼接受阿柏西普治疗(阿柏西普组),18例30眼接受雷珠单抗治疗(雷珠单抗组)。随访12mo,观察两组患者中心凹厚度(CMT)和最佳矫正视力(BCVA)情况,记录玻璃体腔注射次数和并发症发生情况。结果:治疗后1、3、6、12mo,阿柏西普组CMT和BCVA均明显优于雷珠单抗组(均P<0.001)。随访期间,阿柏西普组玻璃体腔注射次数少于雷珠单抗组(4.23±0.86次vs 6.40±0.97次,P<0.05),两组患者均未出现药物相关不良反应、眼内感染、血管栓塞等严重并发症。结论:阿柏西普和雷珠单抗治疗DME均具有明确的疗效和安全性,相较于雷珠单抗,阿柏西普可能是DME患者更有效和方便的治疗选择。     

玻璃体腔注射康柏西普对不同OCT分型糖尿病黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的：观察玻璃体腔注射康柏西普对不同OCT分型糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)的疗效差异。

方法：DME患者96例96眼根据OCT形态特征将DME分为弥漫性黄斑水肿(DRT,35眼)、囊性黄斑水肿(CME,33眼)、浆液性视网膜脱离(SRD,28眼),所有患者行玻璃体腔注射0.5mg(0.05mL)康柏西普治疗。治疗后1、3、6mo,比较三组BCVA(LogMAR)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CFT)、注射次数及视力提高眼数的差异。

结果：随访6mo,三组患眼BCVA呈明显下降趋势(F_时间=205.880,P_时间<0.01),三组间比较有差异(F_组间=3.472,P_组间=0.042),其中DRT组治疗后BCVA改善最佳; 三组患眼CFT呈明显降低趋势(F_时间=392.994,P_时间<0.01),三组间比较有差异(F_组间=5.046,P_组间=0.012),DRT组和CME组的CFT降低程度优于SRD组。随访6mo DRT组的注射次数最少,视力提高眼数比例最高。

结论：玻璃体腔注射康柏西普可显著改善不同OCT分型DME患眼的视力,降低CFT,其中DRT疗效最佳,注射次数最少。     

Structural and functional assessment after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema

Purpose

To evaluate structure and function improvement in central retina by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG) in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) treatment.

Methods

Twenty-seven eyes in 27 patients with DME received three consecutive monthly injections of IVR (0.05 ml, 10 mg/ml) and as needed thereafter. The clinical parameters of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT) and mf-ERG were monitored for 6 months before and after IVR. The findings at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months were analyzed. Correlation and regression analyses were performed on BCVA, CFT, mf-ERG amplitude and implicit time of the N1 and P1 waves.

Results

IVR significantly improved visual acuity from the beginning of the treatment (P < 0.05). There were significant decreases in the CFT compared with the baseline after IVR (P < 0.05). The mean amplitude of P1 and N1 in the central ring at all examinations increased significantly compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). The mean P1 and N1 implicit times in the central ring were shortened, but not significantly (P > 0.05). There were significant correlations of BCVA with CFT, P1 and N1 amplitudes in the central retina (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In addition to the improvement in BCVA and the reduction in CFT, IVR improved macular retinal function, as assessed by mf-ERG, in diabetic eyes. The combination of OCT and mf-ERG for macular evaluation may better assess DME.