脑微出血对帕金森病认知功能的影响

目的探讨合并脑微出血(CMBs)以及不同部位CMBs帕金森病(PD)患者的临床特点以及CMBs对PD患者认知功能的影响。方法收集2016-09—2018-03于苏州高新区人民医院、南京医科大学附属苏州医院就诊的PD患者112例,根据是否合并CMBs病灶分为PD合并CMBs组和PD不合并CMBs组。进一步根据CMBs所处的分布区域分为单纯脑叶CMBs和非单纯脑叶CMBs亚组。比较各组患者临床特征、统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)评分、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)等差异。采用非条件Logistics回归分析影响PD认知功能障碍的相关因素。结果与PD未合并CMBs组(n=81)比较,PD合并CMBs组(n=31)患者MoCA评分更低、服用左旋多巴等效剂量更大,侧脑室周围白质病(periventricular white matter hyperintensity,PWMH)和深部白质病变(deep white matter hyperintensity,DWPH)的Fazekas得分均更高(均P0.05)。与单纯脑叶CMBs亚组(n=10)比较,非单纯脑叶CMBs组患者MocA评分以及视空间与执行、语言项目评分升高(P0.05或P0.01),非单纯脑叶CMBs组体位性低血压比例升高(P0.05)。非条件多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CMBs是PD患者认知障碍的重要影响因素之一。结论合并CMBs的PD患者认知功能更差,对药物反应性越差,脑白质病变和腔隙性脑梗死的程度越重。CMBs对PD患者的认知功能产生一定影响,且CMBs的分布区域不同,认知损害的领域及程度也有所不同。     

腔隙性脑梗死合并脑微出血的危险因素与脑白质病变的相关性

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死(LI)合并脑微出血(CMBs)的危险因素及与脑白质病变(WML)的关系。方法 于2020年3月至2022年6月在海南省老年病医院收集LI患者134例,根据磁敏感加权成像(SWI)检测CMBs,分为CMBs组(49例)和非CMBs组(85例),利用脑白质病变量表评分(WMLs)分析LI患者脑白质病情情况与CMBs相关性,采用Logistic回归模型分析LI患者并发CMBs的危险因素。结果 134例LI患者合并CMBs发生率为36.57%(49/134例)。CMBs组WML发生率、WMLs评分明显高于非CMBs组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血尿酸、高血压史、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、WML发生率和WMLs评分是LI患者发生CMBs的独立影响因素。且CMBs病灶数量与WMLs评分存在明显正相关(r=0.412,P<0.05)。结论 LI患者发生CMBs发生影响因素众多,控制血压、血脂水平以及降低血尿酸对于预防LI患者发生CMBs具有重要意义,且脑白质病变程度与CMBs严重程度紧密相关。     

脑白质疏松患者微出血与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的分析不同程度脑白质疏松(LA)患者发生脑微出血(CMBs)的差异,并评估CMBs与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法选取2017-01—2019-06南京医科大学康达学院附属连云港中医院脑病科、康复科收治的轻、中、重度LA患者各20例,均行磁共振常规序列及磁敏感加权成像(SWI)序列检查,分别统计不同程度LA患者的CMBs病灶数量;依据是否合并CMBs病灶,将LA患者分为CMBs组与非CMBs组,采用蒙特利尔认知评定量表(MoCA)分别对患者进行认知功能评估,分析CMBs病灶与认知功能障碍的相关性。结果轻度LA患者共检出CMRs病灶36个,中度LA患者共检出CMRs病灶137个,重度LA患者共检出CMRs病灶340个,检出部位以基底节区、皮层及皮层下区域最为多见;同时CMBs组患者MoCA评分低于非CMBs组(P0.05)。结论 CMBs病灶数目与LA程度呈正相关,且与患者认知功能障碍具有明显相关性,可作为LA程度、患者认知功能、临床预后及疗效的临床评价指标之一。     

腔隙性脑梗死脑白质病变与脑微出血的相关性研究

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死(LI)患者脑白质病变(WML)表现与脑微出血(CMBs)的关系。方法回顾性分析我院129例LI患者临床资料,根据CMBs病情程度将患者分为无出血组(n=20)、轻度组(n=60)、中度组(n=37)及重度组(n=12)。比较不同分组患者一般资料和实验室检测指标水平,分析CMBs与脑白质病变量表评分(WMLs)的相关性,采用Logistic多因素分析法分析LI患者WML和CMBs合并发病的相关因素。结果不同CMBs病情程度患者年龄和高血压合并症发生情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同CMBs病情程度患者血清HDL-C、LDL-C、hs-CRP、Hcy、CIMT及颈动脉斑块积分水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、HDL-C、Hcy及CIMT是影响LI患者WML与CMBs合并发病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论LI患者WML严重程度与CMBs病变程度呈正相关,年龄增长、高血压史、低水平HDL-C、高水平Hcy及CIMT增加是影响LI患者WML与CMBs合并发病的独立危险因素。     

胱抑素C与脑微出血严重程度及其认知功能的相关性

目的探讨胱抑素C与脑微出血(CMBs)严重程度及其认知功能的相关性。方法纳入76例CMBs患者为CMBs组,72例同期体检健康者为对照组,采用蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)评价认知功能,根据SWI上CMBs的病灶数,将CMBs组分为1级(1个)、2级(2～5个)、3级( 5个)。比较脑微出血严重程度间胱抑素C水平及认知功能的差异。结果 CMBs组血清胱抑素C水平明显高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01);CMBs组MoCA评分明显低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。随着脑微出血严重程度加重,胱抑素C水平有逐渐增高的趋势,组间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01);随着脑微出血严重程度加重,MoCA评分有逐渐降低的趋势,组间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。相关分析显示,胱抑素C与脑微出血数呈正相关(P=0. 0002);胱抑素C与CMBs患者MoCA评分呈负相关(P=0. 0001)。结论胱抑素C水平越高,脑微出血越严重,认知功能障碍越严重。     

腔隙性脑梗死脑白质病变与脑微出血的相关性研究

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死(LI)患者脑白质病变(WML)表现与脑微出血(CMBs)的关系。方法回顾性分析我院129例LI患者临床资料,根据CMBs病情程度将患者分为无出血组(n=20)、轻度组(n=60)、中度组(n=37)及重度组(n=12)。比较不同分组患者一般资料和实验室检测指标水平,分析CMBs与脑白质病变量表评分(WMLs)的相关性,采用Logistic多因素分析法分析LI患者WML和CMBs合并发病的相关因素。结果不同CMBs病情程度患者年龄和高血压合并症发生情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同CMBs病情程度患者血清HDL-C、LDL-C、hs-CRP、Hcy、CIMT及颈动脉斑块积分水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、HDL-C、Hcy及CIMT是影响LI患者WML与CMBs合并发病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论LI患者WML严重程度与CMBs病变程度呈正相关,年龄增长、高血压史、低水平HDL-C、高水平Hcy及CIMT增加是影响LI患者WML与CMBs合并发病的独立危险因素。     

合并OSAHS的脑梗死患者脑微出血与认知障碍及P-Tau蛋白水平的关系

目的 观察合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的脑梗死患者脑微出血（CMBs）情况、认知功能、过度磷酸化Tau(P-Tau)蛋白表达水平情况，分析其在合并OSAHS脑梗死组与对照组之间的差异性，并进一步探讨合并OSAHS的脑梗患者的认知功能损害程度及过度磷酸化Tau(P-Tau)蛋白表达水平与脑微出血的相关性。方法 前瞻性分析2019年12月―2022年12月期间我院卒中中心收治的脑梗死患者199例，其中94例为合并OSAHS的脑梗死患者，105例为未合并OSAHS脑梗死患者，评估两组CMBs和MoCA评分情况；比较两组患者在治疗前、治疗7 d后及治疗14 d后，其P-Tau蛋白水平变化；以受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线描述合并OSAHS的脑梗死CMBs患者治疗前P-Tau蛋白水平对其认知功能的预测效能，经Pearson相关系数分析合并OSAHS的脑梗死CMBs患者MoCA量表各维度评分结果与治疗前P-Tau蛋白水平的相关性；以MoCA量表得分为认知功能障碍程度评估依据，将94例患者分为轻度障碍组、中度障碍组与重度障碍组，比较3亚组患者治疗前P-Tau蛋白水平差异。结果 合并...     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素

目的研究缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的临床、影像学及血清生物学的危险因素,以及不同部位微出血与危险因素之间的关系。方法回顾性分析纳入153例缺血性脑卒中患者,应用磁敏感成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)技术检测脑微出血,计数并记录其部位。颅脑MRI的脑白质病变的严重程度采用Fazekas评分进行评估。应用Logistic回归分析法研究缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素,并研究危险因素与不同部位脑微出血数量的关系。结果 59例(38.6%)患者存在CMBs。皮层-皮层下CMBs出现率为34.0%,深部CMBs为24.8%,幕下CMBs为27.5%。多因素Logistic回归显示,男性、高血压病及中重度深部脑白质病变是伴有CMBs的有显著统计学意义的相关因素(P0.05)。校正年龄及性别后,偏相关分析显示,高血压病仅与深部CMBs的数量仍然显著相关(r=0.174,P=0.032)。中重度深部脑白质病变与皮层-皮层下CMBs及深部CMBs数量存在显著相关(r=0.285,P0.001,r=0.258,P=0.001)。结论男性、高血压病及中重度深部白质病变为脑微出血的危险因素;高血压病主要与与脑深部微出血的数量相关,而中重度深部脑白质病变与脑皮层-皮层下及深部微出血数量相关。     

脑小血管病非痴呆患者脑微出血灶和认知功能关系的MRI研究

目的研究小血管病非痴呆患者脑微出血灶和认知功能关系的磁共振成像(MRI)。方法选取2012-01—2014-01我院接收治疗的小血管病非痴呆患者100例,对100例患者进行磁共振梯度回波T2加权成像检查。25例脑微出血阳性患者为观察组,75例脑微出血阴性患者随机选取25例为对照组。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、画钟试验(CDT)对患者的认知功能进行评价。结果观察组患者的MoCA量表中命名、视空间执行、计算、语言、记忆和概括抽象均低于对照组,观察组MMSE量表和CDT量表评分均低于对照组,观察组脑白质损坏和腔隙性梗死灶数量显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者的MoCA量表中注意和定向差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson偏相关分析结果显示脑微出血数量与注意力、视空间执行功能、计算能力呈负相关,与MoCA总分、CDT总分和MMSE总分呈正相关,与语言、命名、延迟记忆、定向力和抽象概括无相关性。结论脑小血管病非痴呆患者脑微出血灶数量与患者的认知功能障碍有一定的相关性,脑微出血灶数量越多,认知功能障碍越严重,可以将脑微出血灶的数量作为诊断早期血管性认知功能障碍的标准。     

脑微出血与认知功能障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨脑微出血(CMBs)与血管性认知功能障碍之间的关系及CMBs引起血管性认知功能障碍的机制.方法 以头颅MR-GRE序列见微出血灶者为阳性病例组共47例,选取头颅GRE序列未见微出血灶患者47例符合入选及排除标准者作为对照组行神经心理评估.结果 CMBs阳性组的MoCA总分及执行功能、命名、计算、语言、抽象概括、回忆评分均明显低于对照组.各级CMBs组MoCA总分、执行功能、语言、抽象概括、记忆评分与0级组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CMBs1、2、3级组语言及计算得分组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CMBs数目与总分、执行功能、语言、抽象概括呈负相关.结论 CMBs存在与否及数目和患者认知功能损害密切相关,CMBs数目越多,认知功能损害越明显.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.